FUNDAMENTALS OF DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(COMSCI 2100)

MODULE 2
(cont…)
Topic
• Centralized Vs Client-server Architecture
• Architecture of DBMS
• Classification of DBMS
Centralized vs Client-server
Architecture
Centralized Architecture
• All data is stored on a single server, and all clients connect to that
server in order to access and manipulate the data.

• Also known as a monolithic architecture

Advantages
• Its simplicity, there is only one server to manage, and all clients
use the same data.
Centralized Architecture (cont…)
Disadvantages
• Server become a bottleneck as the number of clients and/or
the amount of data increases because all data is stored on a
single server
• If the server goes down for any reason, all clients lose access to
the data.
Centralized
Architecture
Client-server Architecture
•A network application that breaks down tasks and workloads
between clients and servers that reside on the same system or are
linked by a computer network

• More complex than a centralized architecture

• It is also known as the networking computing model or client-server
network as all requests and services are delivered over a network
Client-server Architecture (cont…)
Advantages
• it is more scalable and more fault-tolerant than a centralized
architecture
• As the number ofclients and/or the amount of data increases,
the server can be upgraded or additional servers can be
added to handle the load.
• This allows the system to continue functioning smoothly even as it
grows in size.
Client-server Architecture (cont…)
• If a single server goes down, other servers can take over its
responsibilities, and clients can still access the data.
• Makes the system less likely to experience downtime, which is a
crucial factor in many business environments.
Client-server Architecture (cont…)
Disadvantages
• Traffic Congestion - If too many clients make request from the
same server, it will result in crashes or slowing down of the
connection. An overloaded server creates many problems in
accessing information's.
• Cost - Networks are powerful they can be expensive to
purchase. Hence, not all the users will be able to afford them.
Client-server Architecture (cont…)
Disadvantages (cont…)
• Maintenance - It is going to work non-stop. Which means it
must be given proper attention. If there are any problems, it
must be resolved immediately without any delay.
• Resources - Not all the resources that is present on the server is
acquirable. For an example, it is not possible to print a
document on the web directly or edit any information's on the
client hard disk drive.
Client-server
Architecture
Architecture of DBMS
Architecture of DBMS
• Representation of DBMS design
• It helps to design, develop, implement, and maintain the database
management system
• Allows dividing the database system into individual components
that can be independently modified, changed, replaced, and
altered
• It also helps to understand the components of a database.
Types of DBMS Architecture
There are mainly three types of DBMS architecture:
• One Tier Architecture
• Two Tier Architecture
• Three Tier Architecture
One Tier Architecture
• Thesimplest architecture of Database in which the client, server,
and Database all reside on the same machine

One Tier Architecture Diagram

One Tier Architecture (cont…)
Key highlights:
• It is one of the simplest architectures of the DBMS.
• It provides the functionality to access the Database directly to
the user.
• It is used by single users, programmers, and database
engineers very much.
One Tier Architecture (cont…)
• It is used when data is constant or not changing so much
frequently.
• Components of the DBMS, like server, Database, client, etc.,
remain on the single system.
• Any updates or modifications made directly affect the
Database.
Two Tier Architecture
• Thepresentation layer runs on a client (PC, Mobile, Tablet, etc.),
and data is stored on a server called the second tier
• Providesadded security to the DBMS as it is not exposed to the
end-user directly
• It also provides direct and faster communication.
Two Tier Architecture Diagram
Two Tier Architecture (cont…)
Key highlights:
• Faster access, simpler maintenance, and capacity for several
concurrent users.
• Due to the direct client-server connection, it has scalability and
security difficulties.
• It is comparable to a client-server setup.
• It is used when we want to use applications and APIs to access
DBMS.
Three Tier Architecture
• Most popular client server architecture in DBMS
• The development and maintenance of functional processes, logic,
data access, data storage, and user interface is done
independently as separate modules
• Containsa presentation layer, an application layer, and a
database server
• An extension of the two tier client-server architecture
Three Tier Architecture Diagram
Three Tier Architecture (cont…)
The goal of Three Tier architecture is:
• To separate the user applications and physical database
• To support DBMS characteristics
• Program-data independence
• Supporting multiple views of the data
Classification of DBMS
Classification of DBMS
1. Based on Data Model
2. Based on Number of Users
3. Based on Database Distribution
4. Based on Cost of Database
5. Based on Usage
1. Based on Data Model
a. Relational Data Model
• Tables is use to represent data and the relationship among that
data.
• A table has multiple columns where each column name is unique.
• A table holds records which has value for each column of the
table.
• The most currently used data model.
1. Based on Data Model (cont…)
b. Entity-Relationship Model
• Represents data using objects and the relationship among
these objects.
• Objects are referred to as entities that represent the real
‘thing’ or ‘object’ in the real world.
• Each entity in the E-R model is distinguishable from other entities
in the model.
• Also used widely to design the database.
1. Based on Data Model (cont…)
c. Object-Based Data Model
• Object-oriented programming such as Java, C++, etc. is widely
used to develop most of the software.
• Anextension of the E-R model which also include notion for
encapsulation, methods.
• Thereis also an object-relational data model which is a
combination of the object-oriented data model and relational
data model.
1. Based on Data Model (cont…)
d. Semi-structured Data Model
• The data items or objects of the same kind might have a
different set of attributes.
• The Extensible Markup Language represents the semi-structured
data.
2. Based on Number of Users
a. Single user
• it can support only one user at a time
• It is mostly used with the personal computer on which the data
resides accessible to a single person.
• The user may design, maintain and write the database
programs.
2. Based on Number of Users (cont…)
b. Multiple users
• It supports multiple users concurrently.
• Data can be both integrated and shared,
a database should
be integrated when the same information is not need be
recorded in two places.
3. Based on Database Distribution
a. Centralized DBMS
• Entire database is stored in a single computer site.
b. Distributed DBMS
• Distributed over many computer sites.
• Classified as homogeneous DDBMS and heterogeneous
DDBMS.
3. Based on Database Distribution (cont…)
• Homogeneous DDBMS: The homogeneous DDBMS has the
same DBMS software at all the distributed sites.
• Heterogeneous DDBMS: The heterogeneous DDBMS has
different DBMS software for different sites.
4. Based on Cost of Database
• Lowcost DBMS – The cost of these systems vary from $100 to
$3000.
• Medium cost DBMS – Cost varies from $10000 to $100000.
• High cost DBMS – Cost of these systems are usually more than
$100000.
5. Based on Usage
Online transaction processing(OLTP) DBMS
• manage the operational data
• initiated in real time, in simultaneous by lots of user and
applications hence it must have high volume of short, simple
queries
Online analytical processing(OLAP) DBMS
• use the operational data for tactical and strategical decision
making
• limited users deal with huge amount of data, complex queries.
5. Based on Usage (cont…)
Big data and analytics DBMS
• To cope with big data new database technologies have been
introduced
• One such is NoSQL (not only SQL) which abandons the well
known relational database scheme.
 END
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