Slide – 1

Drill Through Reports

Drill-through in Power BI helps users dive deeper into their data by moving from a summary report to a
detailed one seamlessly. For instance, if you’re looking at overall sales by region, you can click on a
specific region and instantly see detailed insights, like city-wise or product-wise sales. The best part? You
don’t need to reapply filters manually – Power BI automa cally carries over the context, making analysis
faster and easier.

Se ng up a drill-through page is simple: you link fields as filters on the detailed page. When users
interact with the summary report, their selec on automa cally filters the detailed view. It’s not just
naviga on; it’s about making your data story interac ve, focused, and ac onable.

Condi onal Filters

Condi onal filters in Power BI dynamically show data based on specific condi ons, helping users focus
only on what ma ers. For example, you can filter to display products with sales above 1,000 or only
show data for the current month. These filters adapt in real me to user input, making reports smarter
and more interac ve.

They’re easy to set up – just define rules like “greater than” or “equals” for your data fields. Condi onal
filters cut through unnecessary noise and guide users to ac onable insights, making reports more
relevant and personalized.

Slide – 2
Drill Up / Drill Down

Drill up and drill down features in Power BI make exploring data simple and intui ve. Think of it as
zooming in and out of your data. For example, you can start by looking at yearly sales, then drill down to
see how each month contributed, and even further to daily sales. When you're done analyzing the
details, you can drill back up to the big picture, like total yearly sales.

It’s a great way to find trends and pa erns across different levels of detail. Whether you want an
overview or want to dig deeper, this feature helps you navigate your data effortlessly.

Exclude & Include

The exclude and include op ons in Power BI help you clean up your view and focus on what ma ers
most. Let’s say there’s an outlier in your data that's throwing off your analysis – you can exclude it with a
click. Or, if you want to analyze just one category or value, you can include only that specific data.

These features let you shape your report to fit your needs. It’s like telling Power BI, “Show me just what I
want to see,” and instantly ge ng a clearer, more focused view.
Slide – 3
See Data, Export Data, and See Records in Power BI

Power BI offers several features that allow you to interact with your data in different ways, helping you
gain deeper insights and work more effec vely with your reports.

See Data

The See Data feature allows you to view the raw data behind your visuals. By using this, you can explore
the exact numbers or pa erns that are driving your charts, tables, and graphs. This feature provides
transparency and helps ensure that the numbers displayed are accurate. It's great for those who want to
validate or be er understand the underlying data before making decisions.

Export Data

The Export Data op on allows you to download the data driving your visuals in formats like Excel or CSV.
This is ideal for sharing the data with others, performing offline analysis, or integra ng the data into
other tools or systems. Whether you need to prepare detailed reports or conduct addi onal analysis,
expor ng the data makes it easy to access and work with outside of Power BI.

In Summary

 See Data: View the raw data behind the visuals for be er transparency.

 Export Data: Download data into Excel or CSV for sharing or offline analysis.

These features allow you to explore and interact with your data in ways that enhance your ability to
analyze and communicate insights effec vely.

Slide – 4
Understanding Filters in Power BI: Types and Usage

Filters in Power BI are essen al tools for narrowing data, refining visuals, and making reports dynamic.
They ensure relevant insights are easily accessible, enhancing decision-making.

Types of Filters

1. Visual Filters: Apply to individual visuals, like charts or tables, to focus on specific data without
impac ng other visuals. Example: Filter a sales chart to show only Q1 data.

2. Page Filters: Affect all visuals on a single report page. Example: Filter a page to display data for
the "North Region," ensuring consistency across charts and tables.

3. Report Filters: Apply globally to all pages in a report. Example: Use a report filter to focus on
data for "2024," crea ng an overarching view.

Real-Time Usage

 Instant Updates: Filters dynamically adjust visuals to reflect selected data, enabling real- me
insights.

 Enhanced Decision-Making: Drill down into specifics, like filtering by team or region, for
targeted analysis.

 Custom Views: Personalize reports for different audiences, such as department heads or
execu ves.
Slide – 5
Basic, Advanced & TOP N Filters in Power BI

Filters in Power BI can be applied in different ways to refine your data. Let’s break down the types of
filters you can use to make your reports more insigh ul.

Basic Filters

Basic filters are the simplest type of filter. They allow you to filter data based on fixed values, such as
dates, categories, or numbers. For example, you could filter a table to show sales data only for a specific
product or region. These filters are easy to apply and are useful for basic data segmenta on.

Advanced Filters

Advanced filters provide more flexibility and complexity. You can apply condi ons based on logical
expressions, such as greater than, less than, or between two values. For example, you could filter sales
data to show only transac ons greater than $1000 or filter customer data for those who made purchases
between two specific dates. These filters allow you to work with more detailed, complex criteria to focus
on specific data points.

TOP N Filters

TOP N filters are used to highlight the top (or bo om) N items based on a measure, such as sales,
quan ty, or ra ngs. For instance, you can use a TOP N filter to display the top 5 products by sales or the
bo om 3 salespeople based on performance. This filter is helpful for focusing on the most important or
high-performing elements in your data.

In Summary

 Basic Filters: Filter data based on simple, fixed values.

 Advanced Filters: Apply more complex logic and condi ons to refine data.

 TOP N Filters: Focus on the top or bo om N items based on a specific measure.

By understanding and using these filters, you can tailor your reports to focus on the most relevant data,
whether you're keeping things simple or diving into more advanced analysis.

Slide – 6
What Is DAX?

Defini on:
DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is a powerful formula language used in tools like Power BI, Excel, and
SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) to create calcula ons, perform data analysis, and build complex
queries.

Purpose:
DAX allows users to create advanced calcula ons and queries on data, especially for scenarios where
data resides in related tables. It enhances data models by enabling powerful transforma ons and
insights.

Key Features:
  Func ons: DAX includes a broad range of built-in func ons like mathema cal, text, date, and
logical func ons that help perform various calcula ons.

 Operators: DAX provides operators (e.g., arithme c, comparison, and logical operators) to
perform calcula ons and combine data in expressions.

 Values: DAX works with different types of values, such as constants, columns, and measures,
which are used in formulas and calcula ons.

 Usage:

o Measures: Used to perform aggrega ons and calcula ons on data dynamically (e.g.,
total sales or average profit).

o Calculated Columns: Allows users to create new columns based on exis ng data using
DAX formulas.

o Calculated Tables: DAX is also used to create new tables from exis ng ones by wri ng
expressions that return the required data.

Slide – 7
Understanding Calculated Columns and Measures in Power BI

When working with Power BI, it’s essen al to know the difference between Calculated Columns and
Measures, as they play dis nct roles in shaping your data analysis. Let’s dive into their differences in
detail:

1. Defini on

o A Calculated Column is like a new column you create in your data table. Think of it as
adding extra informa on that gets calculated once when the data is loaded and stays
stored in the data model. For example, you can categorize sales into "High" or "Low"
based on their values. This is useful when you need to use this value both in the table
and on the screen in your reports.

o A Measure, on the other hand, is a dynamic calcula on. It only gets calculated when it’s
needed in a visual. Measures are perfect for calcula ng totals, averages, or other
summaries that depend on the report's context (e.g., filters applied). These values exist
just on the screen but not in the data table.

2. Use Case

o Use a Calculated Column when you need to add new informa on to your dataset that
applies to each row, like assigning categories (e.g., "High" or "Low") based on sales. This
value is stored and available in your data model for future use.

o Use a Measure when you want to summarize or aggregate data, such as calcula ng the
total or average sales for a specific filter. Measures are context-sensi ve and adjust
automa cally based on the visual or slicers.

3. Storage

o Calculated Columns are stored in the data model. They take up space and can increase
the size of your file if overused.
 o Measures are not stored. They’re calculated on the fly, making them efficient for
repor ng without bloa ng the data model.

4. Performance

o Calculated Columns can slow down your Power BI model if you create too many because
they occupy space in the data model.

o Measures, being calculated dynamically, are typically more performance-friendly since

they only do the work when needed for a visual.

5. Examples

o Calculated Column Example:

Let’s say you want to categorize sales as "High" or "Low" based on a threshold of 1000.
You can create a calculated column like this:

o Sales Category = IF(Sales[SalesAmount] > 1000, "High", "Low")

This will add a new column to your table, assigning "High" or "Low" to each row of data.

o Measure Example:
If you want to calculate the total sales for a chart or card, you can use a measure like
this:

o Total Sales = SUM(Sales[SalesAmount])

This will dynamically calculate the total sales based on the context (e.g., a specific region or product).

Slide – 8
Implemen ng DAX Operators in Power BI

DAX (Data Analysis Expressions) is a powerful language in Power BI that allows you to manipulate your
data and perform calcula ons effec vely. One of its core features is the use of operators to build
formulas and expressions. Let’s explore the types of operators and their prac cal applica ons.

1. Types of DAX Operators

 Arithme c Operators:
These are the basic mathema cal symbols used for calcula ons like addi on (+), subtrac on (-),
mul plica on (*), division (/), and exponen a on (^). These operators help you perform
numerical calcula ons.

 Comparison Operators:
These include operators like equals (=), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to
(>=), less than or equal to (<=), and not equal (<>). They are used to compare values and return a
Boolean result (TRUE or FALSE).

 Text Concatena on Operator:

The ampersand (&) is used to combine text strings. For example, you can merge first and last
names into a full name.
  Logical Operators:
Logical func ons such as AND, OR, and NOT help in evalua ng mul ple condi ons. For instance,
you might want to check if two or more criteria are met simultaneously.

2. Examples of DAX Operators

To make these concepts more relatable, let’s look at some examples:

 Adding Values:
Suppose you want to calculate the total of two columns, such as sales amount and tax.

 Total Sales = SUM(Sales[Amount]) + SUM(Sales[Tax])

This formula adds the total sales and tax amounts to give you the overall total.

 Comparing Values:
Let’s check if a sales amount equals 1000.

 Is Equal = IF('Sales'[Amount] = 1000, "Yes", "No")

This formula will return "Yes" if the amount is 1000 and "No" otherwise.

 Combining Text:
If you have separate columns for first and last names, you can create a full name column by
concatena ng them.

 Full Name = 'Customer'[FirstName] & " " & 'Customer'[LastName]

This formula combines the first name and last name with a space in between.

 Logical Condi ons:

Now let’s check if both a large amount (greater than 1000) and a discount apply.

 Large and Discounted = IF(AND('Sales'[Amount] > 1000, 'Sales'[Discount] > 0), "Yes", "No")

Here, the formula evaluates two condi ons: sales amount greater than 1000 and discount greater than
0. It returns "Yes" if both are true; otherwise, it returns "No".

Slide – 9
Working with DAX Text Func ons in Power BI

Text func ons in DAX are extremely useful for manipula ng and analyzing text data in your reports.
These func ons help you clean, format, and combine text, making your data more meaningful. Let’s
break down some commonly used text func ons with examples:

1. CONCATENATE

 What it does: This func on joins two text strings together into one.

 Example:

 CONCATENATE("Hello", " World") → "Hello World"

Use Case: If you have separate columns for "First Name" and "Last Name," you can use CONCATENATE to
combine them into a "Full Name" column.

2. LEN
  What it does: Returns the number of characters in a text string, including spaces.

 Example:

 LEN("Hello") → 5

Use Case: Helpful in iden fying the length of product codes, customer IDs, or other string-based values
in your dataset.

3. LEFT

 What it does: Extracts a specific number of characters from the beginning (le ) of a text string.

 Example:

 LEFT("Hello", 2) → "He"

Use Case: Extract the first few characters of a string, such as the first two le ers of a customer’s name or
product code.

4. UPPER

 What it does: Converts all characters in a text string to uppercase.

 Example:

 UPPER("hello") → "HELLO"

Use Case: Standardize text data to uppercase for consistency, such as conver ng all city names or email
addresses to uppercase.

5. TRIM

 What it does: Removes all extra spaces from the beginning and end of a text string.

 Example:

 TRIM(" Hello ") → "Hello"

Use Case: Clean up messy data by removing unwanted spaces from customer names, product
descrip ons, or other text fields.

Slide – 10
Understanding DAX Number Func ons in Power BI

DAX provides powerful numerical func ons that help in performing calcula ons and aggrega ons. These
are commonly used to derive insights from numeric data, such as sales amounts, product counts, or
average metrics. Let’s explore the key number func ons with prac cal examples:

1. SUM

 What it does: Adds all the numbers in a column.

 Example:

 SUM(Sales[Amount])

This adds up all the values in the Sales[Amount] column.

  Use Case: Calculate the total sales revenue, total expenses, or total profit.

2. AVERAGE

 What it does: Calculates the average (arithme c mean) of a column's numeric values.

 Example:

 AVERAGE(Sales[Amount])

This gives the average value of the Sales[Amount] column.

 Use Case: Find the average sales per transac on or the average customer purchase value.

3. COUNT

 What it does: Counts the number of non-blank cells in a column.

 Example:

 COUNT(Sales[ProductID])

This counts all non-empty values in the Sales[ProductID] column.

 Use Case: Determine how many unique products were sold or count the total number of sales
transac ons.

4. MAX

 What it does: Returns the largest numeric value in a column.

 Example:

 MAX(Sales[Amount])

This iden fies the highest sales amount in the dataset.

 Use Case: Find the biggest transac on amount or the highest price of a product.

5. MIN

 What it does: Returns the smallest numeric value in a column.

 Example:

 MIN(Sales[Amount])

This iden fies the lowest sales amount in the dataset.

 Use Case: Iden fy the smallest transac on amount or the lowest price of a product.
Slide – 11
1. DATE: Create a Date

Scenario:

You want to create a column for a custom event date (e.g., a campaign launch date).

Syntax:

Launch Date = DATE(2024, 12, 25)

Output:

The result will display 25-Dec-2024 in the column.

Why Use It?

This func on helps to create specific dates manually for events like project deadlines or product
launches.

2. DATEDIFF: Calculate the Difference Between Two Dates

Scenario:

You want to calculate the number of days between a sales order date and the delivery date.

Syntax:

Delivery Days = DATEDIFF(Sales[OrderDate], Sales[DeliveryDate], DAY)

Output:

If an order was placed on 1-Dec-2024 and delivered on 5-Dec-2024, the result is 4 days.

Why Use It?

This func on is great for tracking delivery melines, project dura ons, or customer service response
mes.

3. EOMONTH: Find the End of the Month

Scenario:

You want to calculate the last day of the month for transac on records.

Syntax:

Month-End Date = EOMONTH(Sales[Transac onDate], 0)

Output:

If the Transac onDate is 15-Dec-2024, the result will be 31-Dec-2024.

Why Use It?

Useful for month-end financial repor ng or summarizing data for a specific month.

4. YEAR: Extract the Year

Scenario:

You want to extract the year of a customer's registra on date.

Syntax:

Registra on Year = YEAR(Customer[Registra onDate])

Output:

If the Registra onDate is 24-Nov-2023, the result will be 2023.

Why Use It?

Helps in crea ng yearly reports or categorizing data based on years.

5. TODAY: Get the Current Date

Scenario:

You want to create a column that shows today’s date dynamically.

Syntax:

Current Date = TODAY()

Output:

If today is 4-Dec-2024, the result will display 4-Dec-2024.

Why Use It?

Useful for dynamic calcula ons like aging analysis or tracking overdue invoices.

Simple Combined Example

Scenario: Calculate the Age of a Customer

You want to calculate the current age of each customer using their birthdate.

Syntax:

Age = DATEDIFF(Customer[BirthDate], TODAY(), YEAR)

Output:

If a customer was born on 1-Jan-2000, the result will be 24 years (if today is 4-Dec-2024).

Why Use It?

Perfect for analyzing customer demographics or crea ng age-based groups.

Slide – 12
1. IF Func on

The IF func on helps make decisions in your data. It checks if a condi on is true and returns one value if
true, and another if false.

For example, to categorize sales as "High" or "Low" based on the amount: Sales Category =
IF(Sales[Amount] > 1000, “High”, “Low”). If the sales amount is over 1000, it will show "High"; otherwise,
it shows "Low". It’s like saying, “If this is true, do this, if not, do that."

2. AND Func on

The AND func on checks if both condi ons are true. It’s like asking, "Are both these things true?" If yes,
it returns TRUE.

For example, to check if both the sales amount and quan ty are high: Is High Value =
IF(AND(Sales[Amount] > 1000, Sales[Quan ty] > 10), “Yes”, “No”). It will return "Yes" if both condi ons
are met. Otherwise, "No". Both condi ons need to be true for it to work.

3. OR Func on

The OR func on checks if either of the condi ons is true. It returns TRUE if one of them is true.

For example, to see if a sale is discounted (either by discount or promo code): Is Discounted =
IF(OR(Sales[Discount] > 0, Sales[PromoCode] <> “”), “Yes”, “No”). If there’s either a discount or a promo
code, it returns "Yes". If neither is true, it returns "No".

4. NOT Func on

The NOT func on simply flips a condi on. If it’s true, it makes it false, and vice versa.

For example: Not High Sales = NOT(Sales[Amount] > 1000). If the sales amount is not greater than 1000,
it will return TRUE; if it is greater, it returns FALSE. It’s like saying “the opposite of this”.

5. SWITCH Func on

The SWITCH func on helps when you need to check mul ple condi ons in a cleaner way. Instead of
mul ple IF statements, it matches an expression to a list of values.

For example, to rate performance based on sales amount: Performance Ra ng = SWITCH(TRUE(),

Sales[Amount] > 1000, “Excellent”, Sales[Amount] > 500, “Good”, “Needs Improvement”). It checks the
sales amount and returns the appropriate performance ra ng. It’s simpler than wri ng mul ple IF
statements.

Slide – 13
1. FILTER

The FILTER func on helps you create a new table by filtering data based on a condi on. Think of it as
picking a specific subset from a larger dataset.

For example, if you want to filter the sales data where the sales amount is greater than 100:
FILTER(Sales, Sales[Amount] > 100). This creates a new table with only the rows where the sales amount
exceeds 100. It’s like saying, “Give me all the sales where the amount is more than 100.”

2. VALUES
The VALUES func on returns a list of unique values from a specific column. This is useful when you need
to see dis nct entries in your data.

For example, if you want a list of unique products in the sales table: VALUES(Sales[ProductID]). This will
return a single-column table with all unique product IDs. It’s like saying, “Give me each product, but only
once.”

3. SUMMARIZE

The SUMMARIZE func on allows you to group your data and calculate summaries. It’s great for crea ng
summary tables, like ge ng the total sales by product.

For example, to get total sales for each product: SUMMARIZE(Sales, Sales[ProductID], "Total Sales",
SUM(Sales[Amount])). This groups your sales data by product ID and gives you the total sales for each
product. It’s like saying, “Group by product and calculate the total sales for each group.”

4. UNION

The UNION func on combines two tables into one. It’s like stacking one table on top of another, making
sure you only get dis nct rows from both tables.

For example, if you want to combine the data from Table1 and Table2: UNION(Table1, Table2). This will
give you a new table containing all the rows from both tables, without duplicates. It’s like saying,
“Combine these two lists, but remove any repeated rows.”

Slide – 14
1. TOTALYTD

The TOTALYTD func on helps calculate year-to-date (YTD) values. This is useful when you want to see
how your data has accumulated over the course of the year, from the beginning up to the current date.

For example, to calculate the total sales year-to-date: TOTALYTD(SUM(Sales[Amount]), Sales[Date]). This
func on sums up the sales amount from the start of the year up to the most recent date in the sales
data. It’s like saying, “How much total sales have we made this year so far?”

2. SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR

The SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR func on compares data for the same period, but from the previous year.
This is useful when you want to compare current performance to last year’s performance for the same
me period.

For example, to get sales from the same period last year: SAMEPERIODLASTYEAR(Sales[Date]). If today is
December 4th, this will give you the sales from December 1st to December 4th of the previous year. It’s
like saying, “What did sales look like exactly one year ago for this same me range?”

3. DATEADD

The DATEADD func on shi s the dates in your data by a specified interval, like moving forward or
backward in me. This is useful when you want to perform comparisons across different me periods.

For example, to get sales from the previous month: DATEADD(Sales[Date], -1, MONTH). This will shi the
date by one month backward. It’s like saying, “Let’s look at the same date but from the previous month.”
4. PREVIOUSMONTH

The PREVIOUSMONTH func on returns the previous month’s data. It’s a simple way to get the data from
one month ago.

For example, to get sales data from the previous month: PREVIOUSMONTH(Sales[Date]). This will return
the data from the month before the current month. It’s like saying, “What did our sales look like last
month?”

Slide – 15
Using Filter Func ons

1. FILTER()

The FILTER() func on helps you create a table that only includes the rows that meet a specific condi on.
Think of it like applying a filter on your data to zoom in on a par cular subset.

For example, if you want to filter out sales records where the sales amount is greater than 500: Filtered
Sales = FILTER(Sales, Sales[Amount] > 500). This will return a new table where only sales above 500 are
included. It’s like saying, “I only want to look at the sales where the amount is greater than 500.”

2. ALL()

The ALL() func on is used to remove filters from a column or table, giving you a full, unfiltered view of
the data. It’s useful when you want to ignore any filters that might be applied to the data.

For example, if you want to calculate the total sales across all regions, ignoring any region-specific filters:
Sales All Regions = CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), ALL(Sales[Region])). Even if a filter is applied to a
specific region (like North, South, etc.), this formula will calculate the total sales across all regions. It’s
like saying, “Forget about any region filters and give me the total sales.”

3. CALCULATE()

The CALCULATE() func on evaluates an expression in a modified filter context. This means you can apply
addi onal filters or modify exis ng ones to change how your calcula on is made.

For example, to calculate the sales specifically for the "East" region: Sales for East =
CALCULATE(SUM(Sales[Amount]), Sales[Region] = "East"). This will sum up the sales amount, but only for
the "East" region. It’s like saying, “Let me sum up the sales, but only for the East region.”

Crea ng KPIs

KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) are used to measure how well a business is doing in certain areas, like
sales growth, profit margins, or customer sa sfac on. They give a clear view of whether you’re on track
to meet your goals.

Example of a KPI Calcula on (Sales Growth)

Let’s say you want to track sales growth as a KPI. You can calculate it with the formula: Sales Growth =
DIVIDE([Current Year Sales] - [Previous Year Sales], [Previous Year Sales]). This formula calculates the
percentage change in sales from the previous year to the current year. It’s like saying, “How much has
sales grown compared to last year?”
Condi onal Forma ng for KPI Visualiza on

Once you've created your KPI, you can make it even more impac ul by adding condi onal forma ng.
This will change the color of the KPI based on whether the growth is posi ve or nega ve.

For example:

 If the sales growth is posi ve, you might want it to show in green, signaling good performance.

 If the sales growth is nega ve, you might want it to show in red, signaling a decline.

Condi onal forma ng helps to quickly convey the health of the business by using color to indicate
whether things are moving in the right direc on.