Chapter One

Introduction to Object Oriented

Programming

Compiled by: | Sinodos G

Introduction
 What is programming Language?
• a computer language that is used by programmers (developers)
to communicate with computers.

• It is a set of instructions written in any specific language ( C,

C++, Java, Python, PHP, JS, …) to perform a specific task.

• mainly used to develop desktop applications, Enterprise,

websites, and mobile applications.

• In general it is used to design and implement different types of

software's.

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Programming Paradigm’s
 a way to classify programming languages based on their style
and approach to solving problems.
 Different paradigms provide different ways of thinking about and
structuring code.
 Paradigm's a style, or “way,” of programming.
 Some languages make it easy to write in some paradigms but not
others.
 different ways or styles in which a given program or
programming language can be organized.
 Each paradigm consists of certain structures, features, and
opinions about how common programming problems should be
tackled.

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 Cont’d …

 Different programming languages follow different approaches to

solving programming problems
 A programming paradigm is an approach to solving programming
problems
 Some of the common programming paradigms
• Procedural Programming
• Structured Programming
• Functional Programming
• Imperative Programming
• Declarative Programming
• Object-Oriented Programming

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 Cont’d …
 Procedural Programming
• focuses on functions and procedures that manipulate data.
• follows a top-down approach during the designing of a
program.
• It gives importance to the concept of the function and divides
the large programs into smaller parts or called as functions.
• straightforward.
• It follows a step-by-step approach in order to break down a
task into a set of variables and routines via a sequence of
instructions.
• Examples:
• ALGOL, COBOL, BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN, C.

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 Cont’d …

Example:
public class ProceduralEx {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 5;
int b = 3;
int sum = add(a, b);
System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);
}

static int add(int x, int y) {

return x + y;
}
}
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 Cont’d …

 Structured Programming
• Also known as modular programming.
• characterized by the use of procedures or functions, control flow
constructs, and well-defined, modular structures.
• It improve code readability, maintainability, and reliability by
avoiding unstructured practices like goto statements.
• intends to optimize the code by using the program control flow
constructs , decision making (If , If Then , Else ) constructs and
the iteration constructs (For , while loops ), blocks and the
functions.
• code will execute the instruction by instruction one after the other.

• Example: C, C++, Java, C#

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 Cont’d …
Example:
public class StructuralEx {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 10;
if (number > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive.");
}
else {
System.out.println("The number is not positive.");
}
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Iteration " + i);
}
}
}
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 Cont’d …

 Declarative Programming
• focuses on describing what the program should do rather than
how it should be done.
• Programming by specifying the result you want, not how to get it.
• SQL is an example in the context of databases

 Functional Programming
• Functional programming emphasizes immutability and the use of
pure functions.
 Imperative Programming
• Programming with an explicit sequence of commands that update state.

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 Cont’d …
Object-oriented Programming
• OOP is based on objects and classes, promoting the
organization of data and methods into objects that interact with
each other.
• It is based on the concept of object.
• An object contains data in the form of fields that are known as
attributes and the procedures are known as methods.
• programs are divided into what are known as objects.
• It follows the bottom-up flow of execution.
• It introduces concepts like data abstraction, inheritance, and
overloading of functions and operators overloading.
• Example: Java, C++, Python, C#, Perl, Kotlin, Ruby

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 Cont’d …
Example:
class Dog {
String name;

void bark() {
System.out.println(name + " barks!");
}
}
public class OOPEx {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Dog myDog = new Dog();
myDog.name = "Buddy";
myDog.bark();
}
}
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 Cont’d …

Some Advantages
of OOP Paradigms

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 Java
 What is Java?

 What is the difference between java and C++

• Java is not only a Programming language but also a programming

atmosphere to develop and deploy enterprise applications.

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 Cont’d …
 Java:
• Programming language and a platform.
• Developed by sun microsystems (James Gasoling)
• a high level, robust, secured and object-oriented programming language.
• based C/C++
• widespread acceptance
 Platform:
• Any hardware or software environment in which a program runs, is known
as a platform.
• Since Java has its own runtime environment (JRE) and API, it is called
platform.

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 Where it is used?
 According to Sun, 3 billion devices run java.
 There are many devices where java is currently used. Some of them are as
follows:
• Desktop Applications such as acrobat reader, media player, antivirus etc.

• Web Applications
• Enterprise Applications such as banking applications.
• Mobile
• Embedded System
• Smart Card
• Robotics
• Games etc.
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 Types of Java Applications
 There are mainly 4 type of applications that can be created using java
programming:
1. Standalone Application
• It is also known as desktop application or window-based application.
• An application that we need to install on every machine such as media
player, antivirus etc.
• AWT and Swing are used in java for creating standalone applications.
2. Web Application
• runs on the server side and used to create dynamic pages
• Currently, servlet, JSP, struts, JSF etc. technologies are used for creating
web applications in java.
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 Cont’d …
3. Enterprise Application
• An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking
applications etc.
• It has the advantage of high level security, load balancing and
clustering.
• In java, EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.

4. Mobile Application
• An application that is created for mobile devices.
• Currently Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile
applications.
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 History of Programming

ALGOL International group 1960

BCPL Created by Martin Richards in 1967

B Created by Ken Thompson in 1970

Created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972

C

C++ It is an Extension of C developed by Bjarne in

1980Created by Dennis Ritchie in 1972

Java A futures of C++ and developed in 1991 by James

Gasoling
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 Cont’d …
 ALGOL:
• Algol is a computer programming language

• The root of all modern languages ( introduce in 1958).

• Named for the algorithmic process of definition of a

programming problem.

• Short for Algorithmic Language.

• ALGOL uses a structure programming.

• ALGOL is popular in Europe

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 Cont’d …
 BCPL:
• In 1967, Created by Martin Richards B:
in 1967 • Created by Ken Thompson In
• Basic Combined Programming 1970
Language) • created for UNIX OS at Bell
• Primarily BCPL is developed for Laboratories.
system software • Both BCPL and B were “type
• Operating systems and less” languages
compilers • It was derived from BCPL
• Designed for primarily non-
• high portability.
numeric applications.
• It is the successor to
the CPL programming language.

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 History of C

• During 1970 Dennis Ritchie created C

Programming language to develop the UNIX
operating system at Bell Labs.

• C is a general-purpose, high-level language.

• C was originally first implemented on the

PDP-11 computer in 1972.

Dennis Ritchie
• He is an American computer scientist.
• He created the C programming language and, with
long-time-colleague ken Thompson, the UNIX OS.

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 Cont’d …
 C was evolved from ALGOL, BCPL and B.

 Added new features and concepts like “data types”.

 Developed along with the UNIX operating system.

• In 1983 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) appointed a technical
committee to define a standard for C.
• approved a version of C in December 1989 which is now known as ANSI C.

 In 1990 International Standards Organization (ISO) has approved C and

this version of C is referred to as C89.

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 History of C++
• C++ Development started in 1979.

• It is an extension of C language.

• During the creation of Ph.D. thesis,

Bjarne Stroustrup worked with language
called Simula.
Bjarne Stroustrup
• Simula is programming language
basically useful for the simulation work.

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 Cont’d …
 Simula was first language to support object-oriented programming
language (OOP).

 OOP is a formal programming approach that combines data and

associated actions (methods) into logical structures (objects).

 Bjarne Stroustrup identified that this OOP features can be included

in the software development, however the Simula language was
far too slow for practical use.

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 Cont’d …

 After that Bjarne Stroustrup started working on the C language and

added more extra OOP features to the classic C.

 He added features in such a fashion that the basic flavor of C

remains unaffected.

 C++ is an object oriented & hybrid language.

• Possible to program as a c programming language and as an Object
Oriented Programming style.

 In mid 2011 the new C++ standard C++11 was published.

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 History of Java
• Java started out as a research project.

• James Gosling is generally credited as the inventor

of the Java programming language.

• He was the first designer of Java and implemented

its original compiler and virtual machine.

• He is also known as the Father of Java. James Goslimg

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Cont’d …

 Research began in 1991 as the Green Project at Sun

Microsystems, Inc.
 Research efforts birthed a new language, OAK.
 A tree outside of the window of James Gosling’s office
at Sun.

 Java is available as JDK (Java Development Kit) and it

is an open source software.

• Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national

tree of many countries like U.S.A., France, Germany,
Romania etc.
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 Cont’d …

 Java language was created with 5 main goals:

• an object oriented.
• A single representation of a program could be executed on
multiple operating systems. (write once, run anywhere)
• fully support network programming.
• execute code from remote sources securely.
• easy to use.
 In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was already a
trademark by Oak Technologies.
 Now Sun Microsystems is a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation.

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 Cont’d …

• Java is not an abbreviation.

• Java is name of
an island of Indonesia, south of Borneo,
from which it
is separated by the Java Sea.

• politically the most

important island of Indonesia

• Originally a kind of coffee grown on Jav

Java Logo
a and nearby islands of modern Indonesi
a.

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 Java Version History

 There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable
release of Java is Java SE 8.

• JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) • J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)

• JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) • J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep, 2004)

• JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) • Java SE 6 (11th Dec,

2006)
• J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
• Java SE 7 (28th July,
• J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000) 2011)
• Java SE 8 (18th March, 2014)

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 Java Platforms

There are three main platforms for Java:

 Java SE (Java Platform, Standard Edition)

• runs on desktops and laptops.

 Java ME (Java Platform, Micro Edition):

• runs on mobile devices such as cell phones.

 Java EE (Java Platform, Enterprise Edition)

• runs on servers.

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 Java Terminology
Java Development Kit
 It contains one (or more) JRE's along with the various development
tools like
• Java source compilers,
• Bundling and deployment tools,
• Debuggers, development libraries, etc.

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 Cont’d …

 Java Virtual Machine:

• An abstract machine architecture specified by the Java Virtual
Machine Specification.

• It interprets the byte code into the machine code depending upon
the underlying OS and hardware combination.

• JVM is platform dependent. (It uses the class libraries, and other
supporting files provided in JRE)

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 Cont’d …
 Java Runtime Environment:
• implements Java Virtual Machine, and provides all class libraries and
other facilities necessary to execute Java programs.
• This is the software on your computer that actually runs Java
programs.
• JRE = JVM + Java Packages Classes (like util, math, lang, awt, swing
etc ) + runtime libraries.

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 Java execution procedure

Class Loader Byte

Java Class
Java Source Code Verifier
Libraries

Java Byte Java

codes Just-in-time
Java Interpreter
move Compiler
Compiler
locally
Run Time System

Java
Byte codes Java OS W 32
Win Solaris

MAC Others

Hardware

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Java Virtual Machine

 JVM is an abstract machine.

 It is called virtual machine because it doesn't physically exist.
 It is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java
bytecode can be executed.
 It can also run those programs which are written in other languages
and compiled to Java bytecode.
 Each kind of computer processor has its own set of executable
instructions, and each computer operating system uses the processor’s
instructions in a slightly different way.

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 Cont’d …

 JVM, JRE and JDK are platform dependent

 There are three notions of the JVM:-
• Specification
• Implementation, and
• Instance.

 The JVM performs following main tasks:-

• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment

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 Cont’d …

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 Characteristics of Java

 The following are characteristics of Java

• Simple • Secure
• Object-Oriented • Architecture-Neutral
• Distributed • Portable
• Interpreted • High Performance
• Robust • Multithreaded
• Platform Independent • Dynamic

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 Simple Java program

//This program prints Welcome to Java!

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“ Hello Ethiopia! ");
}
}

Output:
Hello Ethiopia!

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 Valid java main method signature
 public static void main(String[] args)
 public static void main(String []args)
 public static void main(String args[])
 public static void main(String... args)
 static public void main(String[] args)
 public static final void main(String[] args)
 final public static void main(String[] args)
 final strictfp public static void main(String[] args)

Invalid java main method signature

 public void main(String[] args)
 static void main(String[] args)
 public void static main(String[] args)
 abstract public static void main(String[] args)

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 Question
 Can you save a java source file by other name than the
class name?

 Yes: if the class is not public. It is explained in the figure

given below

To compile: javac Hard.java

To execute: java Simple
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 Cont’d …

 What is the meaning of System.out.println()?

• System is a class in Java’s java.lang package which is
the main (root) package in Java.

• out is a static member of System class and represents

output buffer.

• The keyword println is an overloaded function used

for printing the output.

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 Cont’d …

 Can we write a Java program without Class?

 No!
• Eevry Java program is going to have at least one class.
• The class that contains the main function is often referred to as the main
class. We always declare the main function inside a class.
• Why is string args used in Java?
• String args [] is used to pass string arguments to the main function.

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Compiling Java Source Code
 Java was designed to run object programs on any platform.
 With Java, you write the program once, and compile the source
program into a special type of object code, known as bytecode.
 The byte-code can then run on any computer with a Java Virtual
Machine
 Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java byte-code.
Java Byte code

JVM

any
Computer

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 Exercise
 Write a java program to print:

• “Your Name, Id number, and Department” Class Year and

Section on the command prompt ( use notepad)

• Compile the program

• Run the program

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Question

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