Child Labor and Childrens Rights in the Cocoa Industry in Cte d'Ivoire

Taking Advantage of Children in the cocoa industry in

Cte d'Ivoire

Youth Development Foundation

-NGO proposal-

CORPORATE SOCIAL REPONSIBILITY

Martins Bello Imam Ritesh Kowlesar Qushal Bansraj 09083154 09046909 09074708

Table of Content
Introduction Problem identification Stakeholders Context Advertisement Funding Bibliography 2 5 8 11 13 14 15

Introduction
Mission Statement The Youth Development Foundation (YDF) is a Non-Governmental Organization raised with the belief that all children, wherever they are, have the right to a healthy labor and happy working environment and a fulfilling life. YDF believes that small, but breaking changes are within reach in child labor. Changing the childrens experience in labor and changing their lives for the better is the foundation for what we do to build a better future for child labor in Cte d'Ivoire. Goal of YDF YDF wants to create a world in which every child attains the right to survival labor, job security and protection, development and participation in basic education. The goals of YDF are focused in three broad categories which are stated below. Pressure Group Putting pressure on the government of Cte d'Ivoire to make policy and enforcement to regulate the use of child labor in the chocolate industry, making sure those children who are involved in the production, processing and distributive section of the industry benefit from their labor more. Besides the government, YDF will pressure the Transnational Corporation Nestl as it is one of the three major exporter of cacao in Cte d'Ivoire.1 Welfare Creating and, again, enforcing basic labor rights for children in the cocoa industry in Cte d'Ivoire. Besides that, health care and social security are basic needs that should be advocated and provided for beneficial to the children. Education Provision of vocational training centers (providing the children with practical training within the company/corporation) this will be done in two section; (Government and the private sector). The children will be taught approximately three hours a day besides working. This way they will gain knowledge regarding the production, learning how to read and write and gain common knowledge.

Cocoa Production Cocoa is produced from planting of raw seeds; the seeds grow up and become evergreen tree in the family Sterculiaceae. Its final seeds are used to make cocoa powder and chocolate for consumption. Cocoa needs to be protected against bacteria and insect as the seeds grow; therefore most famers in Cte d'Ivoire employed cheap labor in this phase of production thereby using the children to insecticides cocoa nourishing the trees to the level in which they become matured to bear seeds which are in turn harvested for further processing. The harvested cacao is being dried and fermented from which solids cacao and cacao butter are extracted to produce chocolates. In this report, a distinction must and will be made between cocoa and cacao2: Cacao: pronounced Ka-Kow. Refers to the tree, its pods and the beans inside.

Cocoa: pronounced Koh-Koh. Refers to two by-products of the cacao bean cocoa powder and cocoa butter. Both are extracted from the bean when it is processed in the factory.

It is very common to see the words used interchangeably and most of the international trade organizations, like the World Cocoa Foundation, use the word "cocoa." But it is generally agreed among chocolate experts that the correct term for referring to the beans is "cacao" while the right word for the powder made from them is "cocoa." Most important stakeholders The most important stakeholders that will be discussed and explained in this paper are the following. They are highlighted because of their major role in the functioning of this NGO. We will work side-byside with some of them, or pressure on the other ones to achieve our goals. Children: Our NGO will be working with other stakeholders to see that children in the cocoa industry are being taken care of in terms of labor, salaries, and welfare. Parents: We will work closely with parents to advice their children not to take odd and dangerous tasks from the farmers. Farmers: This group will be very important for our NGO because the exploitation of children occurs in their farms; we intend to make sure we work very closely with the major farms and leading producers of cocoa to improve the working conditions of the children. Labor Unions of Cte d'Ivoire: We will involve the labor union to help us design some labor conditions to protect the children and negotiate better working condition for the children Ivorian Bar Association: We will also collaborate with the Ivorian Bar Association which is a body of professional lawyers to assist us in all legal matters arising from labor condition. The government of Cte d'Ivoire: The government will also be one of our important partner, as we will organize symposium and lecture, inviting government officials to attend to create practical awareness of the need to make laws to promote social welfare for children working in cocoa plantation and more so, to make sure such laws are implemented. Transnational corporations in the Chocolate industry (TNCs): We are also going to draw the attention of most foreign companies, who are major buyers of cacao product, work out measures to see how they can influence the farmer to comply with labor rules. Nestl is the TNC which is going to be highlighted in this proposal. United Nations/International Labor Organization: As the UN/ILO set up several conventions and took several measures regarding child labor. International Union of Food, agricultural, hotel, restaurant catering, tobacco and allied worker association (IUF): This is the global union regarding, in this case, agriculture. They will be able to put pressure on the TNC with regards to the conventions set up by the international community. They are a watchdog, provided with the ability to apply more international pressure in the whole process which YDF wants to set in motion.

Besides the above mentioned , more, but less crucial, stakeholders are involved as well. They will be further elaborated upon in the section Stakeholders.

Problem identification
The main problems that we face include forced labor and slavery and unfriendly employment conditions that are dangerous to children's health and security. Our organization will encourage corporate activity especially in the form of pressure on the government and the famers in the cocoa industry. There should be strict requirements for farmers to use children under a certain age and if necessary that they have to employ the use of children, they should make sure that there are good working conditions set out to assist them in the work place. In 2005 about 286,000 children ranging from the age of nine to twelve have been reported to work on cocoa farms in Cte dIvoire. About 12,000 of these children ended up there as a result of human trafficking. This trafficking is to blame mostly on the poverty that the people in Cte d'Ivoire face, so as a last resort families sell their children off to farm owners, for a price ranging between $50 to 100 to work on farms to provide at least some sort of income for the rest of the family. The children who work there, currently face many risks like the harmful effect the constant exposure to pesticides can have on their lungs and the risk of working with sharp machetes can lead to serious physical injuries. Not to mention the harsh treatment the children get for not being productive enough in the eyes of their employers; there can be thought of punishments such as beatings and deprivation of food.3 Several reports showed that the cocoa industry is the biggest within Cte d'Ivoire and a major source of foreign reserves.

Graph 1: Cacao price rise, January 2005 June 2011

This graph shows the rise of the price of cacao per tones from January 2005 to June 2011.4 With the increase of price per tonne, and the profit that can be realized by producing more cocoa we expect that, if there isnt going to be any change there is going to be an even bigger demand for exploitable children. Therefore we believe the government and the foreign companies (TNCs) should do more to see that there are good working conditions for children in the industry. Improvement of working conditions will benefit the children who will enjoy; certain forms of basic education, work up till a certain amount of

hours depending on their age instead of what is happening now where children work 12 hours per day and get fed only one meal, and will have a minimum wage. The goal of the organization is to address the problem of exploitation of child labor and the slavery conditions embedded in child labor. Our organization will try to make recommendations to the problem by analyzing the various communal scopes. The social scope will focus on the children rights regarding early labor and education. As mentioned before our organization has made it one of its goals to provide for basic education of the children, we will try and come up with possibilities of how to realize it for the children, and also to provide it in such a way it will also benefit the farm owner, practical training with advanced equipment could be a possibility. The cultural scope will focus on the cultural background behind child labor. In the cultural scope well try and find if the resorting to child labor is normalized in Ivorian culture or if age plays a role in why start working at such a young age. While the economic scope will analyses the financial and economic justification of child labor; here well discuss all the problems that the children and their families are saving with regard to financial situation and the alternatives to not working on farms which in most cases unfortunately is resorting to child prostitution to secure a means of income. Finally, the political scope will determines the role of the national and local governments is and also the legislation that accompanies the child labor. Like are there any national laws that have a say on minimum working ages or child labor at all in the agricultural sector. Also the role of the international community like UN and other international stakeholders in the field of children rights including the TNCs since they have important role to play in cocoa industry. However, this paper will show the improvement of the child labor working conditions. To accomplish the latter, different kinds of international legislation and conventions set by the UN will be examined and assessed on national legislative practice. These are the Convention on the rights of the child the ILO (international labor organization) conventions. Well try to find out whether Cte dIvoire has actually signed any of those treaties and if that is the case well look into how these international laws are implemented and if the government can be pressured by higher authorities like the UN. The problem of child labor for our organization takes place mainly at national level since we chose to focus only on the situation within Cte dIvoire and you could even say local level. It is observed as a necessary evil because in order for a developing country to develop itself up to a certain point the participation of children in the labor force is necessary because unlike in the developed world life expectancies are lower, so laborers cant work till the age of 65 lower and these children often have no other means of income like social security.5 Our goal will be to make concrete recommendations for all the stakeholders especially the government to regulate child labor as much as possible and to make it as child friendly as possible meaning that the children wont lose their primary source of income, which is labor but at the same time wont be denied basic rights such as leisure time, humane treatment from their employers and education. Furthermore, an overview of the production chain of cacao production, which children are subjected to will be charted. In order to create an organization that is as transparent as possible to the general public well make an elaboration of the day-to-day activities of our NGO. For this well use a website which contains not only our goals and objectives but also what we do on a daily basis so supporters can see what our daily activities are.

The source of the problem is that cocoa is the major source of national income for the government of Cte d'Ivoire and also 68% of the labor force within the country works in the agricultural sector , which of course includes the cocoa producing sector.6 Because of this the government undermines the production process, in fact all they want is high return rates for their export products and how the revenue is generated is often not something they want to break their heads about, a clear sign of a Machiavellian mentality of the end justifies the means. The Ivorian government does not have a clear set of domestic labor rights for children and even though its a signatory to the ILO treaty, we discovered that in the year 2003 they denunciated two treaties regarding child labor in the industrial and non industrial sector; these were the Minimum Age (Industry) Convention, 1919 (No. 5) and the Minimum Age (Non-Industrial Employment) Convention, 1932 (No. 33) .7This among many other reasons is why we need assistance from TNCs to achieve our goals and aims of our organization to pressurize the Ivorian government to come up with clear and concrete labor rules and regulation regarding child labor for children and to set the ILO standards and put an end to child slavery. The reason why we believe TNCs can help is because we know that its the TNC that are the main demand for the cocoa that is used to produce chocolate. With Nestl being the biggest TNC active in Cte dIvoire, we believe that a big player like Nestle can maybe help us realize our goal because we as a small non-profit organization believe that if we act alone we unfortunately wont be taken seriously by the national government. Nestl on the other hand is an organization which we believe may make demands from either the government, or the farms that supply them with cocoa beans to adopt policies that create a more friendly work environment for their young employees.

Stakeholders
The stakeholders that are involved in the processes of YDF can be divided in three categories; the local, national and international plane. Each stakeholder has a specific part in the current situation or in the future benefits of the children.

Local Children engaged in forced labor The children are the key group. The children meant in this paper are the individuals below 18 years of age, who are whether or not forced to work on the cacao plantations. The focus of YDF will be on the health, social, security and labor conditions for children who are working on the farms in Cte d'Ivoire. As the goal of YDF is to make recommendations to improve these conditions and make sure the children are provided with at least the basic needs, the children will be the central focus of and reasoning for all the activities and measures that YDF will undertake. Cacao farmers The cacao farmers are those who own the farms and control them. They need workers and thereby force the children to work on their plantation in Cte d'Ivoire. YDF has to find a collective way to activate the farms in amending the conditions of the children/workers. The working conditions need to be improved with pressure of Nestl, making the farmers adopt measures to achieve the improvement. Parents/family First of all, because of the rate of poverty parents sent out their children to do some jobs to assist the family, this is one of the important reasons why children go out to look for a job, another reason is that the child might have lost his parents due to HIV or other deadly sickness and has no other source of family support, hence to seek for job in the cocoa industry to survive. In some cases, children are stolen by family members and sold to big farms, creating the phenomenon of human trafficking. The local chiefs and the head of families The local chiefs or traditional leadership structure in Cte d'Ivoire has different kinds of hierarchy. Usually at the top are the clan heads while rightly below the clan heads you will find the village or town chiefs who are basically the owner of the villages or the towns. A more superior hierarchy are the paramount rulers, they are well respected by both the government and the people, they are responsible for the customary activities at each regional level, while the highest hierarchy within the Ivorian traditional structure are the head of each ethnic tribes, they are the most respected and are seen by their subjects as King. The traditional leaders are the custodians of community land in which the famers use to cultivate cacao plantations; they are also the architects and supporters of economics development activities in their respective areas of jurisdiction. They have the powers which are given to them by the government to communicate and intervene in economic matters within their community. The head of the family who are the most respected individuals in each family institution can be summoned by the local chief to discuss and explain how they run their family affairs in respect to how many children they have and what they are doing with them. More so, the local chiefs have the power to revoke land that was allocated to farmers if they refuse to provide the child laborer the appropriate working condition. In this way the local chiefs and the family head do influences how children are being treated in cacao plantations.

National The government of Cte d'Ivoire In the modern world the government has the task and duty to provide care and, at least, basic human rights for its population. But the opposite is the case in Cte dIvoire. As we earlier mentioned, the government signed and then denunciated the ILO convention for the minimum age in non-industrial sectors. This course of action gives stakeholders like the farms all the freedom to exploit young children. The government denunciated the convention and took more steps regarding less control on child labor, as it improves their position on the global market regarding cacao export. Their country is much cheaper regarding the production, making it more attractive for the large TNCs. Ivorian Bar Association The role of the Ivorian Bar Association we have planned is to work together with the labor unions. As the labor unions will be given the duty to pressure the government on social and labor conditions, the Ivorian Bar Association will be assigned the task to pressure the government on a legal plane. They will have to advocate against the slavery and abuse of the children. Their duty is to make sure the necessity of the basic healthcare of the children is being provided. Labor unions of Cte d'Ivoire YDF will focus on the labor unions and advise them to preserve and protect the rights of the children working in different farms across the nation. We would recommend training programs to the labor union so they can act as agency and ombudsman for the children. The gap between the children and the unions will be diminished so the unions will have direct contact with children working in farms. The labor unions will be asked to assign professionals who will be trained and prepared to act as spokesperson for the children. This way the labor unions should be able to identify the problem and come with solutions themselves. Teachers without Borders As one of the aims of this NGO is to provide the children with basic education, teachers without borders will be involved to train teachers and provide the children with basic education. This service will be provided on a voluntary base by the organization.

International TNC's in the chocolate industry As the conventions of the UN, regarding the minimum age of non-industrial labor, were denunciated by Cte d'Ivoire, the TNC Nestl will be an important pressure group in moving the farms towards the improvement of better living standards and working conditions for the children. The goal is to move Nestl towards increasing their budget for the improvement of the labor conditions of the children. YDF will lobby for better living standards, supplying of materials and knowledge for advanced technology for the farmers, the building schools with sufficient teaching materials. IUF The is International Union of Food, agricultural, hotel, restaurant catering, tobacco and allied worker association an important pressure group as they are the global workers association for agricultural employees as well as an advocate for the rights in the food industry. When in need of pressuring the

government, the IUF is a major player because of the conventions they have set up and the means they have to take measures. ICI The International Cacao Initiative is a unique partnership of concerned companies, labor unions and NGOs, and works to help sensitize communities on issues of child labor, hazardous work practices and international laws, through their local NGO partners. They are active in several countries as Cte d'Ivoire and Ghana.8 The role of the ICI will further elaborated upon in the Context section. UN/ILO The UN, and the ILO in particular, set up several conventions for the safety and security of children and under-aged workers. YDF will assess these conventions and examine whether the several parties in Cte d'Ivoire are abiding these conventions. Also the inquiry will be made about what sanctions or actions the UN can take against non-abiding parties. The international pressure is should not be taken lightly as it can pressure states, IGOs and NGOs. UNICEF United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund is a separate party, as their policy is aimed at children only. UNICEF will be highlighted as a pressure group as well in an attempt to enforce international regulations and conventions upon Cte d'Ivoire ECOWAS The Economic Community of West Africa as a regional body deals with the economic development of members state in which the Ivorian government is a member. This body has a legislative arms that make laws and rules that govern how trade and labor should be conducted among the member states. More so, for our organization to be able to summit legal matters to international organization as regards abuses of children rights in cacao farms we are required by international law to exhausts our local remedy, therefore, we intend to use as a last resort the ECOWAS to deal with legislative matter at regional level.

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Context
The problems regarding child labor and the mistreatment of the children that YDF wants to highlight are not new. Several organizations and media already published matters through various channels. The following table contains an overview of some widely published sources. Channel Documentaries Topic Keuringsdienst van Waarde -> Tonys Chocolonely True Vision documentary Slavery: A Global Investigation Nestl Cocoa plan in action Signed ILO conventions by Cte dIvoire International Cocoa Agreement by the ICCO UNICEF The state of the Worlds Children The cacao market - a background study Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VgkVYhFqDc

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8510275415 580537193# http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CreatingSharedValueCase Studies/AllCaseStudies/Pages/Nestl%C3%A9-CocoaPlan-in-action-C%C3%B4te-dIvoire.aspx http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/db/standards/normes/ap pl/applbyCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=1030&hdroff=1 http://www.icco.org/pdf/agree10english.pdf http://www.unicef.org/media/files/SOWC_2011_Main _Report_EN_02092011.pdf http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/Cocoa Study.pdf

Conventions

Publications / Reports

Table 1: Overview of the most known sources.

Most of the work and research that has been done by other parties or organizations will be used as reference and inspiration for this NGO. However, where possible, this NGO seeks to cooperate with as many relevant organizations as possible for instance, the UN. If this organization can work under the wing of the UN, it will be able to focus more on one issue and have the legal and financial support of the UN. The ICI is an organization which dealt with some of the problems regarding child labor conditions and theyve set up several partnerships with NGOs. Their work is very comparable with the goals of YDF, which makes them a valuable partner, if connected with. Their work is not only based in Cte dIvoire but also in Ghana. Their program contains the following15:

Work at the national level to ensure appropriate and effective policies are in place; Support capacity building for local partners and institutions; Implement a community based programme to change practices; Support social protection for victims of exploitation; Share lessons learned for replication.

When possible, a collaboration will be organized with the ICI for their support in setting up YDF.

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Cooperation with Teun van de Keuken aka Tonys Chocolonely and promoting his slavery-free chocolate will be one of the means of raising awareness and broadcasting the bigger issue behind it, namely child labor. His connections might become an important asset in promoting our YDF. As stated before, the main goal of YDF is to provide safety and security for the children. It will be based in Cte d'Ivoire. The focus will therefore, in first instance, be on a national level. This is because the problem is one, spread on a national scale in Cte d'Ivoire. Globally this organization also wants to have an impact, when we are talking about the TNC and International Organizations we want to address. By striving to move the TNC to change its CSR policy, a shift on a global scale is hoped to be attained as other big TNCs might be influenced by it based on the theory that when one market leader takes a leap, the rest will follow with adapting their CSR policy. The major day-to-day activities of YDF are lobbying and managing. As YDF is not an organization which uses its own resources but strives to join several stakeholders in setting up a taskforce, YDF will be handling the creation and management of several projects. For example, one of these projects will be building schools and educational facilities near the farms for the children. YDF will set up the proposal/plan and inform/involve all stakeholders. Under the management of YDF, the facilities will be built. Lobbying is also a very important activity provided by the YDF, as it is required to gain more networking partners and, more important, achieve the main goals by pressuring the government and Nestl. Especially Nestl, as most of the funding and support must come from their CSR policy. The reason, in YDFs opinion, that Nestl will be convinced to adjust and increase their CSR policy are can be outlined as followed: Widen target market YDF believes that the increase of the CSR budget for improved childrens labor conditions will ultimately lead to more profit for Nestl. By investing in the development and improvement of the environment and circumstances of the working children in Cte dIvoire, Nestl can use this good deed in their advertisement and mention on their product packages that they are working on child-friendly circumstances. This will attract a new and uprising target market, the sustainables. These are the people that are adjusting their choices of goods based on the lifecycle of the product. For example whether the package is recyclable, or whether the production of the product found place in human friendly circumstances. These people will become interested in Nestl products, which will raise Nestls sales and profits. International pressure through branding YDF, under supervision of the UN, will be responsible for setting up annual reports . These reports will be specifically about the childrens labor conditions within the cacao industry and published on the website of the UN. When Nestl decides to adjust their CSR budget to the benefits for the children, the report will not sign up the Nestl brand as search result. However, when Nestl decides to ignore the report, their name will be widely posted.

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Advertisement
Tonys Chocolonely Teun van de Keuken was a Dutch journalist who worked for the Keuringsdienst van Waarde, a TV program that brands goods. After making a documentary about slavery in the chocolate industry of Cte d'Ivoire and Ghana, he set up a national action called Steun Teun (Support Teun). Eventually, inspired by van de Keukens actions, van de Keuken and the Keuringsdienst van Waarde set up the initiative of producing slave-free chocolate bars called Tonys Chocolonely. Unfortunately, the chocolate was just sold in The Netherlands, while the initiative, in our opinion, can reach a wide target if aimed higher and promoted abroad. Through cooperation with Teun van der Keuken, YDF will try to revive his campaign for raising awareness for child labor and child slavery. YDF will promote the product Tonys Chocolonely while van de Keuken uses his resources to advertise YDF. Social media There are several social media that are available and easily accessible. Facebook is the biggest and globally known. Since Facebook is such a globally known and easy accessible website we want to build a page that shows the visitors not only our goals and objectives but also as a way to channel positive feedback to our organization. We also want to use Facebook to raise awareness among youngsters in Europe and the US to realize that the candy bars they are eating werent made by jolly oompa loompas working in a factory (this is a reference to the book/movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, if you havent seen or read it you wont get the joke) but partially by young children working on the land working under sometimes terrible circumstances. YouTube is also a way to broadcast the opinion or message and blog spots and forums are meeting places for interested people to discuss. It is often said that an image says more than a thousand words, we plan on using YouTube in the same way PETA (an American organization fighting for animal rights) used it to show the mistreatment of chicken by McDonalds and KFC. These videos will contain the stories of children who work(ed) on these farms to show that we are dealing with a serious social problem here. Website A website will be created for the NGO providing all the information about the NGO. Dependent on the funds and financial situation, the website will be a basic or professional domain. We will choose an .org domain, .org standing for organization to explicitly show that we are a nonprofit organization working primary for the best interest of the Ivorian children. The website will contain our general goals and objectives, our daily activities, contact information and links to our affiliates. Presentation Lectures, symposiums and presentations will be given by volunteers to schools, universities, organizations and companies, with the goal to raise awareness with a more professional and higher educated public. These could prove helpful by engaging with student, economics, sociologists etcetera in order to come up with more ideas for our organization and again to listen to what recommendations specialists have to make that could be constructive to our organization and prove to be helpful to improve the current situation of the Ivorian children facing severe exploitation.

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Funding and resources

Our organization is a non-governmental, non-profit organization that solely finances causes which are in the benefit of the children in Cte d'Ivoire. Fund raisings will be organized to gain finances as well as to raise awareness about the problem. The organization will be based on voluntary workers whom are dedicated to the cause. YDF will try to gain the status of legal organization providing internships for students. This way, YDF can make use of the knowledge and labor of student, while they gain working experience, required by their study program. Furthermore, sponsorship from the NGOs like UNICEF are some possibilities for funding. The UN and UNICEF have separate budgets especially for NGOs that put effort in securing childrens rights. Possible alternative NGO funds are: Foundation Center16 Funders online17 Philanthropy News Network18 Organizations like universities and educational institutions will be approached to donate old tables, chairs and black- or whiteboards for the educational facilities that the NGO tends to provide for the children. But one of the main goals is to persuade Nestl to provide for the funds and resources. The goal is to move them to adopt the childrens healthcare, welfare, education and legal acknowledgement in their CSR policy. They will be asked to support YDF by providing funding and materials to accomplish the activities that YDF or any of the other stakeholders set up.

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Bibliography
1. http://www.laborrights.org/files/Cocoa-Interpreting_Graphs_Lesson.pdf - www.laborrights.org A report about the cocoa industry on a global scale. 2. http://www.allchocolate.com/understanding/cacao-vs-cocoa/ - Allchocolate An explanation about the difference between cacao and cocoa. 3. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=12754%22- Corpwatch A watchdog that reports about the behavior of organizations. This article is called the dark side of chocolate and it is about Nestls role in fighting child labor in Cte dIvoire. 4. http://www.icco.org/statistics/monthly.aspx?AD=2005&MD=1&AH=2011&MH=6&Tipo=Gra fico&Datos=USD ICCO This is a website that contains information regarding the international cocoa prices, we used this site to make the graph that was used in the problem identification. 5. http://www.cyc-net.org/features/viewpoints/c-childlabour.html - www.cyc-net.org The international youth care network, on this site we found arguments stating that child labor is a necessary evil. 6. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html - the CIA world fact book A website created by the Central Intelligence Agency that publishes data on foreign nations, we used this website to report the amount of people working in the agricultural sector. 7. http://webfusion.ilo.org/public/applis/applbyCtry.cfm?lang=EN&CTYCHOICE=1030&hdroff=1 - www.webfusion.ilo.org A website containing information about the ILO conventions- which are conventions that encompass everything regarding international labor standards They are used to show which treaties Cte dIvoire denunciated. 8. http://www.cocoainitiative.org/en/what-we-do - International Cocoa Initiative The website of the ICI. This website is used to gain information about the ICI and their work in regarding child labor in Ghana and Cte dIvoire. 9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VgkVYhFqDc Tonys Chocolonely The trailer from the documentary about Tonys Chocolonely. A documentary about the slavery in Cte dIvoire in the cocoa industry and the initiative of slave-free chocolate. 10. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=8510275415580537193# - True Vision documentary Slavery: A Global Investigation A documentary about the slavery in the cocoa industry. 11. http://www.nestle.com/CSV/CreatingSharedValueCaseStudies/AllCaseStudies/Pages/Nestl%C3 %A9-Cocoa-Plan-in-action-C%C3%B4te-dIvoire.aspx Nestl cocoa plan in action A clip made by Nestl to highlight their activities on improving labor conditions.

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12. http://www.icco.org/pdf/agree10english.pdf - ICCO The international Cacao Agreement. 13. http://www.unicef.org/media/files/SOWC_2011_Main_Report_EN_02092011.pdf - UNICEF A report called: The state of the Worlds Children. Statistics about children in forced child labor and an overview of the cocoa industry. 14. http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/english/CocoaStudy.pdf - The cacao market - a background study A background report about the cacao industry. 15. http://www.thecocoaplan.com/sourcing-cocoa/ - ICI An overview of the mission statement, goals and objectives of the ICI. 16. http://foundationcenter.org/ - NGO Foundation center The website of the UN Foundation center, containing information about alternative ways to find funds for NGOs. 17. http://www.fundersonline.org/englisch/index.html - Funders Online The website of the organization Funders online. A clear overview can be found of alternative foundation options for setting up organizations. 18. http://www.pnnonline.org/ - Philanthropy News Network This website contains a lot of information and updates on voluntary work. Ways are shown how and where to gain funds for setting up and maintaining an NGO.

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