Java Paper Solutions (Theory)

Q1) Attempt any Eight: [8 × 2 = 16]

1) What is a java program structure?

 A Java program has:
- Package declaration (optional)
- Import statements
- Class declaration
- Main method: public static void main (String [] args)

2) Define this Keyword.

 This keyword is used to refer the current object of the class.
 Example:

class Example {
int x;
Example(int x) {
this.x = x; // Refers to the class variable
}
}
3) Explain in detail the data types in java?
 Data types are used to define the type of data that a variable can hold. They are broadly
categorized into Primitive Data Types and Non-Primitive Data Types.
4) What is an Interface?
 An interface is a collection of methods that a class must implement.
 An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that contains abstract methods (methods
without a body) and static constants (final variables). It is used to achieve abstraction and
multiple inheritance in Java.
5) What is the use of Reader and Writer class?
 In Java, Reader and Writer classes are used for reading and writing text data (character
streams). They are part of the java.io package and are specifically designed to handle
character-based data. For Example, FileReader and FileWriter.
6) Which method is used to specify containers layout with syntax.
 setLayout () method specifies the layout of a container.
 Syntax: container. setLayout (new LayoutManager());
7) What is the default layout for Frame and Panel?
 Border Layout and Flow Layout are the default layout for Frame and Panel respectively.
8) Explain Modifiers and Access Controls used in java.
 Modifiers and access controls in Java help define the behavior and visibility of classes,
methods, and variables.
 Modifiers change the behavior of methods, variables, or classes.
 Access Controls define the visibility of a class, method, or variable.
 Example: MODIFIER- static, final, abstract. ACCESS CONTROLS- public, private, protected and
default.
9) List and explain any 2 in-built exceptions.
  NullPointerException: When an object reference is null.
 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: When accessing an invalid array index.
10) Explain the purpose of getContentPane ().
 In Swing, when you're creating a GUI (like a window with buttons, labels, etc.) using JFrame,
the content pane is where you add all the components like buttons, labels, or panels.
 getContentPane () is a method of JFrame that gives you access to the content pane of the
frame. Think of the content pane as a canvas where you place all your GUI components.
 By default, you can't directly add components (like buttons) to a JFrame. Instead, you add
them to its content pane, which is like a special layer inside the frame.
11) What is Java? Why Java is a platform neutral language?
 Java is a programming language and platform-independent because it uses the JVM (Java
Virtual Machine) to run compiled .class files on any OS.
12) Define Keyword-Static.
 In Java, the static keyword means that a member (variable, method, or block) belongs to the
class rather than any specific object. This means:
 Static members are shared across all instances of the class.
 You can access static members without creating an object of the class.
13) Why we set environment variable in Java?
 When working with Java, setting environment variables is like giving your computer
instructions on where to find Java-related tools and libraries.
 It ensures your system knows how to run Java programs and compile code without errors.
 To run Java programs, the PATH environment variable helps locate the javac and java
commands.
14) Write advantages of Inheritance.
 Reuse code without writing it all over again.
 Easier maintenance because fixing one class updates all the child classes.
 Logical structure to organize your classes.
 Custom behavior using method overriding.
 Extendibility to create new features easily.
15) Define class and object with one example.
 Classes are the blueprint containing the member functions and data members.
 Objects are the copy or instance of the class.
 class Car {}
 Car myCar = new Car (); // Object
16) What is Swing?
 Swing is a GUI (Graphical User Interface) toolkit in Java that allows you to create windows,
buttons, text fields, and other interactive components for desktop applications.
 It is used to create graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that users can interact with, rather
than just using a command-line interface.
17) When buffered reader is used?
 In Java, BufferedReader is used to read text from a character-based input stream efficiently.
 It's especially useful when you need to read large amounts of data from a file or user
input because it reads data in chunks, making it faster than reading one character at a
time.
18) What is main difference between exception and error?
19) What is Panel?
 A Panel in Java is a container used to organize and group other components like buttons,
text fields, and labels inside a graphical user interface (GUI).
 It's part of the Swing library, which is used for creating windows and interactive
elements in desktop applications.
20) What is JDK? How to build and run java program?
 JDK (Java Development Kit) is a software development kit that provides everything you need
to develop Java applications. It includes tools and libraries that allow you to write, compile,
debug, and run Java programs.
 JDK can be built through:
- Install JDK: Make sure JDK is installed on your system.
- Write the Program: Use any text editor or IDE to write your .java file.
- Compile: Use the javac command to compile your .java file into a .class file.
- Run: Use the java command to run your compiled program.
21) What is use of class path?
 In Java, the class path is a list of directories or JAR files where the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) looks for compiled Java classes and libraries when running a program.
 Essentially, it's like a map that tells the JVM where to find the code (or external libraries)
it needs in order to run your Java application.
22) What is collection? Explain collection frame work in details.
 In Java, a collection is a group of objects that are stored and managed together.
 It is a way of storing data in a structured manner, allowing you to work with multiple
objects as a single unit.
 Collections are like containers for storing objects, such as lists, sets, and maps, where
you can add, remove, and manipulate data.
23) What is the use of layout manager?
 In Java, a layout manager is responsible for organizing and positioning components (like
buttons, text fields, labels, etc.) in a container (like a window, panel, or frame) in a
structured way.
 The layout manager automatically handles the size and position of each component, so
you don't have to manually set their positions and sizes.
24) What is difference between paint () and repaint ().


25) Define keyword throw.
  The throw keyword in Java is used to explicitly throw an exception.
 It allows you to create and throw your own exceptions in the program whenever a
certain condition occurs.
 By using throw, you can signal that something unexpected or incorrect has happened in
the program, and the exception can be handled appropriately by the program's error-
handling mechanism.
26) Define polymorphism.
 Polymorphism is one of the best features of object-oriented programming language.
 Polymorphism means the ability to take more than one form.
 Example: Method Overloading and Overriding.
27) Define variable in Java? What are the naming rules of variable?
 In Java, a variable is a container that holds a value, such as a number, text, or Boolean value,
during the execution of a program.
 dataType variableName = value; // Declaration and initialization
 Naming Rules of Variables are:
- Start with a letter, underscore (_), or dollar sign ($)
- No Java reserved keywords can be used as variable names.
- Variable Names are case-sensitive
- Names should be meaningful.
28) What is recursion?
 Recursion in Java (and in programming in general) is a technique where a function calls itself
in order to solve a problem. This technique is used to break down a complex problem into
smaller, simpler problems of the same kind.
29) Define Inheritance?
 Inheritance is a concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) where a new class (called a
child or subclass) can inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from an existing class
(called a parent or superclass). It allows you to create a new class based on an existing class,
reducing code duplication and increasing code reusability.
30) What is difference between Array and Array List?


31) What is error? List types of error?
 In Java, an error is a type of problem that occurs during the execution of a program. Errors
are usually caused by severe issues in the program or the environment in which the program
runs. Unlike exceptions, errors typically cannot be recovered from using normal program
logic.
 Following are the types of errors:
- Syntax Errors: Occurs due to incorrect syntax; must be fixed before compilation.
- Logical Errors: Program runs but produces incorrect output due to wrong logic.
- Runtime Errors: Occurs during program execution; can be handled by code.
32) List any two restrictions for applet.
 Cannot Access the Local File System: Applets cannot access files on your computer. They
cannot read or write files from your hard drive directly.
  Limited Access to GUI (Graphical User Interface): Applets can only interact with the
graphical user interface (GUI) inside the browser's or viewer's window and have limited
control over how the GUI works.
33) What is an event?
 An event is an action or occurrence that the program needs to respond to. These actions
can be things like a mouse click, a keyboard press, or even something like a window resizing.
34) Write the definition of abstract class?
 An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and can contain
both abstract methods (methods without implementation) and concrete methods (methods
with implementation).
 It provides a blueprint for other classes that extend it, forcing them to implement the
abstract methods.
35) What is Container?
 A container in Java is a component that holds other components (like buttons, labels, text
fields).
 It helps in organizing and managing the layout of GUI elements, making it easier to
create complex user interfaces.
 Containers can use layout managers to automatically position the components inside
them.
 Example: Frame, Panel, Dialog.

Q2) Attempt any four: [4 × 4 = 16]

1) Explain in detail the features of Java.

 Java is a popular programming language that was created by Sun Microsystems (now owned
by Oracle) in 1995.
 It is widely used for building applications on different types of devices, such as
computers, smartphones, and even smart devices.
 Following are the features of Java:
1. Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn and use. It removes complicated
features found in other languages, such as pointers and memory management,
making it beginner-friendly. It focuses on making things clear and easy to
understand.
2. Object-Oriented: Java is based on the concept of objects. An object is like a "real-
world" thing (for example, a car or a student) that has properties (attributes) and
actions (methods). This makes Java code organized and reusable, which is helpful for
creating big projects.
3. Platform Independent: One of Java’s coolest features is that it can run on any device
or operating system. This is because Java code is first compiled into bytecode (which
is like a universal language) and then run on any computer with the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). It’s like writing your code once and using it anywhere!
4. Portable: Because Java code is compiled into bytecode and runs on JVM, it can be
easily transferred from one device to another without changes. So, whether you're
using Windows, macOS, or Linux, your Java program will work the same way.
5. High Performance: Java is designed to be fast, thanks to the Just-In-Time (JIT)
compiler that translates bytecode into machine code for the system it's running on.
 This helps Java run almost as fast as programs written in other low-level languages
like C or C++.
6. Secured: Java has a strong security system. It prevents harmful programs from
damaging your computer by running code in a "sandbox" (isolated environment). It
also manages memory automatically to avoid errors like memory leaks, which can
crash your programs.
7. Architecture Neutral: Java programs can run on any computer, regardless of its
hardware (the physical parts like CPU and RAM). The JVM makes sure that Java
programs work across all different types of systems without needing any changes.
8. Multithreaded: Java can handle multiple tasks at the same time, called
"multithreading." This allows programs to run smoothly, like performing background
tasks while still responding to user actions. For example, it can download a file while
the user is playing a game.

2) What are the rules for method overloading and method overriding? Explain it with
example.
 Method Overloading:
 Method overloading happens when you have multiple methods in the same class with
the same name but different parameters. This allows you to perform the same action in
different ways.
 Rules for Method Overloading:
1. Same Method Name: The method name must be the same.
2. Different Parameters: The number or type of parameters must be different.
- It can be a different number of parameters.
- It can also be a different type of parameters (like changing from int to double).
3. Return Type: Return type can be the same or different

4. Method Signature: The method signature must be different. The signature is the
combination of the method name and its parameter list (number, types, order).

 Example:

 Method Overriding:
 Method overriding happens when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a
method that is already defined in its superclass.
 The method signature (name, return type, and parameters) in the subclass must be
exactly the same as in the superclass.
 Rules for Method Overriding:
1. Same Method Signature: The method name, return type, and parameters must be
the same in both the parent class and child class.
 2. Inheritance: The method in the child class overrides the method in the parent class
(through inheritance).
3. Access Modifier: The access modifier in the subclass method can be the same or
more accessible than the one in the parent class
4. @Override Annotation: It’s good practice to use the @Override annotation in the
child class to show that you're intentionally overriding the method.
 Example:

3) Differentiate between interface and abstract class.

4) Explain the concept of exception and exception handling.
 An exception is an error that occurs during the execution of a program.
 It disrupts the normal flow of the program and can cause it to stop unexpectedly.
 Exceptions can happen due to various reasons, like incorrect user input, missing files, or
network issues.
 For example, imagine you're trying to divide a number by zero. This would cause an
error because division by zero is not allowed in mathematics.
 Exception handling is a way to manage these errors in a program.
 Instead of allowing the program to crash, you can write code to handle exceptions,
providing a chance to fix the issue or show a meaningful message to the user.
 In Java, exception handling is done using try, catch, throw, and finally blocks.
1. try block: The code that might cause an exception is written inside the try block.
2. catch block: If an exception occurs, the catch block handles it. You can specify the
type of exception you want to catch.
3. throw: This is used to explicitly throw an exception when you want to signal that
something went wrong.
4. finally block: This block is always executed, whether an exception occurs or not. It's
useful for cleaning up resources like closing files or connections.
 Types of Exceptions:
1. Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are checked at compile time (before
the program runs). These must be either handled using a try-catch block or declared
using the throws keyword. Example: IOException, SQLException
2. Unchecked Exceptions: These exceptions occur at runtime, and are usually caused
by logical errors, such as dividing by zero or accessing an array element that doesn’t
exist. Example: ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

5) What are the different types of streams? Explain in details.

 In Java, a stream is a sequence of data that can be read from or written to.
 Streams are used to handle input and output (I/O) operations such as reading from files,
writing to files, or transferring data over networks.
 Streams are classified into two types based on their data flow: Byte Streams and
Character Streams.
1. Byte Streams:
- Byte streams handle binary data (raw bytes). They are used to read or write data in the
form of bytes, such as images, audio, video, and any file that is not text-based.
- Classes used for Byte Streams: The core classes in byte streams are InputStream and
OutputStream.
- Examples: FileInputStream: Reads data from a file in the form of bytes,
FileOutputStream: Writes data to a file in the form of bytes, BufferedInputStream:
Reads data from an input stream in a buffered way, improving performance by reducing
the number of I/O operations, BufferedOutputStream: Writes data to an output stream
in a buffered way.
2. Character Streams:
- Character streams handle text data (characters).
- They are designed for handling files or data that is in text format.
- Character streams read and write data using Unicode, which allows them to handle
international characters.
 - Classes used for Character Streams: The core classes for character streams are Reader
and Writer.
- Examples: FileReader: Reads characters from a file, FileWriter: Writes characters to a
file, BufferedReader: Reads characters from a stream in a buffered way, improving
performance, BufferedWriter: Writes characters to a stream in a buffered way.

6) What is Super Keyword? Explain the use of super keyword with suitable example.
 The super keyword in Java is used to refer to the parent class (superclass) from a child class
(subclass). It is mainly used in two scenarios:
1. Accessing Parent Class Constructor: To call the constructor of the parent class from the
child class.
- When a subclass is created, the constructor of the parent class is automatically called
before the subclass's constructor. If you want to call a specific constructor of the parent
class, you can use super ().
- Syntax: super (); or super(parameters);
2. Accessing Parent Class Methods and Variables: To access the methods and variables of
the parent class that may have been overridden or hidden in the child class.
- If a method or variable is overridden in the child class, you can use super to call the
parent class method instead of the overridden version in the child class.
- Syntax: super. methodName ();
super. variableName;
 Example:
class Animal
{
Animal()
{
System.out.println("Animal constructor called.");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
Dog()
{
super(); // Calls the constructor of the parent
class (Animal)
System.out.println("Dog constructor called.");
}
}
public class SuperKeywordExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Dog dog = new Dog();
}
}

7) Describe file handling in brief.

 File handling in Java refers to the process of reading, writing, and manipulating files using
Java programs.
 Java provides several classes and methods to handle files, whether you want to read
data from files, write data to files, or modify files.
 Important File Handling Methods in Java:
1. Creating a File:
- file.createNewFile() - Creates a new file if it does not exist.
2. Deleting a File:
- file.delete() - Deletes the specified file.
3. Checking File Properties:
- file.exists() - Checks if the file exists.
- file.isDirectory() - Checks if the file is a directory.
- file.length() - Returns the length of the file in bytes.
4. Renaming a File:
- file.renameTo(newFile) - Renames the file to the new name.
 Classes for File Handling in Java:
1. File Class:
- The File class is used to represent file and directory pathnames in an abstract manner.
- It can be used to check whether a file or directory exists, create files, delete files, and
perform other file operations.
2. FileReader and FileWriter (Character Streams):
- FileReader is used to read data from a file (character-wise).
- FileWriter is used to write data to a file (character-wise).
3. BufferedReader and BufferedWriter (Buffered Streams):
- BufferedReader is used to read data from files efficiently by buffering the input.
- BufferedWriter is used to write data to files efficiently by buffering the output.

8) What is datatype? Explain types of datatypes used in Java.

 A data type in Java specifies the type of data a variable can hold. It defines the size and type
of values that can be stored in memory. Java has two types of data types:
1. Primitive Data Types: These are the basic types built into Java.
 2. Non-Primitive Data Types: These are used to store references to objects and arrays. A
reference data type does not store the actual value but the address or reference to the
object in memory.

9) What is interface? Why they are used in Java?

 An interface is a collection of methods that a class must implement.
 An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that contains abstract methods (methods
without a body) and static constants (final variables). It is used to achieve abstraction and
multiple inheritance in Java.
 Interfaces allow multiple inheritance, which means a class can implement more than one
interface. Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance with classes, but interfaces provide a
way to achieve this.
 An interface provides abstraction, meaning that it hides the implementation details and
only shows what methods should be implemented. It doesn't define how the methods
should work; it only provides their signature.
 Interfaces help achieve polymorphism. A variable of an interface type can refer to any
object of the class that implements that interface, making the code more flexible and
reusable.
 By using interfaces, you can write code that works with any class that implements a
particular interface, promoting reusability and reducing redundancy.
 An interface can also hold constants (static final variables). These constants can be accessed
by any class that implements the interface.
 Interfaces allow interaction between unrelated classes by defining a common set of
methods. Different classes that don’t have any direct relationship can interact via the
interface.
 Example:
interface Printer {
void print();
}

class Computer implements Printer {

public void print() {
System.out.println("Printing from computer");
}
}

class Smartphone implements Printer {

public void print() {
System.out.println("Printing from smartphone");
}
}

10) Why the main() method in public static? Can we overload it? Can we run java class without
main() method?
 In Java, the main() method is the entry point where the program starts execution.
 public: The main() method is public so that it can be accessed from outside the class.
 static: The main() method is static so that it can be called without creating an instance
(object) of the class.
 Example:
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
 Yes, overloading the main() method is possible in Java, but it doesn't change the way the
Java program starts. The JVM always looks for the specific public static void main(String[]
args) method to start the execution.
 You can create additional main() methods with different parameters, but these are just
regular methods and won't be called automatically by the JVM.
 You typically can't run a Java class without a main() method unless you're using specific
technologies like applets, JavaFX, or frameworks like JUnit.

11) Explain try and Catch with example.

 In Java, try and catch are used to handle exceptions.
 Exceptions are errors that happen during the execution of a program.
 Instead of letting the program crash, you can use try and catch to handle these errors
gracefully.
 try block: This is where you write the code that might cause an error (an exception). If an
exception occurs, the flow of the program moves to the catch block.
 catch block: This is where you handle the exception. If an error occurs in the try block, the
program jumps to the catch block and executes it.
 Syntax:
try {
// Code that might cause an error
} catch (ExceptionType e) {
// Code to handle the error
}
 Example:
public class TryCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 0;
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: You can't divide by zero!");
}
}
}
12) Write a note on package in Java.
 In Java, a package is a way to organize and group related classes and interfaces.
 It's like a folder where you can store your classes, making your code easier to manage, avoid
naming conflicts, and make it reusable.
 Packages help organize large codebases into smaller, manageable sections.
 Types of Packages in Java:
1. Built-in Packages: These are pre-defined packages that come with Java. For example:
- java.util: Contains utility classes like ArrayList, HashMap, etc.
- java.io: Contains classes for input and output operations, like File, BufferedReader, etc.
2. User-defined Packages: You can create your own packages to organize your custom
classes.
 Creating and Using a Package in Java:
1. Creating a Package: To create a package, you use the package keyword at the beginning
of your Java file. This will define the package name.
2. Saving the File: After defining the package, save your file in a directory that matches the
package name. For example, if the package is mypackage, save the file as MyClass.java
in a folder named mypackage.
3. Using the Package: To use a class from a package, you use the import keyword. The
import statement makes the class available to your current file.
 Example:
package mypackage; // This defines the package name

public class MyClass {

public void display() {
System.out.println("Hello from MyClass in mypackage!");
}
}

import mypackage.MyClass; // Importing the MyClass from mypackage

public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass(); // Creating an object of MyClass
obj.display(); // Calling the method
}
}

13) What is exception? Explain its keyword with example.

 An exception in Java is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program's execution.
 It occurs when the program encounters an error, such as dividing by zero, accessing an array
out of bounds, or trying to use a null object reference.
 Types of Exceptions in Java:
1. Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are checked at compile time. The
compiler ensures that the program handles them using try-catch blocks or declares
them using throws. For example, IOException or SQLException.
2. Unchecked Exceptions: These are exceptions that occur during runtime. They are not
checked by the compiler. For example, NullPointerException or
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.
 Keywords for Handling Exceptions:
1. try: The try block contains code that might throw an exception. If an exception occurs
inside the try block, the flow of the program moves to the catch block.
 2. catch: The catch block is used to handle the exception thrown by the try block. You
specify the type of exception that you want to catch (e.g., IOException,
ArithmeticException, etc.).
3. finally: The finally block is optional and contains code that will always run, regardless of
whether an exception was thrown or not. It is commonly used to clean up resources
(e.g., closing files, releasing database connections).
4. throw: The throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. You can throw
exceptions manually to signal that something went wrong in your program.
5. throws: The throws keyword is used in the method signature to declare that a method
might throw an exception. This is typically used for checked exceptions.
14) Explain java. util package.
 The java.util package is one of the most important and widely used packages in Java.
 It provides a large set of classes and interfaces that help manage collections, dates, random
numbers, and much more.
 By using these pre-built utilities, you can make your code more efficient, organized, and
easier to maintain.
 The java.util package makes working with data easier by offering pre-built classes and
methods to handle common programming tasks.
 It saves time and effort because you can use these built-in utilities instead of writing code
yourself.
 Some Common Classes in java.util Package:
1. ArrayList: A resizable array implementation of the List interface. It stores elements in a
dynamic array and grows automatically when more elements are added.
2. Date: Represents a specific moment in time, including both date and time. It's
commonly used for working with dates in Java.
3. Scanner: A class used for getting input from the user, commonly used for reading
console input.
4. Random: A class used to generate random numbers in different ranges (like integers,
floats, etc.).
5. LinkedList: A class that implements the List interface and stores elements as a doubly
linked list.

15) What is a method in Java? Explain method overloading with example.

 In Java, a method is a block of code that performs a specific task.
 It is used to define the behavior of objects and helps organize code by grouping instructions
that perform a related action.
 Methods can take inputs (called parameters), perform some work, and return a result (or
nothing at all).
 Syntax:
accessModifier returnType methodName(parameters) {
// method body
// code to perform the task
}
 Method Overloading in Java allows you to define multiple methods with the same name
but different parameters (either the number of parameters or their types).
 The return type doesn't matter for overloading.
 It helps in using a single method name to perform similar tasks with different inputs.
 Example:
 public class Calculator
{
public static int add(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
public static int add(int a, int b, int c)
{
return a + b + c;
}

public static void main(String[] args)

{
System.out.println(add(2, 3)); // Calls the first method (int, int) - Output: 5
System.out.println(add(2, 3, 4)); // Calls the second method (int, int, int) - Output: 9
}
}

16) How to handle events in applet? Explain with example.

 In Java, events are actions that occur due to user interaction or system-generated events,
like a mouse click, keyboard press, etc.
 In Applets, events can be handled using the event-handling mechanism, which allows your
applet to respond to user inputs like clicks, key presses, and other interactions.
 Steps to Handle Events in an Applet:
1. Import Event Classes:
- To handle events in applets, you need to import event-related classes from the
java.awt.event package.
2. Create a Listener Class:
- Applets use listeners to handle events. For example, to handle mouse clicks, you use the
MouseListener interface.
3. Register the Listener:
- Once you’ve created a listener, you need to register it with the applet (or any component
like a button or canvas) to listen for specific events.
4. Override Event-Handling Methods:
- For each type of event (like mouse clicks or key presses), you must override the
corresponding methods (like mouseClicked() or keyPressed()).
 Example:
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;

public class EventHandlingApplet extends Applet implements MouseListener {

String message = "Click anywhere to see the mouse event.";

public void init() {

addMouseListener(this);
}
 public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.drawString(message, 50, 50);
}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {

message = "Mouse clicked at (" + e.getX() + ", " + e.getY() + ")";
repaint();
}

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {}

public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {}
}

Q4) Attempt any Four: [ 4 × 4 = 16]

1) What is collection? Explain collection frame work in details.

 In Java, a collection is a group of objects that are stored and managed together.
 It is a way of storing data in a structured manner, allowing you to work with multiple
objects as a single unit.
 Collections are like containers for storing objects, such as lists, sets, and maps, where
you can add, remove, and manipulate data.
 Key Classes in the Collection Framework:
1. ArrayList: A List that resizes automatically as you add elements. It is backed by an
array and allows fast random access to elements.
2. LinkedList: A List where each element points to the next one, allowing efficient
insertions and deletions.
3. HashSet: A Set that doesn’t allow duplicates and provides fast access to elements by
using a hash table.
4. TreeSet: A Set that stores elements in sorted order.
5. HashMap: A Map that stores key-value pairs using a hash table. It allows fast access
to elements based on their key.

2) Difference between Swing and AWT.

3) How a Java program is structured? Explain data types.
 A Java program is made up of a set of instructions that are executed by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM). Here's a basic breakdown of the structure of a Java program:
1. Class Declaration: Every Java program must have at least one class, and that class is
where the code begins. The class is defined using the class keyword followed by the
class name.
2. Main Method: The main method is the entry point for any standalone Java application.
When you run a Java program, the JVM looks for this method to start executing.
3. Statements and Expressions: Inside the main method or other methods, you write the
actual logic of your program using statements and expressions. These can include:
- Variables and constants
- Operators for calculations or logical conditions
- Method calls
4. Comments: You can add comments in your program to explain your code. Java supports
two types of comments:
- Single-line comment: // This is a comment
- Multi-line comment: /* This is a comment spanning multiple lines */
5. Data Types in Java: Java has two main categories of data types: Primitive Data Types
and Reference Data Types.
 - Primitive Data Types: These are the most basic types and represent simple values like
numbers or characters. They are predefined by Java.
- Reference Data Types / Non-Primitive Data Types: These are types that store the
memory address of an object, which means they reference or point to an object in
memory. Reference types include arrays, classes, and interfaces.
 Example:
public class DataTypesExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10; // Integer
double pi = 3.14; // Double
char letter = 'A'; // Character
boolean isActive = true; // Boolean

System.out.println("Integer: " + x);

System.out.println("Double: " + pi);
System.out.println("Character: " + letter);
System.out.println("Boolean: " + isActive);
}
}

4) What is Applet? Explain its types.

 A special type of Java program that runs in a Web browser is referred to as Applet.
 It has less response time because it works on the client-side.
 It is much secured executed by the browser under any of the platforms such as
Windows, Linux and Mac OS etc.
 There are two types of applets that a web page can contain.
1. Local Applet:
- A local applet is an applet that is stored on your computer and executed from there.
- It is not downloaded from a remote server but rather accessed locally by the user.
- The applet code (Java file) is stored on your computer or in a local directory.
- It runs directly from the local machine without needing an internet connection or
downloading the code from a remote server.
2. Remote Applet:
- A remote applet is an applet that is stored on a server and downloaded to your
computer when you visit a webpage.
- The applet is stored on a remote server on the internet.
- The applet code is loaded from a remote location on the internet, often a web server.
- When you visit a webpage that contains an applet, your browser downloads the applet
from the server and runs it on your local machine.

5) What is Layout Manager? Explain any one in detail.

 A Layout Manager in Java is an object that controls the placement and sizing of components
(like buttons, text fields, labels, etc.) inside a container (such as a JFrame or JPanel).
 Layout managers automatically adjust the size and position of components, ensuring
they are arranged properly, no matter the screen size or window resizing.
 Types of Layout Managers:
1. FlowLayout
 2. BorderLayout
3. GridLayout
4. GridBagLayout
5. BoxLayout
6. CardLayout
 BORDER LAYOUT:
- The BorderLayout is one of the most commonly used layout managers. It divides the
container into five areas:
1. North: The top section of the container.
2. South: The bottom section of the container.
3. East: The right side of the container.
4. West: The left side of the container.
5. Centre: The middle area of the container (takes up the most space).
- You can add components to these five areas using specific methods like add
(Component, BorderLayout.NORTH), where Component is the UI element you want to
place, and BorderLayout.NORTH indicates the area.
- If you add more than one component to a single area (like multiple components to the
centre), they will be stacked or arranged automatically by the layout manager.
- The centre area will always take up as much space as possible, while the north, south,
east, and west areas are smaller and adjust to fit the components you add there.
 Example for Border Layout:
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class BorderLayoutExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
JFrame frame = new JFrame("BorderLayout Example");
frame.setSize(400, 400);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);

frame.setLayout(new BorderLayout());

frame.add(new JButton("North Button"), BorderLayout.NORTH);

frame.add(new JButton("South Button"), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
frame.add(new JButton("East Button"), BorderLayout.EAST);
frame.add(new JButton("West Button"), BorderLayout.WEST);
frame.add(new JButton("Center Button"), BorderLayout.CENTER);

frame.setVisible(true);
}
}

6) Explain anonymous class in detail.

 In Java, an anonymous class is a class that is defined and instantiated in a single step.
 It doesn’t have a name, and it is used when you need a class for a short-term use (like
passing an implementation to a method), and you don’t want to create a separate class
file or even a named class within your code.
 Advantages of Anonymous Classes:
 1. Concise Code: They allow you to write less code, especially when you need a one-time use
implementation.
2. Quick Implementation: You don’t need to create a whole new class, making it quicker to
implement functionality like event handling.
3. Readability: It can make your code more readable and keep it compact.
 Disadvantages of Anonymous Classes:
1. No Reusability: Since they don’t have a name, they can’t be reused elsewhere in your code.
2. Hard to Debug: Debugging can be more difficult, as anonymous classes don’t provide a clear
name or place in the code.
3. Limited to One Use: They are typically used for very specific, short-term tasks, and aren’t
great for larger, more complex functionality.

Q5) Write a short note any Two: [ 2 × 3 = 6 ]

1) Define new operator.

 The new operator is used to create objects in Java.
 It dynamically allocates memory for an object and returns a reference to it.
 Example: MyClass obj = new MyClass();
 It allocates memory on the heap for the object, ensuring that the object gets the
required space to store its data.
 When you use new, it automatically calls the constructor of the class to initialize the
object.
 The new operator can also be used to create arrays.
 The new operator returns a reference (address) of the created object, which can be
stored in a variable.
 Example:
class Example {
String message;
Example(String msg) {
message = msg;
}
void display() {
System.out.println("Message: " + message);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Example obj = new Example("Hello, World!");
obj.display();
}
}

2) Define term finalize () method.

 The finalize() method is a special method in Java that is called by the Garbage Collector
before an object is removed from memory.
 It is used for cleanup activities.
 The finalize() method is defined in the Object class, so all classes in Java inherit it.
 The Garbage Collector calls the finalize() method just before an object is destroyed to
perform cleanup tasks like closing resources (e.g., files, database connections).
 It is often used to release system resources that were manually allocated (like file
streams or sockets).
  The call to finalize() is not guaranteed because the Garbage Collector might not run
during the program's execution.
 You can override the finalize() method in your class to specify custom cleanup behavior.
 Example:
@Override

protected void finalize() {

System.out.println("Object is being garbage collected!");

 finalize() is rarely used in modern Java.

3) What is repaint method does?

 The repaint() method in Java is used to refresh or update the display of a component in a
graphical user interface (GUI).
 It is part of the AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) and Swing libraries.
 The repaint() method requests the Java runtime to redraw the component on the
screen.
 It doesn’t redraw the component immediately but schedules the redraw for later.
 It’s commonly used when the appearance of a component changes.
 The repaint() method can repaint the entire component or just a specific area of it,
depending on the parameters passed.
 The redraw doesn’t happen instantly. Instead, it’s queued in the Event Dispatch Thread
(EDT) to be processed efficiently.

4) Abstract class
 An abstract class in Java is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and can contain
both abstract methods (methods without implementation) and concrete methods (methods
with implementation).
 It provides a blueprint for other classes that extend it, forcing them to implement the
abstract methods.
 You cannot create an object of an abstract class.
 An abstract class can have abstract methods (methods without a body) that must be
implemented by child classes.
 In addition to abstract methods, an abstract class can also have normal methods with a
body. These methods can provide default functionality.
 Abstract classes allow shared functionality in parent classes to be reused by child
classes.
 If a class has at least one abstract method, the class itself must be declared as abstract.
 Abstract classes are useful when you want to enforce a structure but also allow
flexibility for specific details to be defined by child classes.
 Example:
abstract class Animal {
abstract void sound(); // Abstract method

void sleep() { // Normal method

System.out.println("This animal sleeps.");
 }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() { // Implementing abstract method
System.out.println("The dog barks.");
}
}

public class AbstractExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.sound(); // Calls the implemented method in Dog class
myDog.sleep(); // Calls the normal method from Animal class
}
}

5) Define object.
 An object is a basic unit of object-oriented programming in Java.
 It represents a real-world entity and is created from a class.
 Example:
class Car { }
Car myCar = new Car(); // `myCar` is an object of the `Car` class.
 An object has state (data stored in fields/variables) and behavior (methods to perform
actions).
 Objects are usually created using the new keyword, which allocates memory for the
object.
 Objects can call methods on each other or share data to interact. This allows programs
to model complex real-world relationships.
 Even if two objects are created from the same class, they are independent and have
their own copy of instance variables.
 When an object is no longer used, Java’s Garbage Collector automatically removes it to
free up memory.

6) Define term finally block.

 The finally block in Java is a special block of code that is used with a try-catch structure to
handle exceptions.
 It always runs after the try and catch blocks, no matter what happens.
 It is commonly used to close resources like files, databases, or network connections.
 If there is a return statement in the try or catch block, the finally block still executes
before returning.
 If the program is terminated using System.exit(), the finally block will not execute.
 The finally block is optional, but if you include it, it must follow the try and catch blocks.
 The finally block is not used to handle exceptions; that's the job of the catch block. The
finally block is just for cleanup or final tasks.
 Example:
try {
int a = 5 / 0; // This throws an exception
 } catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Caught an exception!");
} finally {
System.out.println("This will always execute.");
}

7) Which are the predefined streams?

 In Java, predefined streams are built-in objects that handle input and output (I/O)
operations.
 These streams are part of the java.lang package and are automatically available for
every program.
 Java provides three predefined streams: System.in, System.out, and System.err.
 These are used for input, output, and error handling, respectively.
 System.in: Used to read data from the keyboard or other input devices.
- Example:
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter your name:");
String name = sc.nextLine();
 System.out: Used to display output on the console.
- Example: System.out.println("Hello, World!");
 System.err: Used to display error messages on the console.
- Example: System.err.println("An error occurred!");

8) Define multiple inheritance.

 Multiple inheritance is a concept where a class can inherit features (methods and variables)
from more than one parent class.
 Java does not allow multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity caused by the
Diamond Problem (when multiple parent classes have methods with the same name).
 Java allows multiple inheritance through interfaces.
 A class can implement multiple interfaces, and since interfaces only declare methods
without implementation, there is no ambiguity.
 By inheriting features from multiple sources, multiple inheritance makes it easier to
reuse code without rewriting it.
 Example:
interface A {
void methodA();
}
interface B {
void methodB();
}
class C implements A, B {
public void methodA() { System.out.println("From A"); }
public void methodB() { System.out.println("From B"); }
}
9) Why Java is a platform neutral language?
 A platform-neutral language means the same Java program can run on different operating
systems (Windows, Mac, Linux) without modification.
 Java achieves this by using a special runtime environment called the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
 Every operating system has its own JVM implementation that translates bytecode into
machine-specific instructions.
 As long as there is a JVM on the platform, the program will run.
 Java is known for its slogan: "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) because bytecode
can be executed on any device or OS that supports the JVM.
 Unlike other languages (e.g., C or C++) that depend on specific compilers for each
platform, Java only requires the JVM, making it hardware and OS-independent.