Reviews on Advanced Materials Science 2022; 61: 372–380

Research Article

Lina Xu, Wei Su, and Tian Su*

Influence of recycled clay brick aggregate on the

mechanical properties of concrete
https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0034
received February 09, 2022; accepted March 28, 2022
1 Introduction
Abstract: This article presents the experimental results of With the rapid development of the construction industry,
the compressive strength, the splitting tensile strength, concrete has been widely used as the main building
the macro destruction mode, and the microstructure of material [1]. Global demand for concrete is expected to
recycled clay brick aggregate concrete (RBC) with dif- grow to approximately 18 billion tons per year by 2050
ferent recycled clay brick aggregate (RBA) replacement [2]. As a result, natural sand and gravel resources are
rates. The results show that the compressive strength almost exhausted, and their prices continue to rise [3].
and the splitting tensile strength of RBC are lower than In addition, a large amount of construction waste will be
those of natural aggregate concrete (NAC), but the effect generated in the process of building reconstruction and
of RBA on the splitting tensile strength of concrete is not expansion [4]. The waste clay bricks (WB) and waste
significant. The effect of the water–cement ratio (w/c) on concrete (WC) are the main components of construction
the splitting tensile strength of RBC is smaller than that waste [5], and the resource utilization and utilization
on the splitting tensile strength of NAC. The compressive methods of WB and WC directly affect the process of
strength of concrete shows a trend of first decreasing and construction waste recycling and industrialization [6].
then increasing with the increase in RBA replacement Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) could improve the
rates. The effect of RBA replacement rates on the com-
utilization of construction waste and promote the sus-
pressive strength gradually decreases with the increase in
tainable development of the construction industry [7].
the w/c. The AFt in NAC is thicker than that in RBC, and
Scholars have completed the research on the con-
the C–S–H of RBC is in the form of agglomerated net-
crete with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) [8,9]. Xu
works with large and uniform pores and less filler.
et al. [10] point out that the compressive strength of
Keywords: recycled brick aggregate concrete, recycled RAC was lower than that of natural aggregate concrete
clay brick aggregate replacement rate, compressive strength, (NAC), while the flexural strength showed a trend of first
splitting tensile strength, microstructure decreasing and then increasing continuously with the
increase in the RCA replacement rates. Wang [11] found
that the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength
of concrete decreased with the increase in RAC replace-
ment rates, and the water–cement ratio (w/c) has a great
influence on the compressive strength and splitting tensile
 strength of RAC. Xiao et al. [12] point out that most studies
* Corresponding author: Tian Su, Key Laboratory for Comprehensive found that the long-term performance of RAC was inferior
Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, to that of NAC, and there were different opinions among
Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China,
researchers that the long-term performance of RAC was
e-mail: [email protected]
Lina Xu: Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold worse than that of NAC.
Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu Some scholars have also conducted research on improving
University, Changchun, Jilin, 130118, China; Department of Road, the performance of RAC. Corinaldesi [13] proposed a good
Bridge and River Crossing Engineering, School of Transportation method for configuring RAC, which can meet the require-
Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, Jilin,
ments for the strength, durability, and workability of
130118, China, e-mail: [email protected]
Wei Su: Department of Urban and Rural Planning, School of
RAC. Gao et al. [14] investigated the effect of CO2-enhanced
Architecture and Design, Hebei Polytechnic Institute, Shijiazhuang, RCA on the performance of RAC, and found that the
Hebei, 050091, China, e-mail: [email protected] method of CO2-enhanced aggregate significantly reduced

Open Access. © 2022 Lina Xu et al., published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License.
 Influence of recycled clay brick aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete  373

the water absorption rate of RCA and significantly improved strength, and macro destruction mode of RBC with different
the compressive strength and resistance to chloride- RBA replacement rates and analyzed the reason for the
ion penetration of RAC. Lei et al. [15] point out that difference in mechanical properties between RBC and NAC
the mechanical properties and frost resistance of RAC by microstructural analysis.
were effectively improved with the increase in graphene
oxide content.
Actually, most of the demolished buildings in China
are brick-concrete structures. However, the research on 2 Experiment
concrete with recycled clay brick aggregate (RBA) was
less [16]. Compared with natural aggregate, RBA has
2.1 Materials
the characteristics of high porosity, low density, and
high water absorption [17]. Cachim [18] investigated the
2.1.1 Natural coarse aggregate (NCA)
compressive strength, the tensile splitting strength, the
elastic modulus, and the stress–strain of recycled clay
The NCA was natural crushed stone, and the particle
brick aggregate concrete (RBC) and found that the type
range of NCA was 5–26.5 mm; the sieving result of NCA
of brick could affect the mechanical properties of RBC;
is shown in Figure 1. The water absorption rate of NCA
care must be taken when substituting crushed brick for
was 1.9%, and the crushing index was 9.8%.
natural aggregate. Zhang and Zong [19] point out that the
compressive strength of RBC was lower than that of NAC,
while the compressive strength of RBC with 30% RBA
2.1.2 Fine aggregate
could meet the requirements of strength standards. Khalaf
and Devenny [20] found that a portion of the brick aggre-
The fine aggregate was natural river sand with a 2.64
gate had good physical and mechanical properties, which
fineness module conforming to the Chinese standard
could be used to produce high-quality concrete. Mohammed
JGJ52-2006 [32]. The mud content of fine aggregate was
et al. [21] point out that RBA could be used to produce con-
2.1%. The bulk density and apparent density were 1,439
crete with strengths ranging from 20.7 to 31.0 MPa. Liu et al.
and 2,639 kg·m−3, respectively.
[22] found that the equal volume substitution method was
better than the equal quality substitution method to replace
the crushed stone with RBA. Yan and Chen [23] investigated
2.1.3 Cement
the mechanical properties of RBC and found that the com-
pressive strength and flexural strength of RBC increased
The cement used in this article was P.O 42.5 conforming
with age, while the compressive-compression ratio decreased,
to the Chinese standard GB 175-2007 [33]. The specific
but the brittleness was lower than that of NAC. Chen et al. [24]
surface area of cement was 354 kg·m−3, and the ignition
and Poon et al. [25] investigated the effect of RBA replacement
rate on concrete strength and found that when the replace-
ment rate was controlled within a certain range, it would not
have a great impact on the mechanical properties of concrete.
Li et al. [26] investigated the effect of RBA on the mechanics
and frost resistance of concrete and discussed its effect on the
microstructure of concrete by analyzing the micro-hardness
and porosity of concrete. Due to the high water absorption
characteristics of RBA, the method of pre-wetting aggregate
affected the interface transition zone of RBC [27]. The concrete
prepared by soaking RBA in the water had better performance
[28], so RBA should reached the surface-dry moisture state
before mixing [29,30].
It can be found that RBA can be used as coarse aggre-
gate for the preparation of concrete [31]. However, there is
no consensus on the basic mechanical properties of RBC
with different RBA replacement rates. Therefore, this article
investigated the compressive strength, the splitting tensile Figure 1: Sieving result of NCA.
374  Lina Xu et al.

Figure 3: Sieving result of RBA.

Figure 2: Aggregate crushing. and the crushing index was 27.5%. The apparent density
was 2,445 kg·m−3.

loss was 1.8%. The 28-day compressive strength and flex-

ural strength were 51.2 and 9.3 MPa, respectively. The
initial setting time and final setting time were 208 and 2.2 Mix proportions
273 min, respectively. The SO3 content is 2.31%, while
MgO content is 1.68%. The mix proportions for RBC and NAC are shown in Table 1.
Note that RBA reached the surface-dry moisture state by
pre-soaking it in water for 24 h before use [34].
2.1.4 Clay brick aggregate

RBA adopted a combination of manual and mechanical

crushing methods: first, it was initially crushed manually 2.3 Specimen pouring and curing
to remove impurities; then, it was further crushed with a
small jaw crusher, as shown in Figure 2, and the particle The 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cubic specimens were
range was 5–26.5 mm. The sieving result of RBA is shown cast to investigate the compressive strength and the split-
in Figure 3. The water absorption rate of RBA was 12.5%, ting tensile strength of concrete, three specimens per group.

Table 1: Mix proportions (kg·m−3)

Concrete type w/c RBA replacement rates (%) Water Cement Sand NCA RBA

NAC 0.48 0 185 385.4 695 1,200 0

0.58 0 185 319 720 1,176 0
0.68 0 185 272 738 1,158 0
RBC 0.48 10 185 385.4 695 1,080 105
20 185 385.4 695 960 210
30 185 385.4 695 840 315
40 185 385.4 695 720 420
50 185 385.4 695 600 525
0.58 30 185 319 720 823.2 308.7
50 185 319 720 588 514.5
0.68 30 185 272 738 810.6 304
50 185 272 738 579 506.6
 Influence of recycled clay brick aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete  375

After the specimens were cast, they were placed in an air- fcu = F / A, (1)
conditioned room for 24 h; then, the mold was removed, where fcu is the cube compressive strength, MPa; F is the
watered for 7 days, and then cured at room temperature cube specimen failure load, N; A is the pressure-bearing
until the test began. area, mm2.
Figure 4 shows the relationship between the com-
pressive strength of concrete and RBA replacement rates.
As shown in Figure 4, the compressive strength of
3 Tests and results RBC was lower than that of NAC (RBA replacement rate
is 0%), which agree with the findings of Zhang and Zong
3.1 Compressive strength test [19]. The main reasons are as follows: first, the damage
cracks appear in the RBA during the crushing process,
Cube compressive strength test was performed according and there is attached waste brick powder on the surface
to Chinese standard GB50081-2016 [35]. The formula for of RBA (as shown in Figure 5), resulting in poor adhesion
calculating the cube compressive strength of the concrete with the cement paste, so the strength of RBC was lower
was as follows: than that of NAC; second, the crushing index of RBA is 2.8

Figure 4: Compressive strength versus RBA replacement rates. (a) w/c = 0.48, (b) w/c = 0.58, and (c) w/c = 0.68.
376  Lina Xu et al.

Figure 6: Compressive strength versus w/c.

Figure 5: Interface model of RBC.

aggregate becomes poor, resulting in a decrease in the

times that of NCA, so the compressive capacity of RBA is compressive strength.
significantly lower than that of NCA; third, the water In addition, with the increase in the w/c, the effect of
absorption rate of RBA is 6.6 times that of NCA. The the RBA replacement rate on the compressive strength
pre-wetting treatment of RBA before concrete pouring gradually decreased. When the w/c was 0.48, the com-
leads to the increase in the actual w/c of concrete and pressive strength of RBC with 50% RBA replacement rate
the reduction of cement mortar attached to aggregate, was 34.67% lower than that of NAC; when the w/c was
resulting in the reduction of compressive strength of RBC. 0.58, the compressive strength of RBC with 50% RBA
Figure 4 shows that the compressive strength of replacement rate was 17.92% lower than that of NAC;
concrete showed a trend of first decreasing and then when the w/c was 0.68, the compressive strength of
increasing with the increase in RBA replacement rates. RBC with 50% RBA replacement rate was 9.78% lower
These observations agree with the findings of Ji et al. [36]. than that of NAC. The reasons for this phenomenon are
The compressive strength of concrete was the lowest as follows: when the w/c is low, the strength of the
when the RBA replacement rate was 30%, and then, the cement mortar is high, and the weak parts of the concrete
compressive strength of concrete showed an increasing under compression are more inclined to RBA with lower
trend with the increase in RBA replacement rates. The strength, RBA plays a major role in the compression resis-
main reasons are as follows: on the one hand, the lower tance of concrete; when the w/c is high, the strength of
elastic modulus of RBA is closer to the elastic modulus of cement mortar is low, the weak parts of concrete under
hardened cement mortar, and the strength of RBA is compression are more inclined to the cement mortar
lower, so cracks can expand from the cement mortar to in the interface transition zone, and the effect of RBA on
the interior of RBA, and RBA can bear part of the pres- the compressive strength of concrete is reduced. Therefore,
sure. On the other hand, the rough and porous RBA sur- the effect of RBA on concrete compressive strength decreased
face leads to a more dense interfacial transition zone, and when the w/c increased.
more cement particles can enter the RBA pores, so that
the cement product can be better combined with RBA,
resulting in an increase in the compressive strength of
RBC [36]. 3.2 Splitting tensile strength test
Figure 6 shows the relationship between the com-
pressive strength of concrete and the w/c. Splitting tensile strength test was performed according to
As shown in Figure 6, the lower the w/c, the greater Chinese standard GB50081-2016 [35]. The formula for cal-
the compressive strength of RBC. The reason is that the culating the splitting tensile strength of the concrete was
higher the w/c, the looser and porous the cement mortar, as follows:
and the hydration product cannot fill the internal pores
fts = 2F / πA, (2)
of the concrete, and its bonding performance with the
 Influence of recycled clay brick aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete  377

Figure 7: Splitting tensile strength versus replacement rates. (a) w/c = 0.48, (b) w/c = 0.58, and (c) w/c = 0.68.

where fts is the splitting tensile strength, MPa; F is the

cube specimen failure load, N; and A is the pressure-
bearing area, mm2.
Figure 7 shows the relationship between the splitting
tensile strength of concrete and RBA replacement rates.
As shown in Figure 7, the splitting tensile strength of
RBC was lower than that of NAC (RBA replacement rate is
0%), but the effect of RBA on the splitting tensile strength
of concrete was not significant, which was similar to the
conclusion obtained by Chen et al. [24] and Poon et al.
[25]. When the w/c was 0.48, the compressive strength of
RBC with 50% RBA replacement rate was 34.67% lower
than that of NAC, while the splitting tensile strength of
RBC with a 50% RBA replacement rate was 17.08% lower
than that of NAC. The main reason is that the splitting
tensile strength is determined by the mortar strength and Figure 8: Splitting tensile strength versus w/c.
378  Lina Xu et al.

coarse aggregate strength of the failure surface. Although elastic modulus of the cement mortar and the aggregate.
the strength of RBA is lower than that of NCA, the loose and Therefore, the weak part of the specimen under stress is
porous surface of RBA can be more closely combined with the interface transition zone, and aggregate has less
cement mortar, which improves the mechanical properties effect on strength of concrete.
of RBC to a certain extent. Therefore, the effect of RBA on In addition, the effect of w/c on the splitting tensile
the splitting tensile strength of concrete was not significant. strength of RBC was smaller than that on the splitting
Figure 8 shows the relationship between the splitting tensile strength of NAC. When the RBA replacement rate
tensile strength of concrete and w/c. was 0%, the splitting tensile strength of concrete with
As shown in Figure 8, the lower the w/c, the greater 0.68 w/c was 32.34% lower than that with a 0.48 w/c;
the splitting tensile strength of RBC. The reason is that when the RBA replacement rate was 30%, the splitting ten-
the higher the w/c, the greater the difference between the sile strength of concrete with 0.68 w/c was 26.91% lower
than that with 0.48 w/c. When the RBA replacement rate
was 50%, the splitting tensile strength of concrete with 0.68
w/c was 21.60% lower than that with 0.48 w/c.

3.3 Macro destruction mode

The compression test failure mode of RBC was basically

the same as that of NAC. In the compression test, it was

Figure 9: Destruction mode. (a) Compression test failure mode and Figure 10: Morphology of RBC. (a) Morphology of AFt and (b)
(b) splitting tensile test failure mode. Morphology of C–S–H.
 Influence of recycled clay brick aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete  379

found that the concrete specimen was more brittle when (4) The AFt of RBC was thicker than that in NAC, and the
it finally failed when the RBA content was low, which was C–S–H of RBC was in the form of agglomerated net-
manifested as a sudden burst and loss of bearing capacity works with large and uniform pores, and less filler.
when it reached the ultimate load of the specimen. With
the increase in RBA content, the brittle failure phenom- Acknowledgments: The study was carried out with the
enon tended to ductile failure. support of the Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy
When the RBC reached the tensile strength limit, the Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education,
RBA on the failure surface was split, while the NCA was Jilin Jianzhu University.
basically not split. The reason is that the elastic modulus
of the cement mortar is quite different from that of NCA, Funding information: The Foundation of Key Laboratory
the damage mostly occurs in the interface transition for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture
zone, and the force cannot be transmitted to the NCA, of Ministry of Education (JLZHKF022021002).
so the NCA is not easy to be damaged.
The compressive failure mode and split tensile failure Author contributions: Lina Xu: investigation, methodology,
mode of the RBC are shown in Figure 9, respectively. The writing – original draft preparation, writing – review, and
figure illustrates that there were two failure modes of RBC editing; Wei Su: check original draft; Tian Su: methodology,
[5]: (1) the aggregate was damaged during the stress pro- data analysis, writing – review, and editing.
cess; (2) the interface between the aggregate and the
mortar was damaged. The first kind of failure mode was Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of
generally the failure of RBA, and the failure of NCA does interest.
not occur; the second kind of failure was generally the
failure of the interface between NCA and mortar. Data availability statement: The data used to support the
findings of this study are included with in the article.

3.4 Microstructure test

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