Tech INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What is an API? How have you used APIs in your projects?

An API, or Application Programming Interface, allows different software applications to communicate

with each other. It defines the methods and data formats that applications use to exchange
information. In my projects, I’ve used APIs to integrate third-party services, like fetching real-time
weather data in a web app. I implemented the API calls using JavaScript's fetch() method, handled
JSON responses, and displayed the data dynamically on the UI.

2. Can you describe your experience with integrating third-party APIs in your web development
projects?

In my previous project, I had to integrate a payment gateway API to enable online transactions. I had
to ensure that the API was secure and that the data was transmitted safely. I also had to handle
errors and exceptions that could occur during the transaction process. I was able to successfully
integrate the API by following the documentation and testing it thoroughly. I learned a lot about API
integration and security in web development.

3. How do you approach debugging and troubleshooting in your web development projects?

I believe that debugging and troubleshooting are critical skills for any web developer. When faced
with an issue, I start by breaking down the problem into smaller parts and analyzing each
component. I use debugging tools like Chrome DevTools and console logs to identify the root cause
of the problem. Once I have identified the issue, I work on finding a solution and testing it thoroughly
before implementing it. I also document the issue and solution for future reference.

4. What is the difference between GET and POST methods in HTTP?

The GET method is used to request data from a specified resource and appends parameters to the
URL, which can be seen in the browser history. It's typically used for fetching data. On the other
hand, the POST method submits data to be processed to a specified resource. Data is sent in the
request body, which provides better security than GET since it is not visible in the URL. POST is
commonly used for sending form data, like login information.

5. What is responsive design, and why is it important?

What is the significance of responsive web design?

Responsive web design ensures that a website looks and functions well on devices of all screen sizes.
By using flexible grids, layouts, and media queries, a website can automatically adjust to the screen
size of the device. This improves the user experience and ensures that the website is accessible on
desktops, tablets, and mobile phones without requiring separate designs for each platform
6. Explain the difference between responsive design and adaptive design.

Responsive design uses flexible layouts, grids, and media queries to ensure a website adjusts
seamlessly across different screen sizes. In contrast, adaptive design involves creating multiple fixed
layouts for different devices, and the appropriate layout is chosen based on the screen size.
Responsive design is more fluid, while adaptive design delivers a more tailored experience for each
device.

7. How do you ensure that your web applications are secure and protect user data?

I follow industry-standard security practices like using secure protocols like HTTPS, input validation,
and sanitization, and using parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection attacks. I also use
encryption techniques to protect sensitive user data.

8. What is the difference between a == operator and the equals() method in Java?

The == operator checks if two references point to the same object in memory, while
the equals() method compares the values within the objects to determine if they are logically
equivalent. For example, == would return false if two different objects contain the same data,
whereas equals() would return true if their values are the same.

9. What is your approach to solving coding problems?

My approach to solving coding problems involves:

1. Understanding the problem statement: Carefully reading and identifying the input, output,
and constraints.

2. Planning the solution: Breaking down the problem into smaller steps and coming up with a
high-level strategy, such as choosing the right data structures and algorithms.

3. Writing the code: Implementing the solution while keeping it clean and readable.

4. Testing: Running different test cases, especially edge cases, to ensure the solution is robust.

5. Optimizing: If needed, I refactor the code to make it more efficient or readable.

10. What are some best practices for writing clean code?

 Use meaningful variable names that make the code easier to understand.

 Break large functions into smaller, reusable ones for better readability and modularity.

 Comment where necessary, explaining the purpose of complex sections of code, but don’t
over-comment.

 Consistent formatting and indentation to maintain readability.

 Avoid hard-coding values and use constants or configuration files.

  Follow naming conventions for variables, functions, and classes (e.g., camelCase for
variables, PascalCase for classes).

11. Can you explain what MVC is in web development?

MVC stands for Model-View-Controller, which is a design pattern used in web development:

 The Model represents the data and business logic.

 The View is the user interface that displays the data.

 The Controller handles user input and interacts with the Model to update the View. This
separation of concerns makes applications more modular and easier to manage.

12. What are session storage and local storage in web development?

Both session storage and local storage are part of the Web Storage API in HTML5, and they are used
to store data on the client-side:

 Local Storage: Stores data with no expiration time. The data persists even after the browser
is closed and reopened, until it is explicitly deleted.

 Session Storage: Stores data for the duration of the page session. The data is lost when the
browser tab or window is closed.

13. What are REST/RESTful APIs and how is it different from SOAP?

RESTful APIs (Representational State Transfer) follow a set of constraints and use HTTP methods (GET,
POST, PUT, DELETE) for CRUD operations. They are stateless, meaning each request from a client
contains all the information needed to process the request. RESTful APIs also typically return data in
JSON or XML format. They are designed to be scalable and loosely coupled.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol that uses XML for messaging. It is more rigid and
requires a strict XML format, whereas REST is more flexible and lightweight, making it better suited
for web services that require scalability and simplicity.

14. What is agile methodology?

Agile methodology is an iterative approach to software development that focuses on collaboration,

customer feedback, and small, rapid releases. It breaks down projects into smaller parts called
sprints, which are usually 1-4 weeks long. At the end of each sprint, working software is delivered,
allowing for continuous feedback and adjustment. Agile promotes flexibility and adaptation to
changes.
15. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming?

In synchronous programming, tasks are executed one after another, meaning the next task won't
start until the current one finishes. In asynchronous programming, tasks can be executed
concurrently. Asynchronous operations (like fetching data from a server) don't block the execution of
other tasks, and the result is processed once the operation completes.

16. What is middleware?

Middleware is software that acts as a bridge between an operating system or database and
applications, especially in distributed systems. It handles communication, data management, and
input/output, and helps different systems communicate and share data. For example, in a web
application, middleware might handle request parsing, authentication, and error handling before
passing the request to the appropriate route handler

17. What is the importance of testing in software development, and how do you ensure your code
is properly tested?

Testing is critical in software development to ensure that the code behaves as expected, is free from
bugs, and meets the requirements. To ensure my code is properly tested, I:

 Write unit tests to test individual functions or components in isolation, ensuring that each
unit works as expected.

 Use integration tests to verify that different components work together seamlessly.

 Follow test-driven development (TDD) when possible, writing tests before implementing the
functionality.

 Use tools like JUnit for Java to automate the testing process, ensuring consistent and
repeatable results.
HTML –
1. What is the difference between inline, inline-block, and block elements in HTML?

 Inline elements: Do not start on a new line and take up only as much width as necessary
(e.g., <span>, <a>, <strong>).

 Block elements: Start on a new line and take up the full width available
(e.g., <div>, <p>, <h1>).

 Inline-block elements: Behave like inline elements (don't start on a new line) but respect
height and width properties like block elements.
JavaScript –
1. How do you handle errors in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, errors are handled using try, catch, finally, and throw statements:

 try: The code you want to test goes inside the try block.

 catch: If an error occurs, the catch block handles the exception.

 finally: This block runs after try and catch, regardless of whether an error occurred or not.

 throw: You can use the throw statement to create a custom error. For example:

try {

// code that may throw an error

} catch (error) {

console.log(error.message); // Handle the error

} finally {

console.log("This will run no matter what.");

2. Explain hoisting in JavaScript.

Hoisting in JavaScript refers to the process where variable and function declarations are moved to
the top of their scope before the code executes. This means you can use a function or variable before
it is declared. However, while the declarations are hoisted, assignments are not. For example:

console.log(a); // undefined

var a = 10;

3. What are promises in JavaScript?

Promises are objects that represent the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous
operation in JavaScript. A promise has three states:

 Pending: The initial state, neither fulfilled nor rejected.

 Fulfilled: The operation completed successfully.

 Rejected: The operation failed. Promises simplify handling asynchronous operations and
allow chaining of .then() and .catch() methods.

What are closures in JavaScript?

"A closure in JavaScript is a function that remembers and has access to variables from its outer
scope, even after the outer function has finished executing. This happens because the inner function
retains a reference to the variables in its lexical environment. Closures are commonly used in
scenarios such as creating private variables or functions, or maintaining state between function
calls."

Example:

function outerFunction(outerVariable) {

return function innerFunction(innerVariable) {

console.log(`Outer Variable: ${outerVariable}`);

console.log(`Inner Variable: ${innerVariable}`);

};

const newFunction = outerFunction('outside');

newFunction('inside'); // Outer Variable: outside, Inner Variable: inside

JAVA –
What are the key features of Java?

"Some of the key features of Java include:

 Object-Oriented: Java follows OOP principles such as encapsulation, inheritance, and

polymorphism, which makes the code modular and reusable.

 Platform Independence: Java’s 'Write Once, Run Anywhere' capability allows programs to run
on any platform that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

 Automatic Memory Management: Java uses a garbage collector to automatically manage

memory, freeing up space by removing objects that are no longer in use.

 Multithreading: Java supports multithreaded programming, enabling developers to build

programs that can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

 Security: Java has built-in security features, including bytecode verification and a robust
security manager, to protect against malware and malicious code.

1. What are the key features of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

OOP has four main pillars:

 Encapsulation: Bundling data (variables) and methods that operate on the data into a single
unit or class and restricting access to some of the object's components.

 Abstraction: Hiding complex implementation details and exposing only the necessary parts
of the object’s functionality.

 Inheritance: Allowing one class to inherit the properties and methods of another, promoting
code reusability.

 Polymorphism: The ability of a function, object, or method to take on multiple forms, such
as method overriding or overloading.

2. What is the difference between an interface and an abstract class in Java?

The main differences are:

 Abstract class: Can have both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete
methods (with implementation). It allows the use of constructors, fields, and methods with
access modifiers. A class can only extend one abstract class.

 Interface: Can only have abstract methods by default (in Java 8+ it can have default methods
with implementations). It cannot have fields (except static final constants), and a class can
implement multiple interfaces, making it more flexible for multiple inheritance.

3. What is polymorphism in Java?

Polymorphism in Java is the ability of a method or object to take multiple forms. It allows one
interface to be used for a general class of actions. There are two types of polymorphism:

 Compile-time polymorphism (method overloading): Multiple methods in the same class

share the same name but have different parameters.

 Run-time polymorphism (method overriding): A subclass can provide a specific

implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass.

4. Explain the concept of recursion in programming.

Recursion is a method where a function calls itself in order to solve a smaller instance of the same
problem. It's typically used in cases where a problem can be broken down into similar subproblems.
However, recursive solutions must have a base case to stop the function from calling itself
indefinitely. A common example is the factorial function:

int factorial(int n) {

if (n == 0) {

return 1; // Base case

} else

{ return n * factorial(n - 1); // Recursive case

5. What is a constructor in Java?

A constructor in Java is a special type of method that is used to initialize an object. It is called when
an object of a class is created. Constructors have the same name as the class and do not have a
return type. Java provides two types of constructors:

 Default Constructor: Provided by Java if no constructor is explicitly defined.

 Parameterized Constructor: Constructors that take parameters to initialize fields when

creating an object.

6. Explain the difference between class and object in Object-Oriented Programming.

A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects. It defines the attributes and methods that the
objects will have. An object is an instance of a class; it represents a real-world entity based on the
structure defined by the class.

7. What is garbage collection in Java?

Garbage collection in Java is an automatic process of reclaiming memory by identifying and disposing
of objects that are no longer reachable in the program. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) handles
garbage collection, freeing developers from the need to manually manage memory allocation and
deallocation.

8. What is multithreading, and how is it achieved in Java?

Multithreading is a feature in Java that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a
program for maximum utilization of CPU. Threads are lightweight processes, and in Java,
multithreading can be achieved by:

 Extending the Thread class: By overriding the run() method.

 Implementing the Runnable interface: By passing a Runnable object to a Thread constructor

and defining the task in the run() method.

9. What is an exception in Java? How do you handle exceptions?

An exception in Java is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program’s execution. Exceptions
can be handled using try, catch, finally, and throw statements. try block contains code that might
throw an exception, catch block handles the exception, and finally block contains code that is always
executed after the try/catch, regardless of whether an exception occurred.

10. What is a deadlock, and how can it be prevented in Java?

A deadlock occurs when two or more threads are blocked forever, each waiting for the other to
release a resource. Deadlock prevention can be achieved by:

 Ensuring that all threads acquire locks in the same order.

 Using tryLock() (which tries to acquire a lock but gives up after some time) instead of a
traditional lock.

 Breaking a task into smaller pieces to avoid holding locks for too long.

11. What are some key differences between stack and queue data structures?

Both stacks and queues are linear data structures, but they differ in how elements are added and
removed:

 Stack: Follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. Elements are added and removed from
the same end (top of the stack). For example, stack operations include push() to add
and pop() to remove.
  Queue: Follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle. Elements are added at the rear and
removed from the front. Common operations include enqueue() to add and dequeue() to
remove.

12. What is a singleton class in Java, and why is it used?

A singleton class is a class that can have only one instance throughout the Java application. It is used
when only one instance of a class is needed to control actions, such as managing connections to a
database. The instance is created lazily (when first accessed), ensuring efficient use of resources.

13. What is the difference between throw and throws in Java?

 throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception in Java. For example, throw new
IOException("Error message").

 throws: Declares that a method can throw an exception and needs to be handled by the
calling method. For example, public void myMethod() throws IOException {}.

Database –
1. What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?

SQL databases are relational databases that use structured query language for defining and
manipulating data. They have a predefined schema and are suitable for complex queries and
structured data. Examples include MySQL and PostgreSQL.

On the other hand, NoSQL databases are non-relational and have a flexible schema, making them
ideal for unstructured or semi-structured data. They can store data in formats like key-value pairs,
documents, or graphs, and are often used for scalability and high-volume data storage. Examples
include MongoDB and Cassandra.

2. What is normalization, and why is it important in databases?

Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve
data integrity. It involves dividing a database into two or more tables and defining relationships
between them to minimize duplication. The main goal is to ensure that each piece of data is stored
only once, which helps to avoid anomalies during data insertion, deletion, or updating.

3. What are the different types of joins in SQL?

There are several types of joins in SQL:

 INNER JOIN: Returns rows when there is a match in both tables.

  LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN): Returns all rows from the left table, and the matched rows
from the right table; if no match, NULL is returned for columns from the right table.

 RIGHT JOIN (or RIGHT OUTER JOIN): Similar to LEFT JOIN, but returns all rows from the right
table and matched rows from the left.

 FULL JOIN (or FULL OUTER JOIN): Returns rows when there is a match in one of the tables; it
returns NULL for non-matching rows.

4. What is an index in SQL, and how does it work?

An index in SQL is used to speed up the retrieval of records from a table by creating a data structure
(usually a B-tree) that allows for faster searches. An index works like a lookup table for rows in a
database table. While it improves read performance, it can slow down write operations (INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE) since the index needs to be updated as well.

Others –
1. How do you ensure that your web applications are accessible to users with disabilities? Can you
describe a project where you implemented accessibility features?

I believe that web applications should be accessible to all users, including those with disabilities. To
ensure accessibility, I follow the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) and implement
features like alternative text for images, proper labeling of form fields, and keyboard navigation.
During my last project, I worked on a web application for a non-profit organization that provided
services to people with disabilities. I implemented accessibility features like high-contrast mode,
screen reader compatibility, and keyboard navigation to ensure that the application was accessible to
all users. I also conducted user testing with people with disabilities to get feedback and improve the
application's accessibility.

2. What is CORS, and why is it important?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security feature implemented by browsers to restrict web
pages from making requests to a different domain than the one that served the web page. It is a
mechanism that allows servers to specify who can access resources. Without CORS, browsers block
such cross-origin requests for security reasons. To allow these requests, the server must include
specific headers in its response indicating which domains are permitted.