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Norton's Theorem: Navigation Search Electrical Networks Voltage Sources Current Sources Resistors

Norton's theorem states that any linear electrical network consisting of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors can be represented by an equivalent circuit with a single current source in parallel with a resistor. This Norton equivalent circuit preserves the network's behavior when presented with different external loads. The Norton current is calculated by finding the output current of the network with a short circuit load, and the Norton resistance is the output voltage divided by this current for an open circuit load. Converting a network to its Norton equivalent allows it to be analyzed or replaced with a simplified model.

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105 views3 pages

Norton's Theorem: Navigation Search Electrical Networks Voltage Sources Current Sources Resistors

Norton's theorem states that any linear electrical network consisting of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors can be represented by an equivalent circuit with a single current source in parallel with a resistor. This Norton equivalent circuit preserves the network's behavior when presented with different external loads. The Norton current is calculated by finding the output current of the network with a short circuit load, and the Norton resistance is the output voltage divided by this current for an open circuit load. Converting a network to its Norton equivalent allows it to be analyzed or replaced with a simplified model.

Uploaded by

Helium Vivek
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Norton's theorem

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search Norton's theorem for linear electrical networks, known in Europe as the MayerNorton theorem, states that any collection of voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source, I, in parallel with a single resistor, R. For single-frequency AC systems the theorem can also be applied to general impedances, not just resistors. The Norton equivalent is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances, at a given frequency. The circuit consists of an ideal current source in parallel with an ideal impedance (or resistor for non-reactive circuits). Norton's theorem is an extension of Thvenin's theorem and was introduced in 1926 separately by two people: Siemens & Halske researcher Hans Ferdinand Mayer (18951980) and Bell Labs engineer Edward Lawry Norton (18981983). The Norton equivalent circuit is a current source with current INo in parallel with a resistance RNo. To find the equivalent, 1. Find the Norton current INo. Calculate the output current, IAB, with a short circuit as the load (meaning 0 resistance between A and B). This is INo. 2. Find the Norton resistance RNo. When there are no dependent sources (i.e., all current and voltage sources are independent), there are two methods of determining the Norton impedance RNo.

Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open circuit condition (i.e., no load resistor meaning infinite load resistance). RNo equals this VAB divided by INo.

or

Replace independent voltage sources with short circuits and independent current sources with open circuits. The total resistance across the output port is the Norton impedance RNo.

or

Use a given Thevenin resistance: as the two are equal.

However, when there are dependent sources, the more general method must be used. This method is not shown below in the diagrams.

Connect a constant current source at the output terminals of the circuit with a value of 1 Ampere and calculate the voltage at its terminals. The quotient of this voltage divided by the 1 A current is the Norton impedance RNo. This method must be used if the circuit contains dependent sources, but it can be used in all cases even when there are no dependent sources.

[edit] Example of a Norton equivalent circuit

Step 0: The original circuit

Step 1: Calculating the equivalent output current

Step 2: Calculating the equivalent resistance

Step 3: The equivalent circuit In the example, the total current Itotal is given by:

The current through the load is then, using the current divider rule:

And the equivalent resistance looking back into the circuit is:

So the equivalent circuit is a 3.75 mA current source in parallel with a 2 k resistor.

[edit] Conversion to a Thvenin equivalent

A Norton equivalent circuit is related to the Thvenin equivalent by the following equations:

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