Research Methodologies Compiled
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victorsebstarResearch Methodologies Compiled
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victorsebstarReferencing Systems
REFERENCING SYSTEMS
DEFINITION
A structured method used to acknowledge and cite sources of information, ideas, or data that a
researcher uses in their work
IMPORTANCE
Avoids plagiarism by giving proper credit.
Supports arguments with authoritative evidence.
Demonstrates research depth and credibility.
Provides a clear trail for readers to follow the researcher’s sources.
MAIN COMPONENTS
In-text citations – brief references within the body of the text.
Reference list / bibliography – a detailed list at the end of the document with full source
information.
APA (American Psychological Association)
Used in social sciences.
Author-date style
(Mark, 2020)
MLA (Modern Language Association)
Used in humanities or literature.
Author-page style.
(Smith 23)
Chicago
Used in History, arts
Two versions: author-date or footnote style
Harvard
Widely used in many fields.
Similar to APA which uses author-date style.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Used in engineering or technology.
Numbered citations.
[1]
VANCOUVER
Used in medicine and health sciences.
Numbered references in order of use.
Research Philosophy
RESEARCH PHILOSPHY
DEFINITION
A set of beliefs and assumptions about how knowledge is developed, understood, and
interpreted in a particular field of study.
IMPORTANCE
Guides the choice of research design (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods).
Ensures coherence between your research questions, methodology, and analysis.
Justifies your approach in academic writing.
POSITIVISM
Reality is objective and independent of human perception.
Knowledge is based on observable, measurable facts.
Typical methods include qualitative (e.g., experiments, surveys)
INTERPRETIVISM
Reality is subjective and shaped by human experiences.
Knowledge is socially constructed and context-based.
Method include qualitative (e.g., interviews, case studies).
REALISM
Reality exists independently but can be interpreted differently.
Knowledge is gained through both objective observation and subjective interpretation.
Methods are mixed including both qualitative and quantitative.
PRAGMATISM
Reality is dynamic and practical.
Knowledge is what works in practice.
Methods include mixed methods; problem focused.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Reality is socially constructed by individuals.
Knowledge is created through interaction and interpretation.
Methods include qualitative (e.g., ethnography, narrative research).
Slogan vs Evidence
SLOGAN VS EVIDENCE
SLOGAN
Catchy, persuasive statement that is often broad, emotionally appealing, or generalized but
lacks solid proof or detailed backing.
It’s purpose is to persuade or attract attention, not to prove something.
“Technology is the answer to all our problems.”
EVIDENCE
Verified data, facts, or information that support or prove a claim in research.
It’s purpose is to support arguments or findings objectively.
Data (qualitative or qualitative)
Peer-reviewed literature
Experiments, surveys, case studies, etc.
“According to a 2023 study by WHO, 72% of respondents in urban areas use smartphones to
access health services.”
Arguments and Persuasions
ARGUMENTS AND PERSUASIONS
ARGUMENTS
A logical, reasoned statement that presents a claim, supported by evidence and reasoning.
FEATURES
Based on facts, data, and logical reasoning.
Structured (e.g., claim -> evidence -> conclusion)
Objective and critical
Often includes counterarguments or limitations
EXAMPLE
“Remote work increases productivity. A study by Stanford University (2015) showed that remote
workers were 13% more productive than their office counterparts due to fewer distractions and
more flexible schedules).
IMPORTANCE
Prove a point with evidence.
PERSUASION
Attempt to influence beliefs or actions through appeals to logic, emotion, or credibility.
Reference list / bibliography – a detailed list at the end of the document with full source
information.
FEATURES
May appeal to logic (logos), ethics (ethos), or emotion (pathos).
Seeks to convince the reader of the researcher’s interpretation or conclusion.
Still relies on evidence, not manipulation or bias.
EXAMPLE
“Given the growing mental health crisis among youth, it is imperative that policymakers
integrate digital well-being education into school curricula – supported by multiple studies
showing its effectiveness in reducing anxiety and screen addiction.”
Plagiarism
PLAGIARISM
DEFINITION
Act of using someone else’s work, ideas, or words without proper acknowledgement –
presenting them as your own.
TYPES
Direct – copying text word-for-word without quotation or citation.
Self – reusing your own previously published work without citing it.
Mosaic – mixing copied phrases with original writing without credit.
Paraphrasing – rewording someone’s ideas but not citing the source.
Source-Based – using incorrect, fabricated, or non-existent references.
Importance
Violates ethical standards in academia.
Can lead to disqualification, rejection of research, or legal consequences.
Damages the reputation of the researcher and institution.
Obstructs knowledge advancement by hiding original contributors.
