Chapter 4
Visualization Methods:
Box Plot,
Histograms
, Scattered plots
, Pixel oriented visualization techniques,
Geometric visualization projection.
1. Box Plot: A box plot, also known as a box-and-whisker plot, is a visualization method that
displays the distribution of a dataset. It shows the median, quartiles, and any potential outliers in
the data. The box represents the interquartile range (IQR) which contains the middle 50% of the
data, with the median marked by a line inside the box. The "whiskers" extend from the edges of
the box to the smallest and largest values within 1.5 times the IQR. Box plots are useful for
comparing the spread and skewness of different datasets.
2. Histograms: A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It
consists of a series of bars, with each bar representing a range of values, and the height of the
bar corresponding to the frequency of values in that range. Histograms are useful for visualizing
the frequency distribution of a dataset, and can help identify patterns or clusters within the data.
3. Scattered plots: A scatter plot is a type of graph that displays the relationship between two
variables. Each point on the plot represents a single observation, with the x-axis representing
one variable and the y-axis representing another. Scatter plots are useful for identifying patterns,
trends, or relationships between variables, such as correlation or clustering.
4. Pixel oriented visualization techniques: Pixel-oriented visualization techniques involve
representing data using individual pixels as the basic building blocks. This can include techniques
such as pixel art, pixel mapping, or pixel-based data visualization. Pixel-oriented visualization
techniques are especially useful for representing image or spatial data, and can be used to create
detailed and visually appealing visualizations.
5. Geometric visualization projection: Geometric visualization projection involves representing
three-dimensional objects or spaces in two dimensions. This can be achieved through
techniques such as perspective projection, orthogonal projection, or isometric projection.
Geometric visualization projection is useful for visually representing complex geometric shapes,
structures, or spatial ki in a way that is easier to understand and interpret.
Histogram
In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. The histogram is
represented by a set of rectangles, adjacent to each other, where each bar represent a kind of data.
Statistics is a stream of mathematics that is applied in various fields. When numerals are repeated in
statistical data, this repetition is known as Frequency and which can be written in the form of a table,
called a frequency distribution. A Frequency distribution can be shown graphically by using different
types of graphs and a Histogram is one among them. In this article, let us discuss in detail about what is a
histogram, how to create the histogram for the given data, different types of the histogram, and the
difference between the histogram and bar graph in detail.
Topic related to histogram
Definition
How to Make Histogram
When to Use Histogram?
Difference between Histogram and Bar Graph
Types of Histogram
1. Uniform Histogram
2. Bimodal Histogram
3. Symmetric Histogram
What is Histogram?
A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency distribution with continuous classes. It
is an area diagram and can be defined as a set of rectangles with bases along with the intervals between
class boundaries and with areas proportional to frequencies in the corresponding classes. In such
representations, all the rectangles are adjacent since the base covers the intervals between class
boundaries. The heights of rectangles are proportional to corresponding frequencies of similar classes
and for different classes, the heights will be proportional to corresponding frequency densities.
In other words, a histogram is a diagram involving rectangles whose area is proportional to the
frequency of a variable and width is equal to the class interval.
How to Plot Histogram?
You need to follow the below steps to construct a histogram.
1. Begin by marking the class intervals on the X-axis and frequencies on the Y-axis.
2. The scales for both the axes have to be the same.
3. Class intervals need to be exclusive.
4. Draw rectangles with bases as class intervals and corresponding frequencies as heights.
A rectangle is built on each class interval since the class limits are marked on the horizontal axis, and the
frequencies are indicated on the vertical axis.
The height of each rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class frequency if the intervals are
equal.
The area of every individual rectangle is proportional to the corresponding class frequency if the
intervals are unequal.
Although histograms seem similar to graphs, there is a slight difference between them. The histogram
does not involve any gaps between the two successive bars.
When to Use Histogram?
The histogram graph is used under certain conditions. They are:
The data should be numerical.
A histogram is used to check the shape of the data distribution.
Used to check whether the process changes from one period to another.
Used to determine whether the output is different when it involves two or more processes.
Used to analyse whether the given process meets the customer requirements.
Difference Between Bar Graph and Histogram
A histogram is one of the most commonly used graphs to show the frequency distribution. As we know
that the frequency distribution defines how often each different value occurs in the data set. The
histogram looks more similar to the bar graph, but there is a difference between them. The list of
differences between the bar graph and the histogram is given below:
Histogram Bar Graph
It is a two-dimensional figure It is a one-dimensional figure
The frequency is shown by the area of each rectangle The height shows the frequency and the width
has no significance.
It shows rectangles touching each other It consists of rectangles separated from each other with equal
spaces.
