UNIT-02 Use of Language in Spoken Communication

Language – the principal method of human communication, consisting of words

used in a structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or
gesture.
Communication – the imparting or exchanging of information or news.
 Every living thing communicates in some way:
 Fish jump, sometimes for sheer joy.
 Dogs bark, cats meow, and cows moo.
 Birds sing their cadences to communicate a variety of purposes.
 And yet, we do not say they are engaging in language communication.
These noises or other interactions communicate. Yet that is not language
communication.
Language is the highest form of intelligent interaction — and is reserved for
higher-order beings of our universe, namely humans. No other living thing.
communicates verbally and further, reduces that verbal communication to written
form as well. To understand this idea further, let’s continue to discuss the
definitions.
The Definition of Language
Language is a distinctly human activity that aids in the transmission of feelings
and thoughts from one person to another. It is how we express what we think or
feel through sounds and/or symbols (spoken or written words), signs, posture, and
gestures that convey a certain meaning.
Among people, language is the primary means of communication. It is through
language communication, spoken or written, that we can share our ideas,
opinions, views, and emotions with another person.

Language Is Important to Culture and Society:

Language helps us express our feelings and thoughts — this is unique to our
species because it is a way to express unique ideas and customs within different
cultures and societies.
By learning a foreign language, you can understand ideas and thoughts that may
be different from your own culture. You can learn customs and how people
interact in a given society. Language helps preserve cultures, but it also allows us
to learn about others and spread ideas quickly.
Language Is Important to Business
The importance of language in business is unmatched. Without language here,
we can’t share ideas and grow them into something more. Whether this means
learning a foreign language so you can share ideas with people who come from a
different country, or simply learning how to use language to master an interview,
demand presence in a room, or network with others, language is vital.

Language Is Important for Individuals and Development

Humans all learn to talk at slightly different times, and observing when a child
starts to use language can be indicative of how well they are developing. But this
does not just apply to babies. It also applies to young children learning a second
language in school that’s different than the language they speak at home, adults
learning a second language, or even those who may have lost language due to
some type of accident, and are working on regaining it.

Language Is Important for Personal Communication

Though much of human communication is non-verbal (we can demonstrate our
thoughts, feelings and ideas by our gestures, expressions, tones, and emotions)
language is important for personal communication. Whether it’s being able to talk
to your friends, your partner, or your family, having a shared language is
necessary for these types of interactions.

(2.1.2 Public Speaking)

Introduction
Public Speaking is the process of communicating to the audience. It is usually done before a
large audience. Like School, the workshop and even in our personal lives.
The benefits of knowing how to communicate to an audience include sharpening critical
thinking and verbal/no-verbal communication skills.
Public speaking is the act of performing a speech to a live audience. It is a skill which is learnt
through constant practice. It is commonly understood as formal, face to face speaking of a
single person to a group of listeners. Three steps for the preparation of a formal speech
Definition
Public speaking, also called oration or oratory, is the process of communicating information to
a live audience. The type of information communicated is deliberately structured to
inform, persuade, and entertain. Many people fear they suffer from a public speaking
weakness and lack the will to master the skill. This guide will give you some helpful tips.
Great public speaking consists of three components:
1. Style: Masterfully constructed by using words to create text that is both beautiful to hear
and read.
2. Substance: A centralized theme to appeal and inspire the audience’s values and ideals.
3. Impact: Impactful by changing opinions, minds, and hearts. An impactful oration results
in a lingering effect on the audience.
Objectives of Public Speaking
The main objective of public speaking is to inform or change the audience's thoughts and
actions.
The function of public speaking is determined by the speaker's intent, but it is possible for the
same speaker, with the same intent, to deliver substantially different speeches to different
audiences.
Public speaking is frequently directed at a select and sometimes restricted audience, consisting
of individuals who may hold different perspectives
Public speaking is frequently directed at a select and sometimes restricted audience, consisting
of individuals who may hold different perspectives.
This audience can encompass enthusiastic supporters of the speaker, reluctant attendees with
opposing views, or strangers with varying levels of interest in the speaker's topic.
Proficient speakers recognize that even a modest-sized audience is not a uniform entity but
rather a diverse assembly of individuals.
Public speaking aims to either reassure an anxious audience or to alert a complacent audience
of something important.
Once the speaker has determined which of these approaches is required, they will use a
combination of storytelling and information.
Methods of Delivery
1) Memorizing: some speakers memorize the entire text of the speech and deliver it.
Memory plays a crucial role in this method.
2) Reading out from the Manuscript: Here the speaker reads out the written manuscript
of the speech. It can become monotonous and boring.
3) Extempore: Most effective method. Speaker carries few notes and explains each point.
This method sounds convincing and natural.
4) Power Point method: Speaker methods slides, and explains them orally. Best known
ways of delivering a speech. It provides flexibility to the speaker.
5) Impromptu: Impromptu means ‘without advance preparation’. The speaker needs to
speak without any preparation. It is delivered at the spur of the moment.
Main Advantages
1. Helpful in career as you would get a better initial place/ emoluments. As you work it will
help to move up faster as work done by juniors as they clearly understand you. More
importantly the Boss also is kept in the loop as to what is happening.
2. When you speak in public you own self esteem increases. More you speak more the
confidence increases. A very great confidence booster.
3. Opportunity comes knocking when you are able to meet so many people and more
importantly more people come to know what are your capabilities.
4. The intelligence, analytical ability and creativity in you gets to blossom only when
communicated. Otherwise labeled as a nerd or book worm though knowledgeable and
intelligent.
5. Communication with the opposite sex. We have to live with them till we are here on earth.
Subsidiary Advantages
7. An opportunity to meet respectable people on even terms
8. Ego gratification. Prime driver in many cases. I will show him.
9. Introducing evangelist ideas dear to you to the audience.

(2.1.3 Presentation Skills)

Introduction
A presentation is a form of communication in which a speaker delivers information to an
audience. For instance, researchers often present their research to scholars in their field, while
businessmen often present their company progress to colleagues.
What are Presentation Skills?
Presentation skills refer to the ability to effectively convey information, ideas, or opinions to
an audience through oral, visual, or written means. These skills encompass various techniques
and strategies that enhance the delivery and impact of presentations.
Presentation skills are the abilities and qualities necessary for creating and delivering a
compelling presentation that effectively communicates information and ideas. They encompass
what you say, how you structure it, and the materials you include to support what you say, such
as slides, videos, or images.
Effective Presentation skills are important because they help keep a presentation interesting,
help the presenter communicate with confidence, and motivate the audience to listen. Some
essential presentation skills are: Creating variety. Speaking with optimal audibility
OBJECTIVES:
• to develop your skills to communicate clearly, effectively and confidently with a range of
audiences in a range of different contexts;
• to improve your research and design skills, and strengthen your delivery techniques;
• to enhance your use of different support electronic and other visual tools;
• to reinforce your performance skills (verbal and non-verbal);
• to increase your confidence level in interacting with audience and control your nervousness;
• to promote critical and reflective thinking by dealing with feedback on your presentation
skills
Types of Presentation Skills
The following are the types of presentation skills.
1. Verbal Skills: Verbal skills involve the ability to articulate thoughts clearly and
concisely, using appropriate language, tone, and pace. It includes skills such as public
speaking, storytelling, and engaging with the audience.
2. Visual Skills: Visual skills pertain to visual aids and tools to support and enhance the
message being presented. This may involve creating impactful slide decks, utilizing
props, or incorporating multimedia elements.
3. Nonverbal Skills: Nonverbal skills encompass body language, gestures, facial
expressions, and overall presence. These skills contribute to the speaker’s confidence,
credibility, and ability to build rapport with the audience.
4. Technological Skills: Technological skills involve the ability to effectively use
presentation software, multimedia tools, and other technological resources to create and
deliver engaging presentations.
Importance of Presentation Skills
Presentation skills are not limited to the academic or professional realm; they are essential in
various aspects of life. Here are some key reasons why presentation skills are important:
• Effective Communication: Presentation skills enable individuals to communicate
their ideas, thoughts, and information clearly and persuasively. Being able to convey
messages effectively ensures that the intended audience understands and engages with
the content.
• Career Advancement: In today’s competitive job market, strong presentation skills
can set individuals apart from their peers. Whether it’s a job interview, a sales pitch, or
an important business meeting, the ability to present ideas confidently and convincingly
can significantly enhance career prospects.
• Leadership Development: Effective leaders are often distinguished by their ability to
inspire and motivate others through compelling presentations. Presentation skills play
a crucial role in influencing and engaging team members, fostering collaboration, and
achieving organizational goals.
• Enhanced Academic Performance: Students who possess strong presentation skills
are better equipped to participate actively in classroom discussions, deliver engaging
presentations, and excel in group projects. These skills also extend to college and
beyond, where presentations are often a requirement.
Conclusion:
Effective presentation skills involve crafting engaging and informative talks or
speeches. It's about conveying your message clearly, persuasively, and engagingly to your
 audience. Key elements include understanding your audience, structuring your content,
utilizing visuals, practicing your delivery, and maintaining strong body language .

(2.1.4 Elocution)
Introduction:
The word elocution means something quite different to us from what it meant to the
classical rhetorician. We associate the word with the act of speaking (hence, the elocution
contest) ... But for the classical rhetorician, elocutio meant 'style.’
Elocution is the art of effective public speaking, with particular attention to the clear,
distinct, and socially acceptable pronunciation of words. Adjective: elocutionary.
In classical rhetoric, delivery (or actio) and style (or elocutio) were considered separate
divisions of the traditional rhetorical process. See: rhetorical canons.
Etymology: From the Latin, "utterance, expression"
All rhetorical considerations of style involved some discussion of choice of words, usually
under such headings as correctness, purity..., simplicity, clearness, appropriateness,
ornateness.
Another subject of consideration was the composition or arrangement of
words in phrases or clauses (or, to use the rhetorical term, periods). Involved here were
discussions of correct syntax or collocation of words; patterns of sentences
(e.g. parallelism, antithesis); proper use of conjunctions and other correlating devices both
within the sentence and between sentences...
There are three main aspects to elocution:
1. Physical techniques – these involve using your body and voice in the right way in
order to project confidence and authority. For example, you may need to stand up
straight, use gestures effectively, and speak at a steady pace.
2. 2. Vocal techniques – these involve using your voice in the right way in order to sound
clear and articulate. For example, you may need to use proper diction and enunciation,
and vary your pitch and volume.
3. 3. Mental techniques – these involve using your mind in the right way in order to think
clearly and express yourself well. For example, you may need to practice
visualization and positive thinking, and develop a strong internal motivation.
Elocution can help you to improve your communication skills in all areas of your life, from
work presentations to social interactions. With practice, you can learn how to speak with
confidence, clarity, and charisma. Although the above elocution meaning covers what it means
by definition, what can elocution do for someone who needs help?
Types of Elocution Competitions
Elocution competitions are a great way to improve public speaking skills, build confidence and
showcase one’s ability to speak effectively in front of an audience. There are several types of
elocution competitions that are commonly held, including:
 • Poetry recitation: In this type of competition, participants recite a poem of their
choice, showcasing their ability to convey emotions, tones, and nuances through their
voice.
• Storytelling: In this competition, participants tell a story or fable, using their voice to
bring the characters and plot to life.
• Impromptu speaking: Participants are given a topic on the spot and are required to
deliver a speech without any preparation time, showcasing their ability to think on their
feet and communicate effectively in real-time.
• Debates: In a debate, two teams argue for and against a given proposition or topic,
showcasing their ability to make logical arguments and counterarguments in a
structured and persuasive manner.
• Dramatic interpretation: Participants perform a piece of literature, such as a play or
monologue, using their voice and body language to bring the characters and story to
life.
• Oratory: Similar to a speech, participants deliver a prepared address on a given topic,
but with more emphasis on the use of rhetoric and persuasive techniques to sway the
audience’s opinion.
Conclusion:
Elocution refers to the art of effective public speaking, focusing on clear pronunciation,
delivery, and style. It involves understanding and practicing the principles of voice,
inflection, gesture, accent, and articulation to convey ideas persuasively and
engagingly. Preparation for elocution includes choosing a compelling topic, organizing
thoughts, practicing delivery, and building confidence.

(2.1.5 Use of Non-Verbal Communication)

Nonverbal communication means conveying information without using words.
This might involve using certain facial expressions or hand gestures to make a specific point,
or it could involve the use (or non-use) of eye contact, physical proximity, and other nonverbal
cues to get a message across.
A substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal.
In fact, some researchers suggest that the percentage of nonverbal communication is
four times that of verbal communication, with 80% of what we communicate involving
our actions and gestures versus only 20% being conveyed with the use of words.
Uses of Non-verbal Communication
1) Reinforcement or modification of spoken words
You can nod your head when you give your consent for something to underline that
you are in full agreement with the other individual. A wave with a sad look may mean
that things aren’t excellent!
2) Expressing emotions
Your facial expression, vocal tone, and posture can often tell people exactly how you
feel, even if you haven’t spoken a word.
Example:
“Are you fine? You look a little unwell.”
No one tells you that they are unwell, but from their non-verbal communication; you
will get to know how people feel.
Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors, including postures, facial
expressions, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hairstyles, our
nonverbal communication reveals who we are and impacts how we relate to other people.
Definition:
Nonverbal communication often called the dialect of the heart is the method of transmitting
messages without using words.
3) Defining relationships
You may have noticed that the body language of sisters, they tend to have a relationship
without expressing it through verbal means, which is visible through their nonverbal
communication.
The comfort or the discomfort, or way of communicating with each other, etc. are the
traits that tell others about the relationship between two individuals.
4) Giving Feedbacks about different things
Smiles and expressions tell you that you’re listening and that you’re in agreement with
what they’re doing. Movements and hand gestures can mean that you want to talk.
Your instant expression can tell people about your likings or disliking, and those who
are supposed to make decisions as per the inclinations of their audiences always notice
such gestures and postures.
5) Regulation of communication flow
We use a variety of signs to tell people that we’ve finished speaking or that we want to
talk. For example, an emphatic nod and a firm lip closure suggest that we have nothing
more to say.
Contacting the chair of a meeting with your eye and slightly nodding will indicate you
want to talk.
Conclusion
Non-verbal communication serves as a powerful tool in human interaction, facilitating the
exchange of information, emotions, and social cues. It enhances the richness and depth of
communication by providing additional layers of meaning beyond spoken words. Through
facial expressions, gestures, body language, and other non-verbal cues, individuals convey
emotions, establish rapport, express empathy, and build relationships. Non-verbal
communication plays a pivotal role in shaping perceptions, influencing attitudes, and fostering
understanding in both personal and professional settings. By developing awareness of non-
verbal cues and mastering the art of interpretation, individuals can enhance their
communication skills, strengthen interpersonal connections, and navigate social interactions
with greater proficiency and effectiveness.

(2.1.5 Interview Skills)

What is an Interview?
Every job seeker knows the answer to this question since it is a crucial aspect of every job
seeker's life.
The definition of an interview is a structured conversation used to assess a person's suitability
for a job, academic program, or other opportunities by evaluating their qualifications, skills,
and personality traits.
Meaning of 'Interview'
An interview is a formal conversation between two or more people, typically with one person,
the interviewer, asking questions to obtain information, assess qualifications, or evaluate the
suitability of a candidate for a job, admission, or other purposes.

Interviews are commonly used in various contexts, including employment, academic

admissions, journalism, and research, to gather insights, make informed decisions, or establish
a connection between individuals.
Briefing
Every interview you participate in will be unique. The people you meet with, the interview
setting, and the questions you’ll be asked will all be different from interview to interview.
The various factors that characterize any given interview can contribute to the sense of
adventure and excitement you feel. But it’s also normal to feel a little nervous about what lies
ahead. With so many unknowns, how can you plan to “nail the interview” no matter what
comes up?
What are interview techniques?
Interview techniques refer to a set of methods, strategies, and skills that individuals use to
navigate the process of a job interview effectively.
These techniques are designed to help candidates present themselves in a favorable light,
communicate their qualifications, and demonstrate their suitability for the position and the
company. It encompasses various aspects of the interview process, including preparation,
communication, body language, and response strategies.
In essence, interview techniques are the tools that candidates employ to showcase their
strengths, answer questions thoughtfully, handle challenging situations, and leave a positive
and lasting impression on the interviewer.
These techniques are developed and refined through practice, experience, and an understanding
of how to effectively convey one’s skills and experiences in the context of a job interview.
These techniques are specific approaches and strategies individuals use to navigate job
interviews successfully. These techniques are designed to help candidates present themselves
in the best possible light, effectively communicate their qualifications, and stand out as strong
contenders for the position. Here are some key techniques:
Preparation: Thoroughly research the company, its mission, products/services, and recent
news. Understand the job description and requirements to tailor your responses.
Self-Presentation: Make a positive first impression by dressing appropriately and maintaining
good posture. Offer a confident handshake and maintain eye contact with the interviewer.
Active Listening: Carefully listen to the interviewer’s questions to ensure you understand them
fully before responding.
STAR Method: Use the STAR technique (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to structure your
answers to sample behavioural interview questions. Describe a specific situation, the tasks
involved, the actions you took, and the positive results achieved.
Elevator Pitch: Prepare a concise introduction highlighting your relevant skills, experiences,
and achievements.
Customization: Tailor your responses to match the job requirements. Provide specific examples
to demonstrate your qualifications.
Confident Communication: Speak clearly, avoid filler words, and maintain an appropriate
pace and tone.
Positive Attitude: Show enthusiasm and interest in the company and position throughout the
interview.
Asking Thoughtful Questions: Prepare insightful questions about the role, team dynamics,
and company culture to demonstrate your genuine interest.
Handling Challenging Questions: Address questions about weaknesses or gaps in your
employment history positively, focusing on how you’ve learned and grown.
Cultural Fit: Emphasize your alignment with the company culture by sharing experiences that
highlight teamwork and adaptability.
Problem-Solving: Use specific examples to showcase your ability to analyse and solve
problems effectively.
Follow-Up: Send a thank-you email after the interview to express gratitude and reiterate your
interest.
Stress Management: Use techniques like deep breathing to stay composed during the
interview.
Continuous Improvement: Reflect on the interview afterward to identify areas for growth
and improvement.
Conclusion:
Interview skills involve a combination of preparation, presentation, and communication
techniques to make a strong impression and demonstrate suitability for a job. Key aspects
include researching the company, practicing answers, and projecting confidence and
professionalism.
(2.1.6 What is Group Discussion?)
Group Discussion is a combination of two words 'Group' and 'Discussion.' Let's discuss it in
detail.
Definition:
A group means many people are working together to achieve some targets. The performance
of a group depends on the collaborative work of the individuals. The team of three or more
than three people is considered as a group.
Discussion means exchanging ideas between two or more than two people, which is generally
a face-to-face interaction. It is a process of talking between people to reach a specific decision.
It is also defined as a conversation about a specific topic.
The result or end product of group discussion can be a particular decision, enhanced
knowledge, actions, an argument, doubt-clearing, disagreement, etc.
Group discussion is a process of exchanging ideas and opinions among people on a particular
topic. It is a structured form of communication where individuals participate in a conversation
to express their views and listen to others’ perspectives on the same topic.
Companies commonly use group discussions in various settings, such as academic institutions,
job interviews, business meetings, and community gatherings. The main objectives of group
discussions are to share and exchange knowledge and ideas, clarify doubts, and arrive at a
collective decision or understanding.
Group discussions can be a great tool for enhancing communication skills, critical thinking,
and problem-solving abilities. It can also help individuals to understand different perspectives
and learn from others’ experiences.
1. Define Objectives: Start by clearly defining the purpose and objectives of the
discussion. What do you want to achieve? Having a clear goal helps keep the discussion
focused.
2. Prepare and Research: Encourage participants to do their research and preparation
before the discussion. Having well-informed participants leads to more meaningful
contributions.
3. Set Ground Rules: Establish and communicate ground rules for the discussion. These
rules may include respecting each other's opinions, avoiding interruptions, and staying
on topic.
4. Choose a Skilled Facilitator: Appoint a facilitator or moderator to guide the
discussion. The facilitator should ensure everyone has an opportunity to speak and
keep the conversation on track.
 5. Active Listening: Encourage active listening among participants. It's essential that
people listen attentively to others before responding.
6. Respect Diverse Perspectives: Embrace diversity of thought and perspectives.
Encourage participants to express their ideas openly, even if they differ from the majority.
7. Stay on Topic: Keep the discussion focused on the main points and objectives. If the
conversation veers off track, gently bring it back to the topic at hand.
8. Use Visual Aids: Visual aids, like charts or slides, can be helpful for presenting data or
illustrating complex ideas.
9. Manage Time: Allocate specific time limits for different parts of the discussion to
ensure that it doesn't drag on indefinitely.
10. Encourage Constructive Feedback: Foster an environment where participants can
provide constructive feedback without fear of retribution.
11 . Document and Follow-Up: Assign someone to document the discussion, including
action items and decisions made. Follow up on these items to ensure they are
implemented.
12. Use Visual Aids: Visual aids, like charts or slides, can be helpful for presenting data
or illustrating complex ideas.
13. Manage Time: Allocate specific time limits for different parts of the discussion to
ensure that it doesn't drag on indefinitely.
14. Encourage Constructive Feedback: Foster an environment where participants can
provide constructive feedback without fear of retribution.
15 . Document and Follow-Up: Assign someone to document the discussion, including
action items and decisions made. Follow up on these items to ensure they are
implemented.
Conclusion:
In short, in Group Discussion, Each person in the group takes turns sharing their thoughts,
ideas, and opinions on the topic. The goal of a group discussion is to have an open and
constructive conversation where everyone can contribute their perspective. It's a way for people
to exchange ideas, learn from each other, and come up with solutions to problems. Group
discussions are often used in academic settings, job interviews, and business meetings.