Element Nibyogen Prep orae Arsente Elem IG oe os Prietegens reaming tb xt ¢ Ankles Bismuth Meseoulum Occurrence, © Nibepn wi te voduwie adm @__ Found in form of protems i plowti amd animals. © eds crush | ss present madnly tn form of 400 minmals Chie salkpdre (NaN) , Trdian solepetsa (KNO5 ) © Pnosphorus — 7 living ces © os phesphoprotem in muk £ eggs © in phosphate rocks : Cok, 3Ca;(?04), —> Apahth winexale x= P —Flowropatihe > = CI Chloropabite X2 OU Hadronyopabite —» (Teatn enamel!) @) fs Sb Bt ve found mainby os Sulphide mmiveralsE @ NAPS Noo wedal , As Lip Mekallod gi = mekal © AM one solide enepl wigan hich % gos © Except niliuagn , al chmo _allobrupy Q@ Atomic Size (Covalawts Radius) > From Nitrogen 3 BF | ub increases down the group Nas ivtvease a fire Nt P Thus is dus ts conplately filled dor f oracbale tn eain member. ‘ ©__ £6 & Blectrnegativity —» dacreases fom NF Bi @ 44 4g ve for oh excep nitrogen (Agi = @___Coralwey 9 ON C2 maxe4) Ofwe Crs) @® —— Ronge of snidation ston > (-2 te +5) Gh Stability of ondokion stale our tha group (int. wakallic nokwe) Gh. Stabllly of 43 ontdahon state down the qpoup | nerd pairs Chi) Stability of FE eeahon shale decreases down she geup [Heck © AW hae calimahin abiliiz & P hos max. ( N-N< FP (DED) np Chwnitol trends i J Et te £4 onidabion Stal of Nitnpin tend. te apropecHonat in avid medium. os JUNO, (oy) ——> 2NDT + AND, +HLO @__Neody all tha indiemadiali —onYabion stolas uvdeigg disproporhionotion in bot "athe & alkaline wedsium ‘ 4 fe tda 25 fy + Khor a HglD, (09) —A > ft + HyPo, isMs (04) 2 > Ah, + HID, Avorralous propentte of wifivogen $= @ tt cannat contribute a> ovitol in Ahe fornahion of An-pr & dr-dx bands © Origne obit, fe fom px-pr bend with aksdf & ositth ofhwr emall sized bag sbttronegahie 0,6 gQ ag covaluncy OLN = 4 @) 2b & gos reat all ava solid. pitwgen compounds bos lige covalent ehomodix ©) Weak caterohon abliityArnmolous. behaviour ie dur ts @ small sire b High Elechnagodivty High TE, He 4, O) Jack of. vocaut A? orbtbal in valuace abel. Not: OP 2hs com form an-dx bond also with hamniton webtle wher Hwy Compoweds Like” PCEHE), & AS(CHe), ack 08 ligauds. ® ttomiedsy ofNe A, Pr fis, Sh = 4 Genpol Comprinds fp ic § @ Hydouts Ctgd regen containing. Compounds ) aa (EH, ips) fextolugdeide CEH pe) Niji Armond 7 Tentalydrics of bp-IS orm nok Pron Pry = Phozplune. AsHy =? frst ps N > No pentanodancy Shi, 9 Shvbine ottuna Sock f AP ofb'teh contraction Bity Ft Bismuturs fap 4 @ Bord length increases don the gmup E, Thamal abil + fe St low Ane _gerup- © Reducnig poten erase dro Ha garoup. Bp i= Bill, > Sb Hy 7 Ni 7 Astle “7 Pity Mpe = Ni 7 Gils “7 Shu, DAaty 2 PH. Bylonotin bord angls, baste drength Bredliong pour trewd - Nt, Nis z i fe, bord length dic. ¢ dati ech dec. ODE das. bp-bp sepulsiin dec. proton oxfiinity InG ferdieag 5 give WJ dc. bend owe 6 dec. anit c henge. Me reducing, power bi Bits Bit, ;Pregosiahin § Wuydridss *= Blementiase (E*) Ho ordi te Hy 7 Mh, #0 igo, F ny Mie RS ALCO, FP ® Onidas ?~ Tie daa (FO Tyee) fentowtdes (£05 type) pb, . G0, > Acidic (entsth or diamn}| 4,0, Acide [endte oa dim) 15, Amputee Bs,0c keh Shy 0, 1 Amphotoruc. ShoOe : — Auchic Ba, Baste Bide Aachic Acidic Nate + fooreides “7 Triovides (Guwolly ) faction: eV) ? Eta) (Eleckonsgabivity) Que: (eompone acidic. _shempt of ©. Ny 0: 2,0: Ps) 0, Sh, 0, 8,0. © NOs foe Az Or Sbn0- Bi, Oc Hegde) ye of bdnndes 4 43 . @®__No, 4 0 ——> Ng Aiegroportionells eno EHD o,f, © Sw fn” 3 ZS on +. AS © P40, +O ——_ Hs. cenld) (olibosie—aetd ©__ yO: + tho Hyf0, ——> fy + HyP0,, Cborlt)is of pentonida 3. © Noe +40 ——> UNG, 45. 4s. oO Fa) HO 5°, Clon orrdea of NAP te No, Ny, = On, fe 2. Qs audi, mixed oxides (arhgdnide) ® Ny (or thO,\ +H,0 HQ, + HNO, Ca . WEN al ed 4 1 © 40, +40 90, Fea, C32) B © f&& +o Hf, + HPO. ant) D Pq0o +H,D H,P02 + Hy PO 1 +3)© Habis Tihabdon Pentoabralides AIL Fitabde of Gp-1F one cove ex i Petohobdes of N ase rok knwo do - orbit im__voulunee shoo Fa _only Stoble trholide of vibrant Aa NPs Bile 4s nok known as Emlosive hobs of None BTS + 6L" ———5 Bil, +5, NOs, Nbr, NE (oridsdis) Corcatern) Only stable penbahalide of Bi is Bi 33 “Ty rare Ex Geomabuy : TBP CTnyeral bipyramidal ) ell bord lengthy 8 Some. for an Fthar 7 Piha, in PCs Nobi:- Solid Pe te: Pg? PCH” Glick fbr, iss Pbrag® By Hychnlys's of, E%y t= @Nfy +H, 0 ———5 No Reackion (23 N doa nats hour vacant: orbital 4 acceph € pai fanen H,0 .) Ono +o ——5_Nhy + BHOCR wa) On ANU + Or, —9 Net OL ——> Cann + HOE © PCy + Hy0 > Hp P + BHA Hypo, —sdabosic acd ) @_ Puy + Hd bong PH, + HyPOy + HLL € Ast, + 4,0 ————> ty As, ( Fribaste aud) +3 HL © 1% + ho > Veng Sin Ranson! dur tp baekbonding Hue wb 1 -Charoctee in PF bowdwh'dh _ ducreases Jaawing, feedaansap of F- SbCl, FH,O ——> Sho L + aHe, white Bork LF aHCL forbial wzArst Loluds © oi 4 Hp Fy BOL Y Ctolack ype) Orange exc. f= Bite (_oromgp. Setubion) Noi:~ Tahabides Sek Bi tak ease. om Yor Hydrlye’s of peutahabides of Gp-it Pe + Hy POC, + AKU Parcbial, by colyeds CBion'bivgy POC + 3HD ———> Hy POq. + 3Hek Pog (ow) 5 fy pog + Sree: ® foposrds, of pois Elemeiti with mebale 2 N? Cuitride) Lan, AAN, Mg,Na PP (Phospluds ) Cayf,, ALP As’ (Areeude) May hs, Zags Se ( Archimovulls) ZnS) Bi? (Brsrnutudl ) Nay BCMe) Prepanahion 3 © Industrial wethod t- Liquid oo —PmaCHonal > N, teaven before Oy dat loko Bet of Ny 2 Deb of + + “77K 90K ©__Lob wold '- NHACR (oe) + NoNO, (ag ) ————» Nach + Ny fT +2H,D Hus Nxt nom Nghe ar D Pynpuovitteg +- NO, HNO, Gounta af tenpubsily += NO MAE ane, Sn, w wo Reerpuod. of impwury t- Add audifird Kar, Contac ) No Yates Ont © Hating ¢ metol ants Very pure Ny Con be obbaivad by tu Hamat da. compost Hin fF secteur bosium azide. ‘ ' Ba (Ne, Tae? Ba. +ONy Note NoNs 8 usech imam bags of vais © Heating. ammonium dvchomale (itg), Cr, Bo (2) Nt + G,0, + 440 (Green Seid) (Oronge)© Odabin € ammema Why, Og = Oxidubes, = Aa Or, PLO , C40, Hy, OCT 9. @ NM) Cty My, anu RNA CL cee) My ON (ees) © nk, + Pbo/ 6007 Wyo —S—> Na + fo [Gu] Hg HHO @__Ni+ NadCh /GoU, ——5 A+ Nact/Ocl, +H D © frm _altali moked whats ow nibabi ALL wobol vubrols (5) oy nitrite(s) + Akbaliwabel cs) 2) ny T (_ De velaken (CRacuses«) eg KNDs (8) KOS) Rs hg @ _ Pm nibwus aud _[HN0,") PoNHy + HNO, ———s_ f-0H_ +N, tH DO Aco Nit, + HNO, LCDOH +N, thdProposition OD Mmest inet ges ak room temp dus 25 vou. high BDE (ous komo!) AP look of bond. poloruty @___-Paoaktoity , Meveases rapidly ewith ise ia _tomp + ® roxy loco Solubilify in wakes (~29 mL mm IL ELD ab ¢ . 273K, | boe) CACORE + NTH Fable, Hea ost te Cal Covalnats with C with Some, fredominawlly Bente nitride, ubuides ‘non-hutak, J waka Beg. Lien, 8 LN a oy NE Hy ST it, Head wor Men, —S5 x Oy (n-2.000k) (M=Nai bh Rb, G) NO Hydrolysss of CaCCN) — Ca CONS) + HyD ————> G00; + NHy Beplonabion : - Hp cu HD yw Pon Sto a Ca* HD ———» Car, Coloul, + C2, ——> Gt, +o ‘The main use of dinitrogen is in the mafiufactuFe of ammonia and other industrial chemicals containing nitrogen; (eg.. Calcium, cyanamide). It also finds use where an inert atmosphere is réquited (e.g., in iron and steel industry, inert diluent for reactive chemicals)_Liquid dinitrogen is used as a refrigerant to preserve biological materials, food items and in. cryosurgery. -Terre daceynposition of ammoniuyn sot Ammoviim salb He ig ontolesing amnion Howing non -On ox ok iiaing. Onis (HOE, NOS 1 CrpO4*™, BOF, C04") =, 3, 3) sort POP, God) o a Naor N= oxide we eg. eg ONE N ae Na tIho @ Nigcd Fs nH, Te HOLD © nity 0, ———2_ N49 +210 4), —S> IND EHS T 6 Nyt Lo, + 24,0 T? Bee. BNH,7 4 HPO, © Wy), C40, Fogg hee NETO FAHD — Rammre os wach Hy 8 frnm sot | 88 ye com, @® Lyla), $0, —H > 2NHT + R80. © Wie), 0e > anny + wHco, +H, 25 ANH, Ts (Onto OO#e), 0: Remove 08 much Ha frm sole OS ou CamArvewnonia. (Ha) Prepasoshion 3 © Fron mebal _rvSrdes 1 Metal niDirds oP Or Ty, eq Ags Np +H,0 ————>_ Mg (oH), + Nit, @ Fem ammonium sattr t- ci Ammonium sole having, mon oxidising. or wtak oxidising anton 1 G + Nigh eg Canig) toy —S > ny? + co? +H,D « Ammenum salt soiubim + Shongen base thom amore, —8> nT 29 NHgCh (oq) HNadd ——" 5 NaCh + NG +HLO 3D 22 ® from rholig and wirbu'lie Nibate (NOS) ov Nant (NOS ) 4+ Ampholovic elma + excece alkali nul. Oxidisex He sbonq veditcor ey Nand, + 2m FNaDH ES Hh + Na, 2nd, HHO eS Na, [2m (OH) 4” @ —_Bydrvlyes of urea HW CO NH, +H,O ———> nits T+ Coy© _Hober's process (Industrial Methsd) NaC) + BH CZ) Ng C9) AH Ee Temprrcline ~~ 200K 5 Preseuou = 2o0akm Cokolet :- @Lorkun used = fe with Mo Cfromato) @ New a days —4 fe,0, + trace f K,0,AMD, ve 7 Si Fig. [= KS ee 7 ~vewg Wigh (bonding: woith 1,0) Ni, FHee—> Niger «Aad (0H, } E> weakly baste 1, + BF — nyP—Pe : meld. Rangck Sroath feochion Ff metal sath with ag Ny @___S ov p= block otal sat 4- Metal von (09/) or salt NEB, Metal Wydroxide | St Ensolulte 24 @ Mq"* (04) Se mg, | Se Insoluble (alu) © fe? coy ES poe, FSG Sresoluble Cony) © ar’? (ogy SS Aton), ) 9 Tasclabe (ow) @_ %?* coay "> ai(on)g) S55 Trsolube (emits) OT© A blck medal salt Metal tan(0qj) or salt 4B Mekal hydwonida | 2&5 Gentrolly soluble € 5 ¢ 24@ Zr" (0%) 44 zn(oH), + E> [entnis), J whi) Cceleunless otubon’) © af cay 5 CaM, [Cu CN) 47 Clty . Champ bus soludor, © NF ogy NS nicow), bs CNC] Gren NS (C Blut soluhion) Orgran ago LAG (WAT CBee NG soluble) D—Aatt conyy 2, LACM] ca v oH" soluble) Neb @ — Excepk Agt, Aan s veak Olu cilvex compourds dintdlve in excess of 0m, Ny & fon complin CAgCn), 1° OD Fe a gD ag SE Ln sthdble ss eg ech, Com) SS 5 FeCOM, Lb SPAS tn sohible oF Feely MO (Pad bersorty este of NHy ze @ NH, FHIh ———> Nga Cobar fumeay @ Nt + Ha ET —s ug), [PACT yale) e ny + Be (HgS4 7 + KOH > Hao. Hg (NDE + KE +H, OD ——— Nodbte of. mill's bose. nenlexs reageat (relia vmstat) ® ny + (oO Hs Care), (oom 4b (ales)Ammonia is used to produce various nitrogenous fertilisers (ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium phosphate and ammontum sulphate) and in the manufacture of some inorganic nitrogen compounds, the most important one being nitric acid. Liquid ammonia is also used as a refrigerant. Oxides of Nitrogen & © Dintbiegen owls —> to —> colowdns gos, neainal , diomograkic a Nitrogen CE’) ont Breposrodion t- NH_ nid, —2——> ND #2, D shuchwu i= ‘ veN—o eS C more stably Nols M0 supports combustion @ 4 *Ni0 ——> P4Ow +N, Oc HNe0 ——- C+, © Ge + AO —> CuO EN, — 50, EN @ s+ No @_Niteoqgur monotidg —> NO —»> Colourless gos neal . paramagnetic ¢ or, (hrgen (CT) onide oukion LNOND, + 2RE0,+3H,50, —> fei(SOq), + 2NOHEO, +2440 42ND TRA best exploded by MOT Studure:. N ao NES. AnD @Lajuid [Sesid —> dino (« dramagralrc) © no > Not© deviogen Bdoride — > NO, —> Bla sald aude Aromagseb, Aire BD onida PreposoFion i. 2NO + M%0, 2°28) oni, 0,, Stucthou 1 oO an 7 Note i- @) Nib, unstable od roam temp NO, ——>_No#Na, © Nid, 4 stable onl oF wows Tree temp a Nie Vora —> Noy, — > bwun gas, oudic porramagrakic regen 8) owide Prepostadron 3 f(NOp), | SEES Ped NOg + Og . es SF Nef tO, + NaH (oq) ——> NaNO, + NaNO, +H,.0 © Deaton tebronida — ———> ne Og ——> Colsurle solid/liquid, audi c, dimognekic [trogen CE) oni Preparation = INO nO 4 2 ShycTira '- Ne Reb Lequik NyOq self fomisea as, NyDg~—= NOP + NOs”@_Dintbopen fenforide —y thee ——> Colourlase sald, aod'e , diawograhe or Nitrogen (©) onide Preparation :- FHNO, + PO) ——> +HPD, + 2N,0C Shudune So a not nos- = id. CSaey Note :- NOs ack os oxiclisen @_N.de + 2, ——3 ids +z @ Na+, ———> Nand, +No, Wiaba Nore No," NO: © Nybe +Naf ——s FO, + Nand, e AML N- onidus ase plomax * Order of acidic Strength: NOs > NOs. N20; ng hawing N= li Ln D>, N20, Ongacids of Nt @®_ HNO ® HN, © Hans, Ctyponthos acd) eee ungtahl acids not No 4s not acid anhydrite of hyponitrous acid yo HHO - HNO,Nikw'c atid (HNO5) bob _pmcoss + NANO, + CONC. HpSDq —> NOHSO, + HND, Nano, + dik. WsS0, ——» Non™ Bndustrial wela od @Ostwold's foveees Spd) Codalyhe omdahion of NH, Ly obmosplodc oxygen. NH C9) + fore} PA Tin gong cototpst | wy ofy) + 6009) Crem ain) 500K, Shan Gh) BNO (9) +9209) === 2 NBC) cil NO; C9) + HyO C4) ————>_ 2H ND (oy) +NOC9) + Borseck © Bicklond Bycla froeaes Step i) N. C9) 7% C9) Soe? 2NOCt) Step @) &(iiy ore sane og in Oshaold’ fronts . Popedieg :-@) TA te strong. anid & proerful oridisen frontunbotid ) © Colourless poutd becovar galls or brown with bine. HNO, — 2a no + +O —s Slow Reach “© HNO, ANebL gases ———> No Brachon HNO, + Nels wetols Ukr Au, 2 ———> No Raachon® ange fe, Co;Ni, Cr, AL, Ga, Be, Mg ———> Passive Cones) i a [Ce onhising axed fossive © Hn, +/b0, —*—> fb (NOs), +0, +H,D QD) _Non-metol or metolloid alunent + onc HNO, ——> ~te aud +naT+hn 8 ene may ——> th eas ng B+ conc. UNG ———> B(OH), +N FHL D+ cone. HND, ————5 Hiro, +N, +d Pe conc. HNO, ————5 Pa M0, HHO Sree, ty Sn (wakal) +conc. HOO, ———s Hy, S705 + NYT H.D Sh E Cone. HD, ———-5 _H,Sb0, +N, HRD Ps conc. HNO, ————> Ha fis0,, +92 +4, 0 ®@ Psackon of HNO, wrth metals Produce of reaction dapencls on :- @__Tenp. @D _fanctivity of metal _€) core” of oie « Metals cone” of HIND, Product Pins Ma. Veuy aitude vated ots H, Fe,2m) Sn. Vou, allt mat) vithab -NHyNO, + HsD Sn ou Lott nut nitiob entyno, +O fe, Zn Ait wuatol witrol + M0 FHL Pb, Cu, Age Bide metal withals + N04) D 2m, Pb, Cx, Baete comomtrald, watal witroke NO + H#,d Sa concentrotid Hyon, HNO, + H,DDissoludm of Au LP in gpa regia 3- Aqpan veya. 1 pases of. cont. HNO; + 3 pasks 4 conc HU HNO, (cme) + BHELCeme) ————>_ Nock HCH + 2H,O —— Yalew Soluhon @ Au + onpa req Au + [CA] —> Auct: Aub HO —> HCAUCYy) Neb = Aut HNO, + 3HCL ——> H[AuCly) ENOT HHO O be + cqyarenat fe + CU) —> fk Og pithy + 2H —— > H, (PCH) Nek e” :- PE + HNO, +9"eL ——> He (PECL) + not +H,0 tof: Te enhontad ability of aqpa regia ts baaolve wat avises fim the oniclibing’ power of Fig £ comple fermi billig “of Cr” tons. Broan = ving tise (Quolitotie tat for nitroti Znitrti tons’) N05 tom Saat t= Nog + dil HyS0g ——> HNO, 450,27 HNO, ———> Hinds + NO +O _ [fe Crp), JS, +80 = —> fROMDe (0) J S04 +H, CBeran_ving. compler)ROS fon Dak NO> + conthSO, ——> Hid, +.50,2~ FesO + HND, ———__ Fea (80u), + NO +H, (fe(iss), ] So +0 > [Fe Cade (Wb) TSO. +d {ateo reprerentast os FesO4. ND. Phesphonis f iti compounds Allo tips of Phosphoms ke phosphors (fale han impurs) #. oop, op? ? Preposradion +- Gy (704), +810, FIM, Casio, +Pe OT P00 + toc ——S—> Pa + Wo CO Rod Phosphorus f ¢. ° =# Y—?. —? 7 — Polymeric) Z Z ° f ? fre porobion :- wi 9 —2 5 Rad-P Black Phosphor, Thoumedymami cally moet stokk alletroye Gf CA,H 0) dk Block P %- Monochint ox Thembohadyal costae, Preportocbin *- Red PBR igh YS de Didek P Lt dows nok onde in cueB= Block P_3- freporahon 4 white p —S72K Wig B- Black P te does ret bum upt 673K Ordix of Argls Shain t- vow? 7 ead-f 7 Black-P Order of yeachtuity 2~ whit -P > fad- P 7 Block~P Orde of damstty 4 ~ wow -f GC Rad-P ¢ Black-P deny of mp — 3- whib -f 2 tad-P Z Block-P ‘son 10> Nees, edhath he Back. P Tepeds Pe S™~—“—~*~S~s—s SS Agpearom Wary sod Metallic lustre Smell Garkie The odeurleas, Solbiny tx walle X_( man palsy XC Palgman) Selubiliky 1 C5; 2 * ( folgnan) Toxic nobus 2 Soe | ye Cos it cotches fire in as) Raacbion wait cone. PH + HPO, HP dy olkale Glows in dave No Yes (aus te onidadon ) CChamiluminescancs)Tmfortewk __chuwital actions of \bit ~P __ @ Py + dry 0 > FOr cee: 2 \ a Oty + dims dry Op —— Py, OF (presenta of na’) © Pq + bin. dty (3, ———> PCy Be @ fe exe olny Gy ——— FC. © Py + SO, Chg ——>_ Pe CSulpruregh Chloride) Oty + 800 —— Ptr, Cond eldonidsy Compounds of fhosphons © Phosphine (tty Frepaxadion @__ Meth Phospluds + H,.0 or dsl HT ————> Pity ey Cag fp + Hp0 ————» pity + Ca(OH, @©__Pheephenum _salk + Stronger Bose ———> Pty T Pets PT © Hyl0y or pf, ——2 5 pu, F Lob maHinel Pat SNODH +3H,D —————————-->_ PH, + 3NalHaPOa Gare: rar: oPnaspree (s hegepophios plat, Products foun side reaetiory 1 fe Hy (Bi phospho’) — Wighly combuatibie, HaPurification :- Empure PH, fe Sere mare 4+ Ga Rly JT Cig t By ety. {owstt sa Pig T CPwe) Propecbien © Gelourlese gas with votten fish smell & <8 Wilby porsonous +f © ceplodes in contact with traces of ondising opel Whe HN, Ch, Br, vapours eg CF Py Pet, HHL Ory PH > PP, + HBr HNO EPH ———>_ 5 PDy HNO, Oy +P Hy PO + Op +HO is slightly soluble Sn watt. Tu solution of PH; in wal _ dacomposes in pocbents of Wyk giving. RedlP ty. @ whan absorbed in CuSO, or merce chlosids soludion , He corresponding phosphide are obiodrad, CuSO, + PHs Caghy We R284 Cetack.) Hy + Py ———5 —Hysfa | Het v CB lock) ® PHy lathe Lunes of Fe O10 @ a ES @ Sh ds glnlg PeHa, fae soluble m non-poor solvent Kika C52)6CLy inplawmabl dus to presents q- impumbes of‘The spontaneous combustion of phosphine is technically used in Holme’s signals, Containers containing calcium carbide and calcium phosphide are pierced and thrown in the sea when the gases evolved burn and serve as a signal. It is also used in smoke screens. Phosphorus tetehlonids (Pits) ¢- Prapoxotion $= te Pur —&, pcs. oe on Es SOCL, Me Po +8S0Cl, ———> 4pcd, + 25201, + 450, Pooposking *- @® Colvurdeze ody Lud, © Pawes Ma mets cure Pu, —mersbowes eam @& Ze) + deg on ———> POC C Phos phone chlovide) QD ack o# Chlowinating, ag (ms Ay Ro0H PCL, ——s R-Ch + 4, PO. coon ae Ph, ———s RCO + Hy PO,Phosphorus Pertachloride CPCe) Preporobion i Pa, OE ae EO a oe AL 36,0 Pa, (4 1050,Ch, ———>_# Pde + 1D SO, © pe + Finely divided watol ——2-> Meol chloride og Ag + Pele Agel #PCd in Ce = Snchy + POs “@. Pe ack o8 chlorivabing agent (—OH ——» —C2) ¢ @ boon ape 5 RA POC HH & 1 TH ca | oa t av \ ~o a oO ACOOH + PCA —, RODCL POC HHLChlevinaling oubont oft Pte i= @__ 47804 + Ps ———> 50,04, + POC, +Hed a. U not thy My Oso, + Pde ———) _ 80,4, + POCA, (5% + H,D ——> Hs80, ——=—9 POCL, + S0,C + HEL) © 8 + Us ——» soa + POC (50) + 0 ——> Ha80, POS 5 Soci, + Pot +Hcey @ Pz 0 + Pee — ——>_ poe, Cfe0p £ yO ——> HyPO, “55 foc, + pot, + Het) Cog + Pde ———> Na 8 CC; hon strong 2PR-2pe bend) @® + Me 5 Dp_hae _shong 2yK-2pK bed’,Onpoauds of Phospvoms 3 Tn __ony-avids of. thosphoms @® Foch 9 + _penkavalonk ® Eoch pis dows Londsd ett am ony gen © Each - tos ableast ore — on group @© 1p _oridobon stots of P te leas thon +s How ends i =P tin oc P-H Nw mut both not to: © _H _dwwctly _attacud ith _f ia won- toniaable (ie vot audio). HH abtached with © 48 acidic. 5 Phosphorus acid Series ( eSo-w ) we Not Mosphows acd ox osthoghasphows = Ha pophosphorus arich acid. CileP 0a) ———e oot Drrole cules Lywoheoule p = 14,0 14,0 aZ ae Cronoloaic) Aymphasphorus aud vacta_phesphoms Cows He Oc HOO, Cunsialela) 2 iL w 6. Pow iia 4 #g Phosphoric aud Series ~~ on) Cw 7 Phas phoric ocd or | oxthophes phon'c aud [= r,o > _Pyropheephorie oud . CHgr02') z 3° . A molecule 8 & ow ~LHD He bet (C taka basic Meto-phosphoric aud =(0) CHPOs) waist os Uypophas phonic ao L OCHO) ers. i p f—on ue “ OF Cietrobosic. avd ) ge (ae Open chon Polprnase 2 e Y V2 ° e Pro? e e 1 i \ Ho ov on oH | ° —~p, Poly watauphosphonic acid gon e Sophie betramey G- (HPOS) 4 3 ° f —o — Pon 4 | 4 ‘ | p—o —po0 oN \, ofSoma othr ony acide of. Pt © _Bily pheephoric aud Censot formula | Hyer Pn mr yeh Be BHy?Oq — HPs He? 0, (Friphosphowic aud) 9 ° e Fa om i Nor & T 1 on ot . 1 4typp, — HAO PO, (tabrogphozphon'c oud if z r : plo (Nee = or on om oF on © Lechypophaphont oud (Perm byyoplospore oil) ° oP ~,—f ~on HO” ow 4 Frepoxobion of omy-ouids of P t- ©__Hy?0,__Cfhosphinic. ausal or hypo phosphorus atid. >) Pa + Nad +H, ——“=——» #H, + Nak, po, EMS HPD. ® Hy PO, (_Phiosphenic acd ov phosphorus aud Py + },0 ———> HPO, + HER PaO, +H,O —s #0;® Ha PO (fyrophoephorus aud) 8 Pilg + HyP0y +H,2 > Has FH u- Red P+ Nato, +H,0 ——®——> NarH,fO, + Nort (olka bine | eee Oriduae ) vat Hah 0, © 90g, fhosphonic aid) Pele a HyD (exe) > Hg 70g. FH fqOp HO (exc) ———y__ Hy Pg © HahO> :- (Pyrophosphone oud ) QHsp0, ——S > Hig fi0e + HD @___ tres), - = +s a 1, + Be. tao teats Gite), + Hee wgishow Hy PO,Tmpertomh geerperbien of osyouids of Pte ode containin Ht ack as redu Greotin the ne of fH bord 9 more, reducing power. eg HPO, > Hy PO, PH, PO, Chadueing, power (2-H) LPH) (Co PH’) 500, (a) + Ahgnog (04) 2,0) ——> a POg.(om)) + #Ag (5) 4 4 HIND, (om) Hy POs (om) + 2CuS04.(0q) + 2H,d(4)——> HyPOg (oa) +2luCS) + 2Ha504,(omy) ® Compasuzon —_& ovdic strengths of HyP0,,H2?0, SHPO, t- Hy PO; 7 Hy 0 "7 He Og. Kasam: Stobiky of conjogati base. S ¢ 10,” 7 HyPos >iyPog (Stability ) @__booetin with abkolt Hy0, 204 5 Nat Po noe HPO, —N&PH 5 NaH PO, ——S@BH 5 Nagifo, NADH > tte Raachion,Group-ib Coxygin Fomity [Gtement [Sprint [Moms Nurbus| Clements of Gp-lé eer trent os Onygen oO s Chaleogens meaning ore Lormin. sulfur | 5 is © € te Selsviumn | Se 34 Tanturium | Te ez Polonvum Po aa Livermentum| by ne Oceuserente Oepgen @Q Mosk abundant element on earth: Oy Sir AL7fe 7 CarMg > Na Pk >t 7H J by mass abundance im eoxthis crus © wd h by volume Jn akynssphow @_sabp @ Present in organie. matouals Like eggs» gorlie, owon, mustand ,hasbe, prodsin ‘ © Traces of S os tS in volcanoes. © Present in _minenale (D Gypsum (CaSO, 21,5) ( Gaba (pbs Gil) Zine _blende (ZnS) CV) Borngte (050) © Copper pyrite (Gules) U)__Epsom catty CMqS0_. 7,0) @__Seleniuen, Tellwoum > present os selenide (Se) & Teluride (Te) die shphicle mnwrolte @ felon caus ta naborr ot a dncory produck of Thorton & Ortniim minerals.: . , ‘ag @ 02S me non-vwetol . SebTe cow metablloid © onpyen te gas veak all oa solid, ©__Abomiaky G 0 ce 2/3 Whouas obomicty gf 6507 ae presen 8 @ AL hove allotropa @©__s bos max. cétwabion paoperds, ©__ Atomic size creases down the gaoup . from 6 te5 ty “increabe is maximum. @ LE decrecsis down fra gree: @_EA ordin:- 5 7 Se PRI PO © Ltsconagativity dacreases, decon a. group QO Covatrwesy of 02 25 max=4) whens covolurtig of 5,Se&Te = 2,4 © Range of omdation eta :- 0 9 ~2 4th : S,Se,Te > -2 te te af -% onidakion sth, decreases the 44 ondakion state in of + ni dec @ pk Opt: A density 6S 6% Cte © Or ppen can not sh exo. valan¢ f @_onppen st» a gas while reat clement of tha family cow scotids wn contribuls 4-orbi: in the formation ¢ dx-dn hax-pm bond, @ Orygen 4s stobla an diatomic form bub reat elements of fore ane Umstobe in duakomic form in ordivorg conditions@O __H,O 4s aliquid _cwohile perio of Otax Gp-I6 elemerte ane gases Reasons of androlous behaviour f oxygen + iy small size diy hgh ©E chi) tack gf d-orbital in vole shell guy High BN Gevanal compounds of Gp-le @__Hydrides t- nly EW, type of bg driddia ore From bs Hele bond increase , bord. dissociokion ——dasrcosea £ hence _thamal stability dacrenace Go From Ho te Hye bend anghh ducreases is __Frem tS to HiJe audie strength £ ndueng power increases wv Mipt. & lp ordan:- 4,0 > HTe 7 Ser Has ® dus, (EO, type) Triorides (E% type) 5 , 306, Se, i / — Polymeric sabid Tea Teo, i UL Group-lb Onidue ore Covolut £ acidic dy iy 80, known Jn vawour forms. Gaseous a 80, wenowanHeres. - 505 (Cyclic hima) —» 5509 Gin 8-50 Cinfimidi_ chain polyan) ® © 3 ~o-8 ~ 0-5 0 — ir 1 £= 50, CPolymuvic Sold) Cress-dinking ebwem chaing 42 give complin Joyoud stnuctrw Ordax of Stability i a> PPX Ordo of mp = pov Cun Compare reducing power onto of 60, 5:0, RED, & Onididing __poeaan orden of SO, “ce, TOs sels So, Seo, Teo, 4 +6 4 $7 & 7 %& Cordier of. Stovitity) Renee reduving, power ovdan : 50, > S20, 7 Te0, 4 ae Se0, Te a Cordin Lob) Wena OF idlibing power ordux: SD, 4 Se0s Z Ted t@ Hobs > AML Group -1¢ halides cow cova: iis For Sowa 0 s Ez the stability is - Elouride > Chloride > Bromide > Lodids due to frerease an” bend. length. eq SF, 7S¢4, 7 S0x, (Stabile) @___exahalides ( Octohedsal shape ) © The only Stabe hexabolicus of Gp-l6 orw henatiouridy hea ow unkown dus te stent repulsion Au ths lexaflowwidss ore qoseous @ whore ron-polow (inst = 0+) @ _Tebrahobite, (ser - saw shape’ Sle CH). Sehg CL), Tefal) dua tb inc. in size inc. in moteaase wb. kine. in vpwtdaw oad for ©__Dinatides COent shape Pa ©. 8-109" woe Mone hobides ch Bimaute din Open book ke Struckune G1 eg Pa Set Orbe, Seek, te 4 Thay fend. te his proportionate 25e,C, —*—» 366 +Setd, Hydilysis of halvdeg of Groupe it @ Hera Plusmetes 4) SR + Myo Cew.) ————»_No Reachon Roose: High lone pais densty over Periphery fe molecules hilt attock of, H,D on chacboplilic™ centre Shy Sek, + HO Cure) ————5_ ty Se 0g + HE fit) TeFe + HzO Cenc.) ——5 Te (0H), + HE Kaxoprokic tik Rob of bydrolgais > Tee) Seb 7 of, fantom Tas ‘ue decrease in tone pour dansity oven poruiplrry of roleculs Rhone attorck of Hho on Ch becomer eas ! @__ Traholides Shy + H,0 ———> SOF, + 2H fax (Pardbiol hpdrolysu ) Hab Hy505 HE Cunstalus ) SQ, HO SF, + tO Cer) 30, + HE Ccompdsts hgdroleysr's Compounds of orygen : f tt @ Deoxggen CH) Lab msbhod GL KCAg, 6) —— 2KOL + 205, Nii Akali medal ong salt having. onidbing, onion —2> 0,7 GNONOs, No O, , KMMDg , kaCry Og , KOy, KOg oe LING 25 igo + NOp Oy F070, 2 KytrOg + Or, Oy +O, NoNd, ——8—> _NoNd, + Oy kj —*5 Ko +0, KMn0, —* > KMD, + Mund, +0,jy Meta, paroride (O°) [Superorids CO) / Ozonids (05) ~ *™, 0, T ¢ Ko, + ho —°2 5 Ko + HO, +0, GD By He Huxmal dacomposihon of Aa onidsa of mebals lew in Ale “Uschochamical series and. Wighex onidas g- soms mekobs 2,0 (5) => 4Agts)+ © C4) 2Hb, 0,8) 2» Grbo 65) +O Cy DHg0 (3) —S—> Rete) + C9 2FbO, (8) 6 pphorg +O (9) Siz0, (5) —® 5 Bi, 0, Cs + C7) Ths ts) —S—> TAD) + BF) WN) Hy AEE Hoe £ Oy Drduusdwiol mectiard —2- © AR) Oe So oft NL OQ Hoy lex Faolgste Hy, Céothede) + 0, (anode) ‘oad fied) Propertica © Colorless. odouriess gas GD Solubiity an wali 43 to extent of 2°08 oo? mm IoD oW wate ok 203k which ab just cufficent for the vital suppost of mart aapahe ite @)_foromograts'c @___ 4 +8 absorbed by alkaling solubion Ff fyrogattet Blur colound in sabd & Liquid stake D Me combinabien eotttn otha elements 8 often strongly expttunrnr: ich Welps in sustaining the reackron . Howeuen , te snihate Ho “eeathin, | some external Sneaking is requtred as Bond cuasociabion S| ©cathalpy of Op is highs Cm 4a ks mor!) @ 8% suppesTe combustion Charnical rexthens GQ) Noble mebale Chu Pe) + 2 Ne eat @__Noble gases + ———>_ Ne reachion ei Heder cordoon 4 05. ——» 6, +H,0 © C+ O,—*» co or 60, aD 250, + 0, Bem 480, (Ccortock Process’) @® GH +O, aa REA + ALO ( Deacon's wakhod. ) @ dla 0, Bs atao ) HAL #50, —Be 201,05 Pe +60, 2, PaOio 5 RZMS +30 ——> aznotas K, Ro, Co + Og ences) ——9 Superonide © ___Ozone (5) o (4 ) Preporahion i ° O__Wlun a Simo dry steam of. oxygen 48 passed through a. silunt: electric chax onversion ° 4_ozore (Jo 4) oceLve Tha produc 3 knevon as ozonised onygen. 30, (fy—> 2050) 5 G70, pSLo » E70 Boek Bonne Formabian of. 05 from 0, As always, manspontonerua & twufore Jk 18 necessary te use silent ebeFprutal dischonge in WB proparabion te prevent is U dacomposthion fi Fre _eooilin 6 6 #HpD ——» _O, +0, +HE ale mp per:Properties t- D Pura ozera is 0. pols blus gos , dork blur kawid & vinlsb black eolid @__ Ozone hos a choradgruste seth & in small cercentrations Lb is hommless . However, if the concentyabion rises obove 100 ports gen million bomathing. becomes uncomfortable reeulting Mm haocache “A novsea. @_Diamagrebie in nakurw @)_Absorbed by Turpentine ost or oFh Of cinnaron or CCLg © + Hg ——> Hgg0_CTailing of Hg’) @) _Auatitobve method. for estimabing O} gas whin ozone reacts with an excess of FT solution buffued with a M=o-2) iodine Js which can. be fitrobd + oo olution of sodium +ninsulphate Oper +p BB ey one Ty +NajS,0, ———> NaI + Na,Sy0¢ @® 6. + box (8) —A > k*OS (s) + 05 COrcinge =e G+ Gn, ——> tho, 825 Ne Reackion ® cdihiog aches of. %00,"" 2 Fp 20% 7% P Coridssing poeser) Clernerat ton Dua de 2ht ease with ewWich ib jibenatrs atoms fF noscent onygen (2 2% +0) ik ats 08 a. powerful onidtsiry," agents @__metot Sulpluse +0, ———> Metal sulphatr + 0, eg pbS +0, ———» PbS0q + 0, Cens + ZnSO +© WR + 0p ———> ka #0, CXFE eg HE +0, ——_ 1, + % wut © = ous +0, ——> te + eg fe 40, ——9 fe +d, Cah 0, > Ga? 4 F +0, —— > We +0, @ “4 ow kylPeCeN] 05 ——> K [feCemj} +0, + 0H @® ib ah HO og NDS 0, NG + ©, 50," +0, ——> 50 +0, ps0 +0, ——> Mee” 40, © __—nm-wakal or miballowd +0, —TP 5 ic avd +0, q P+ 0, EHD ——7 HyPd, +O, + TF, +0, rH,O ———» HID, +0, IS +O +O ——> HA5O+O, 7 5405 HAO > Hy 50 4.4 On Ota _rechox reashions of On @___ 505 (yy + Os (9) ———>_ $9, 09) # OCF) ©__no cp) #0 Cg) ———>_N4 tg eB Cy L CEmited from tHe exhaust sytins of supersonic jet aszoplanen © __snta + 2H + £0 ———9_ Ently + HO QO ae ©, 5 hd FO (ope layer daplarion) OQ U_+ & —— > ao, +0, CC4.0 7 dim) & 2, Chey) + On ———5 Ta Dg ——> 0°" (P05) (fecbtum Bou fedode ) COreange.- Yello) sa of O> Oth wack os a geniaide diefechort Afar sterling scl Dk also used for bleaching, outs ivory , flour , storth eb © 2% oda _os an oxidising. dyer intra _momufackwra of KMDSolohux amd. its compounds. Adlstriepes of Sulphur @ _Corpstatling +d) Rhombic ci) Monoclinic D Non erpstabtna t Gy Plashre cir Collevdal, Bhombic Sulphur. (dS) Sat Ree On Cérmeon Shape) Noe eS i) Yellow coloured ci) Most stable allotrope of Sulphur Gi) Tnscluble im esd, Luk dissolves te soma extent im benzens, aleshol a Hon, G1 eadily lable in 655, Monoclinic Sulphun CP" $) PS 49 Stabla oboe 96°C Trowsibion Temp. = 96°C Sat Qu BD, Q. ayo Cormon shape’) &. No ey a Ligh Ydllovo op|ourad (iy Needle like Grystala ii ) Setubla in C52 QAP Qe eZ SoS me PAX a JX {gp ne | ete Ey Faas Rhombic CMemochinic’)Plastic Swylun (¥-s ) Modken Subphune —S#2 50 pigatie Sulglus Cy Babb “Jike nedoiol. Gi) Grown Coloured. Gif) Zig = zag. struchow s. Zz Ss ‘ Colleidat Sudphur HS GA_+S0% Coy) ——> Sb + HO elaidal Sulphur) TR 5 used os medicine for skin clisenses, Other forme f- Subghur Engad's Subphuwr ( €-S) Gy Cyto = 5% Gi) Chair cortormasion ii) Oromge colruned solid. Diotomic Sulphur {Blur coloured Gi) Promagnaic (tke Op) Gi) 05a ciy_TA 48 _bnmvon _onby, ot _voug high sumpootune (~1900 K)Compounds of Sutplure Hydrogen Sulphide Cis) Prepon ation O Metal sudphide —SEO™ igs T Noh t= Acid must be monn oxida a2 1S 48 a reducing ogent= q Onin aside —s Hb, , omyooids of X , Cont H4S0q , HMnDg., HaCrOg. “Nuns oridiben aida —9 HX, Orgouide of P AL HS, HON, Hyl2 0, eg © FES + dittys0q ——> _Fetdg + 4457 © feS+ Hth ———~5 Fed, + HST © Some metol sulphides — Halas, 5 7 a Moti — Suiphide oft ce Aa amgit mode undirge heabrolpais ©g © Cy$y + HO ——»_Gr(on, d+ ys T Grew’) © Mao + HD —— 4 (or), FF ST Qonib } © Ags, #H,0 ———>_ aloo, b+ sD Cusbst) Properties @© Rotten -egg like smell © vou weak aad © Aerie. colourless goa @__ack o« seducing ogee eg @__Mnbg> + HS ——> wet asl ® C407 +s —» oP" + SL @ fe ens —> kt ess © 50, + HyS ——> S FIO © HO) +H,S ——> Hs0+ sh ©. 4 M6 ——> 50, +O, +H, O 403 505 4 Da.Tests velotid te ts to @ _Nibroprusside spat 3 scoq) + _[FeCende (80) 1" coq) —> [Fe Cente (nosh * Coa) CNitwo gpnassida) (Prin nitroprusside) Crate ) Nob t- @ Myo give nitroprusside hat on alkaline medium © __Freapitotion of metal sulphides 1 Neb © Albahi metal sulphide ore cote soluble © Group-2 metal sulphides one sparingly othr Solullo bub axe chow: by contock with © wole ints soluble he waphidas , © fest of tte metoh sulphides oot oot. insoluble . 1g @ Agtcoqy BEG, ys © Ak tog SCH, Antony CB lock Caw >) © CF eoqy BEG us Lb QO & oy ES cron, Cotock) Coren) © pt * cog mSCy mS ® Ze coq HSC, Zms CB lock Canta +) @ rg* cog EG) ye Ba coqy SH, Cas Clock’) C Yall) Qua: Whidh F-Ahe following reagents can be used do oy Hs 2 © anhydrous “coo @amydmss Cus, © core. th, @_ PaO Pes @P4 OnSubp use dtoride (50s’) Breporobion SO)" or W505” ait 50, 24 Nay $0 HHA ——» Nach + Hos S NaHS, © Wet ——» nick + H,D + 50, Sndustyiok 3 fe te prduad as o W-produck Gta roosting of Sulphits cota 4FeSs 6) + 11, (9) ——> fe, 05 (5) + $50, (y Otten welnode t- a 63) O (9) ——>_ 8 ep fi) Mebol sulphatz — —Shegly so, hobng 6g FeS0y. #H,D —=> FD + FeSQ, 2 fe,D, + 80, Tt 50,7 CGremn vitried) CaS, —*> ao + 80, — 5% T 10,7 ram Get Cone. HpS0q ——> S04 + 6% in On Feopercties @ Colorless gos with pungent emebl ak haghby soluble in coor © fr 4b renchion with wally 4 atkabia , £0) behowloun ae vow. sini do nak of CO, “t 24 20,09) EM DCA) 14,505 Com Coton), —A-> Caso, S282 Ca (H 505), ——s Line cates test raidey Sohable© Forme clathrottia with {ce ak loco tim perakpu ( 50). x #,D) @_ te asks wratnly ox a reducer Fee 60, eg @ Fert 4 80, © he 6 50, og @__ tno + FS OPP sO @ yoy +50, SS so © 5% + 5 85 © RIO, (oy) + $0, ——> Ta + 80,77 80, (9) + ly (9) —Shorseol or $0,441) © tk _eWbids tiacwng reTura dua ste abe reducing prspodt though, 2k tt aa temponomly teleach Goleured substance ——S°2 4 colvurlees substance enposure tylis aime ®___No,C, +mo +50, ————> Nols, + Co, Ts a1 andre Sh wh de NoHS0, + Na, CO, —————>_Na, 80, + fo, +d sh on J Sulphur dioxide is used (i) in refining petroleum and sugar (i in bleaching ‘wool and silk and (iii) as an anti-chlor, disinfectant and preservative, Sulphuric acid, sodium hydrogen sulphite and calcium hydrogen sulphite (industrial chemicals) are manufactured from sulphur dioxide, Liquid SO, 8used as a solvent to dissolve a number of organic and tnorganic chemicals.Sulghursi, Aid CrutOw) (ting. of Chamicala , Ost of Whriste Eedustol mathils of manufacturing to © Comback Process i= sbp @® Preduchion of £0, Sor Sulphilh ores + 0, Cera) —& > S0g Stp D+ Aerial onidation of 80, 28469) +O (9) Mets) 26009) 5 AN4O on mS) % pid of $0, 3 inoreasek by use of excess of ain Cliy’ Optima Sen penakure. (~920 b) Gi) Move preasune (2 bom) Step © t- Absorption of £0, im M180, tte give Clem | SOs + HhSQ ——» fySd,. x60, —maewratet i. (Olen ) step® + Dilubon of Oleum Olam + H,D ——>_ $04. Nofit- The Sulphwue ond oloteumad by Contock protease 9-98 a aler/ Joone. W805 Impure PET AF Cone. 1450, V0. Sulpnae Prehester Washing and Dying ‘ain ower tower Fig. 7.7: low diagram for the manufacture of sulphuric acid@ _Leod- Chobe process + 380, + On + 20 NOCD) Caklet ay, 20q. Properhies ie G) Colourkess , danse, off liquid. diy 24 dibwolvee in wah. —ewitin Hu ewolub'm of a longe aysonbily i uok 2 lente concentrotid oid must be added slowwky inte veaton _woith _consiawt etirring. ¢ iii) ew stzmng awd (ka, 2 10 3a, = h2xis™) e vou igh bpt (4 votobta () Te chemical yeactone of. sulphwu'e auth ore om oF vetle llsoing — chamachou'shte eed _volability s acid’ acti e oftfins watlin, in nk @©Reorkions relotid tb acidic nature © with olkadt H,$0, + NoOH 5 NoW50, or Na,Sdq +0 450. + (ACOH), ——> Cato, +H,0 OQ wth sal @ NaNO, + come. 1,50, ——s HNO, + NaHsdg, 5 fads wo had Less velobile Mere volo @ OR + cone M80, ———> HE + CaSOg SA 0 Peuah Lest veto he rere. Vedat & Reactions relatid te Now volas 4 ® Nard + cone 8D, ————> pea + NoH8d, (Entropy driven tase volob More volable Proaese ?“6 4 @©__Noek + cone. 804 ————>_ xg + 80g + NAHSOg FO (x= or, EY faoson = br) E~ oma veouy strong reducing ogerti shixans 617 dp weak reducing agent ‘ ' NoSi- Hor amd HE ae preparad by uaing ony aud of P (ion Orie) Nox + HyPO, eT NarOg (est) Come) More volte @__Reachons _velotid to affinity for woline 3- @__used._to_doey wet gases Hike HC, CO, On © __vemoea__twothox _frow __organie_compewrde, Heook me HaSBa co on, Cont. HxSOg cot + CT —s 180, CoH, EEE gc LY CS lucose) Chareing ackons on Canbohgdratis Cia Hin Oy ERE key C Came Suga obion s onidisivig v¢ conc. 1,504, is am, ia idan : 80, Ct cone. p50, ————» Cog. 80g +H, © __6 + cone. H,504 ———» (oH), + $0 © T+ conc. Hy $0, —, HED, + SD ® + conc. 4,80, ————» Cu $04 + SO, & Hy O © fe + cone. Ha $0, Fe $0, +50, +H,0 ® ts Feme Hy 80% SF 50, + %O ® Scone. Hy,50, ————> 50 + HDanerus Ty ti © velo, + ame H,80, ——> Hein, + dt, + EHO, + HO fonomoagneh'¢ Hike: — © Yellows Geovon Gee) ecto, HY cho, —E > pedoy + AO, fe CO O ky lheCerig] + dil. ty80, ——5 Ky50y +FeSDy + HON T @® ¥ LRN T + Cone. 1504 ———-5 Ki $0, + FeSDg+C0T +(NHy).S04- 24,0 % fee=n — 2 5 pcm on NH on | come. Hy50q. ke t ° (Hg),80, #2 hoo OH [cone Hy S0q- cot ® f40jp + p80, ——> $0, + HPD, Uses: Sulphuric acid is a very important industrial chemical. A nation’s industrial strength can be judged by the quantity of sulphuric acid it produces and consumes. It is needed for the manufacture of hundreds of other compounds and also in many industrial processes. The bulk of sulphuric acid produced is used in the manufacture of fertilisers {e.g ammonium sulphate, superphosphate). Other uses are in: {a) petroleum refining (b) manufacture of pigments, paints and dyestuff intermediates (c) detergent industry (d) metallurgical applications (e. cleansing metals before enameling, electroplating and galvanising (e) storage batteries (0) in the manufacture of nitrocellulose products and (g) as a laboratory reagent.Sodium thio sulphatti (Nar $305) Preporabian @ey 8+ _poow ————>_NaS+ ayia + yO“ ] disproportion. G5 _* Nadbw ———> Nase #N@,5,03 FH, 0 exe Nags S&S 5 Nay! CS. 3 =) @ 5d of Sa +5 Mobinr maton Tig, 5,05 og Oost +6 —S 5 Nop6d5 D Nojt +50, + § Na,$:0> +007 Hint = Nag €0; + 60 ——> _NajS05 + 0, Nazs0, +S ———3 Na, 5205 @®__Na,S+ ZT, +Na,so, —=—5 Na,S0+Nal —> Spring's Raachin Hint :- Na,S + ZT, ——> S+#Nor S4 Na,S0, ———5_ Na, 5, 05 NoK + I, must be im calewlatsd amount , otunvoite ak wil veock ddr Nay $5, 0» Prcporckieg 3 D__Naq 5%. SH,0 is brown os Hypo. The orly hiosulpholi salt known have wale of crystallizahion is Hypo. @_tratn soluble, whib, crystalline solid. @) 1 acts os a reducer ® nas.8 Ht 5,0, ——> S14 + H.50 ——> So,Tamo ‘Onknown) Curse}@___ Noy S.0, —S > NaySe + Naz5Og, Reducing actions of Nas20, @® Oy Strong oxidise, —————> S047" ov HED, 4 @ Na +4Cl, + So ————s aNans0g + BHU O50, + Oy +0 ——— > Najsd, + Her ©__Nndy= + GOS +Ho SEE nd, +804" + OW rokly alkabive @ SOP + unenk) mild onididaer SO Ctebrotnordt) 2g © NajS,0 + Ty ———> Na, SQ + Nat O S.0,% + ee* ——> [Fe ¢s203), J > FF + Su) (vio) QO Se +a —_, oe Cy, $2034 + Se OT Ceokati) | a fe Loup CSs0xe] C Soluble.) — Solubi( of Ag ine og. Nae Ag’ ea) 2 Ag Ag Lex R=, be T Ceohctt) exe. $2 on stavding or drier [ or HF Gro Cg (520221 fags S07 Soludele') C Black) 1b (oy) ES eS Filan OSes a 50, (ant) rongOng=auds of 6 (Re Hyorgen doi ctly athockad with S| ¢ @ _Sulphurcus fred Series 8 Gulphurous Aud Hy $0 Ho- SoH © 8 fyrsulphursns Ac Hy820 Ho = = Peon Dithioncus aud #35204 yo -2—5 0H @)__Subplrvic Aad Sevies Sulphuric Acad HyS0q- * NS, ° = fy sulphuric hook $102 o-s—9-S20 (Disuphune Aud } I ‘ Thiosulpun'e Aad Hy $2 Oy B-0 on \ H G) Wort. hed Sevier Hy Sn % N= 2, 4,4 no 5-5 linkoges = 1-1 Dithiontc Acid Hy$20 ° ° TetreoHuonc Aud HS4 Of ors—s~ $-$70 ( T on 1 © fessy bod cers ferony monosulyuoue Bod Hy 60. 0 =5— 0-08 ¢ é oa a ° ferosyaisulphume Aes Hy S208 o=b —0-0-S=0 be Mohshall's Ac) onGroup-1% (Halogen Farmily’) Element Symbot | Atomic N. Elemerts of Gp-12 ore termed as Flowrine c 3 Halsgens meaning salt forming | Cinlow ine. ch ica ¢ ¢ é Brom br as | Todine r 3 | Astatine, ke $s Terme asine 15 ue Occurrence 3 Flourine @ 2 is present mosmly as insoluble fleurides 24 Elourspan (Cat,) , Cryolits (nla Alt.) ; Flewapahiti( 3a, (PO), Cat. © _ 18 ++ present in small quontities in teeth , Sait, bones, river voaiier _plonts Ghiovive, Bromine ,Todine — ¢- @ Sa wal cortains chloridss , bromides & rocbilus of na, K.mg & Ca bub is measly Natt olution (a5 fo by mows? @ Corton form of marine Life contain jodie in hein systems, varias seaweds eg , contain upto 05 J. of todine & Chile sabtpelrs cowbame pts on. of sodium iodoli (NaTOs) Gereal akomic B prysical properties @ Fi Ch br, Twa _non~nutah @ Fer os got , be is liquid £2 ae sobd © Coloux : Fy —> Light Yelle Cy —> Grean-Yellwd , Bx, —s Red- Beoumn T Viel _Expdanabon of colswe in halogens AML nologens (a) are colowudl clus. cto HOMO-\UMO trons hion xg empse raphe Tagg S Rapes Rag LZ np On goin down Ale Co tha eno iekevem HOMO 4 LOMO ne 3 eee ducreates in halogens sea ~5 Yokoo Seu VintExplanation i K=F, CL AK, (yg) St cay) [i dyaat =e ime . | Aap | RQ) ——T——> rq) A= Edi + Ak + Ayal fy 2 ia strorqut onichie. dua a D_ Hip ve “oyatt —Corajor contribuban’) @ lew ODE @® Hp A d Adomic size increnser devon the group, miOx. increaser 18 from FL Bewibabion eourgy dacreaien docan the group Ela chronegostivity decreas dew the group. Covolony of Fi wal yet 28S volonuy of F A 2 wharaas covolency of Cy & ca Ch br Al —> = 4 teat ® ® @_ A onde, 5 CAF rE © © © © Density increases down Hw geoup ¢ @___Bowd_lungth increases deren _Hu._group » @__Berd _aissociahion enthalpy 2 Cty 7 05,7 fa > Fa “_Aromaleur behaviour of Flowrine © KE iso liquid | ak Gf Hu _iyebrogen halides or gasca @ He forms anid Sabt, KGAA TG ee we oho KE [Heh 7 os unstoble ved storg._ficbend © _only one oxoowtd of flouring 48 known (K-O™F) whereas weak -velopens form nore. Hian ora ony cis“Rest = FF 48 monevolaae rene are poly valant> QD Net of He reachony of flourine ane exothewnve dus to aks small size 4 strong bond formed by Uk with othr element Beason of anomolous behaviour of flemrive —_!- NM @ lock di © __lew ove Genial teachine of ballad i= © _Reschion troards Hy i Hy + My fodlne requras catalyst fos the ole: wreaston’) WE Cp) | Hydrogen hotile He (oq) Hydmbabie ocd @® Wet Niqud woke HU, Hor AHS ow ganea D_ Free MEA HE _bond. leagh inereones . bond dadxotiodion energy Ascreaset 2 lens Hameo! Stability decrease From HE te HE adic Shength increases seduoing, power mmeroser ‘Table 7.9: Properties of Hydrogen Halides — as — Melting point/ 190 | 159 185 | 222 a Bolling point/K 293 189 206 238 Bond length (H - X)/pm 917 127.4 1414 | 160.9 AguoFP/IS mot B74 432 363 295 ’&, a2 | 70 | -95¢|/-100 @___Bpt ordue:- KE > HED HBr Het mpm, 1-H 7 He? Wor PHC Eachig of Glass := HF te the only avid, cabich reacts wlth gloss S10, + WE 4 Sify +H Sha + 4Mad SiCoH), + 4HeHa (StF 6] ) xa Csify cute) +aHe ——> Bsify + 4hyD SiQbWly, + au, (Sis) @— Reachion with ag, Aghios t= One 24-005, age oq) dir Her EMADs Aga t Soluble, Coolut ) Gin tor Sagar uy AE RNS gt L Light: Yeblow) (yetteo) Ofaschivity drwords onggen t- Hlolepene foren many, oxides with Onygen bute west of thien aru unstable @_24 forms Aino onides of, avd O,fe ,howeuer only Of 4 Hrewnaty. t stoble ob 298K @©_TWase_onidss ara _casenbially onypen flourids because £N of. F>0 © both wu sho Flucrinaking. ogets te onidining oguks @ Of, cides Pu (Pludonini) te Pu 4 fle wockion 18 usecl D verve fa ok fake fant eyed —nuclwan Fal @ _ Hiloniva Bromina A Docbivg oxides tn elds Us oxidation etales F tase @® ct, br LE form hodeqens vom from +1 t +7 © Orde of stabil D-ondes > Cl-onides > br- onides Reason =<, Highux stability af omtea of Ts dus Fe _greailin poju'sobbility Pbmd betwen TF LO. iy In cose of C4, multipl bord formation between ch 2O takes dus te availability gf d- orbitala This leads fe increase in stability facka both Ha chanachodshcs bance stability of oxides & Br Gb a ©__e higher _onitsn halogens tend. cto be. rove stable than the lever ones, Ome Wight reactive, oniduting ogeits @__ Chlorine onides 7 Cl, 0, C10y C4, 0, £U4D: Rtend it explode4s used 02 bleaching agent for paper pulp & fextiles 2m ewallor 6 ow Cx OC, £9) —> gent 1G > Yalloes= Grn Gan, Bent shope Ch 0, CAS) —3 CAT CO sO () © ame 4p, CIs) ie aa @__Bromin oxidus | Be,0, OrO,, Ord, ore tin least stab. halogen onidas middle red anomaly & exist onhy ob (eed temo. Tang ore powerful idusing agente (QD Tetine_ ovis, T,0q a0 07 ove insoluble solide b dacompore feoking . Th0e so vew geod onidising agent & te used. in estimation" sf. CO: oe ve 0s +00 ——> th + MAX, ————> ty Not:- @ Wa tonic chonactix of tre hobides dacreases in tha orden Mekol fleunids “7 Metal Chloride 7 Metal beornicls > Metal fedads (Wa _tolides in tughon owidation stats Jan vrore _covalewk thon dhs ont ain lower _oxidahon stats fer sama metal gp Say 7 Sally DOU > FU bug 2 SHC; UF, > UE, Gi) —Kuashivity of halogens tecsoodks othr halogens 3 x + x —— Xx, (Tutechalogen compound.) hoe n= 1» 6G) Only. TF. Neb =x Cem) 8 longer ofze hologen & x’ (SA) is smollx size halogenCD Rametion waitin crate 8 @_lewrrine _onidisex _ewoltn _#e _onyqen B+ H.b Op +05 (Sane) + HE @O__Chlerine _& bromina react with wali 4» form comepanding Sydrobolic A ypoholous oridy Xt Hyd Hk + HOK (x= 4 be) Noh — Chigrine codtin is yellow coloured & uk looses it colour dus Sn reachin = Cy +H ——> Wea + Hoek HOLL 9 HCL + LST for blanching. onlabing Ken moist Cl, Os 08 leaching. agents ©The reackion of todins with wali J vnon-cpontoneous Tnfack, £7 com be _onichited by onygen in aesihic. adiym, just the reuse of ths machin —“obsened with flounine 4X (04) + 4H¥ (0g) +05 (9) ———> 25, ts) +2H,D(4) Not En presence of KE, T, chbsolus im wale Ty + KT Coy) KE,” Caron solution) Chemical reactions of “I, aru some as thot of Ty GD _Keoshien with alkali t= & + OH (catd, ail.) ——> Bry" + 0 3 Gi) Py + BH Cheb, Cone.) ———> +E FMD tuk 0G + OF ———> Og + Fro Clompreportiwohin’) @__*= hy, but dy ta + OH Cookdya) ——3 x ROT FD Crrgpolou'te)fe Hine Oxy —— Hox + x7 HD [ otkont xo" iy et OH Chok, cone.) ——9 9° xD EHD Chalets) Hinks xO + OH = ——9_ x KOS +H (_Disperpostimadion\ cg OS cdo En toe Compounds of Halogens cin @__Ddrehlorin (Ob) t= Preparation iS ® wen — oxide ca eg GC) Md, FHL ——> Wma Ch rary 0 (weldon's tress) i Nach + Mind, 4 £1,804 > Mint, + ANOHEDg © 2H,0 HG, (iy aktony + Weer 5 Deck + Mme, H8H,0 + EU Co) hale Dy lHHeh > 2k + 2GUy THO + 3Cdy on PhOg + AHO — > Phe» HO FO © Bhaching food 2%, Gy, eg dh COC +, > Cato CT ii] Cady + HU ———> (ay + LT + Hd Nott = Cy a + od + HD® Mekol chloride ———*—>5 cat, T 1 Auth, (5) ——8> Ay cs) Oh t7) Gore) Gi) Pe, C8) ——S eS) eG) (Part) Monufartuns of Chioving. 26 ACL +0, Coin) ER 5 ACh + 21,0 © flectaalyhie roves 1 Brine (concentra Natl solutt on’) Elec |-per's ch, T (ones) Properties 3 @__Gramnish Yellow go weit pungent & suffocating ads © 1 com be Lgpifiad easily ito greenish yellow had whi bouls ot 299% e © Soluble in woikbe @_T+ wack with a number of mebala & non-mebals 45 fos chloride egd) AL + Ca ASC fq. t+ Cy —> Ply U2, ec jin) Na+ Clp —4 Nace Sg + Ch 9 SC, 8 sta, 5 sh, z wo Fe + CL, ——» Fed id x (Ste rot Fran) ©_ T+ hos great offinily for hydrogen Et reacts usith compounds weenboining, _bydemger fe force Weg gia Hy + Cl ——> 2HEt diy HS + C4, ——> DRL 5 GC Kie + BC, ——> I6HCA + 100.@ with dey slakad Wine th gles bleaching powden 3- ACacoH), F204, ——» CaCO), + (all, + 2H,0 The composition of. bleaching powsdin #8 + CaCOcd),. Catt, . Cally» 2H, 0 uy | emapers cod Formula, + Cao, (Car? ca oct) @ Onidising ackens of Ca t= ( AfesO, + HoS0, +c, ——>_ Fe, (50a), + 2HCL i) _NagS0 + Clg + HD ——>NajS0q + 2K Gi) 50 2 2HD + CR Hy S0g + DHL Gy 640 HC, ———> 2H TO, + 1OHYE oo Nat + C4 ———— re nate w) NaOr + Cl ———> Bg + Nach ve Noe » Cd, ——_ No reachion) @® Bleaching prepedy t= (yChlowne a” 0. powerful Ueaching agent ; jk te dus te on'dabon f 3 GT vepelus vegetable or organic mattis in Be pracnu Gf worst | Bleaching ef feck "of chiovirn Je permanent "e, #H,0 ——» 2HCA +O ColauA substance +O ——> Glewrleas substonce It is used (i) for bleaching woodpulp (required for the manufacture of Paper and rayon), bleaching cotton and textiles, (i) in the extraction of gold and platinum (ii) in the manufacture of dyes, drugs and organic compounds such as CCI,, CHCl, DDT, refrigerants, etc. (Iv) in sterilising drinking water and (x) preparation of poisonous gases such as phosgene (COCI,). tear gas (CC1,NO,), mustard gas (CICH,CH,SCH,CH,C).@ Hydrogen chiens (non freponahion Noth + Cont. Hy 80g NoHSOg. + HEL NaH soy. + Note 2, nia 804 + HEL Nog i= HO! gas con be dete Wy passing, Horoughn core. Ho Oe, Croprchien 1 @ Colearless _& pangude srnelting gos © Extremely soluble te wot. A fontben as follows~ Hhecgy + dct) ——» H,0" (om) + CP (ag) 5 Kocid™ fts ogame solubign sb cole nyetrochalonie. acid. ©___Neh + KOR ——> Niget (eobdi fumes) @)_Wydrochier’e aud decomposes salty of weaker acids eq dy Na CB, + 2HCL ——> 2Natt + H,O+ CO, iy NaHCO, + HO ——> Nach +H,D 4 CO, iv) NaS, F2Her 5 anact +H, +50, Qusi- When HEL nocth with finely powddoed fon, it forme Fel, Brot Petty. edhe) é Si fe + 2h —> fea, +H, Lileess obi of Hy prewente thu formation of Fels, - It is used (i) in the manufacture of chlorine, NH,CI and glucose (from = corn starch), {i) for extracting glue from bones and purifying bone black, (ii) in medicine and as a laboratory reagent.@ m+ Prepanalion 3 @ Prem sen wottin _1- Sea- wot contains Jow concentration of 1” IT (oy) + % TE FX (0m) (x= C99) © From Chile salt pelea (NaNO) 1 Nano, contains impuriky of Nato, Tiop_metheds Divide Nol, In too ports Tes -HS05 ——> 1, +502 pup (otetatal ) G1 TOp 4 H805 Cenc) ——> To + SO HD (ont park) @ 207 +2 + 2 THD (ohnax parse) —Prapedies t= © _Grseluble in ewetton tees lua black ® or ha © B+ RL ——> &°x> (brown solubm) OQ +s ——> 6+ 77 ent © Thou of iedive CAnhisepbic) = Ty + KE + wodtin folcond “Ody Stench — od pope Bye tus black Gi stossch— coded pape —Eedbat 5 plus~ baknti halogen compounds Prepascrh'on @__Halogen- t+ Halogen=2 + @ Cay + Fy = AP @® a +3% > uf © cegpat volume) a) © t+ ty ——s area © xy 3c — as, Sy Ceqpaimmolany Cexcees + oF, ———> 2ofy © By + Sfx ——> 2arf cdilatid ith woos ) Cacea) © i te Lfs +f, —> ‘equ molar) Tbr +8 ——» Tbr, © Ley + F, —— oF (eqpenlow cece) Propendses *— ( conbaune one Too Lfferent halogens) @_covatank “ dromagabic in wokwe @D rar physitah properties one intewedats between those of conshitunt ologens except dal tue met & bet ome Little highs than expeetich, ©_r_qewweal, indie vologen compounds are more yeackive, thon halogens (ut “Plourine) fasson:~ X-x' bond un inteschologens 42 weokwre than x-% bord & dus to presence ff bord. _polara'ty @_ As tease undergo _Wgdhralyeis GX 4 HO ————_ HONS 29 che + H,0 ———s HOU + HE dé) RG eHo > HoxD + Hx? eg C4P5HH,0 = 3 Homo + HE+hjO > HORO, eH’ i +O ———5 EQ + HF 2 yO 5 Hx, + Hx! i eg. Th, +H,D ————5_ to, + HE @ Addition of ivtéchalogens with alkali wakot habidss t— QO Nabe sy Eek sna Tey @ es + sa — er GE) cet + Ors ———> st [Or Fc” @ Ke + TF ERT ® csf + IFy ——_ cs* [te | Sus RUE ELCAT on buahing gives ® Roth # Tb @ eert ch © abbs 2+ a, @ 2ebt ret+g, Aas (8) Ranson! folghabida —& > Towle compound bowing mort LE ‘These compounds can be used as non aqueous solvents. Interhalogen compounds are very useful fluorinating agents. CIF, and BrF; are used for the production of UF, in the enrichment of “°U. U(s) + 3CIF;() > UF.(g) + SCIFI) Bus: - Com| p on seb of inl @ cy, Te tee ny 6) CAE fa @ Te > 47S, OQ brah, 7p eed paachints ord f infin = AF, Tors 2 TFz > CAL > Befy 7 TFs POET Th 7 Iejoh. ‘om es ame An those. aw _poeudovalidis 4 EN — cqawide » Sen — cyano; Sen > Halocyorot Bec —> sdsnocyonat 5 Teen —> Satlurcyonati , cn cyanamicls No aside [FaCCO)ay + tetra corbonsh coboltetiG2) ion Pseudo halogens t~ (en), —> cyanogen, cal), —9 shiveyorogen :, Een), > Selsadcyanogen. Most of tha pseudeholidas Contain = Mest of tte _pseuds habidte contain _choorge Best kum psudeholide se = en Similonites of EN wide polis ions @ xn > ad HON — aad © Aged (anit gt) eS Pha] (se labia Ages (cave pt) etn Tages] cselabl) © feo, + Hee > PE + Ch HD teO, +HEN ———»_ Pb (on), + (CN + 1D @ hy tH KD (cn), «5h ———> tn 4 Ben +40 © High, (eoalin salable) Hg Cen) Cwatin soluble) @_ cus, + KE ——> 804 + Cat, ——> Girt + 5, (unknown) Chit) Geo, = nen ——> 80h + CaCO, + ———> Gent + CENIT unstable) Coal) [een + K[eaCeneT (Caleb)Ory — fev of, Hologses co Halle) acid HOF Hoc HOBr Hor (Hypohatous acid)| Hypotuorous acid [Aypachlorous ge) VH¥pobromous ac |(Hypotodous acid) “aite (HD acia nocia(H = - tau a x ae eee é Malic (¥) acid - Hocio, (#48) Horo, (#40) Horo, (HERS) (Hale acid) - eaUaH acid) "(brome acta) (tle act) “Halle (VID acid 7 xoc1, (AJ Hoae0, (HBGy) Horo, (HE) (Perhalie etd) 7 (perchloric acid) “| (perbromie acid) | 7 pete acd) oe sci _ one” The structures of cxoacids of chlorine Chlorous acid Chlorte acid Perchlorie acd ic Strengths => HOce & HOD LZ ROCKD, LZ HOCLO; Trasmal Stobilly 3 noc, 4 woud 4 ROCIO, < HOCLO Oxidaning. Power —> HOCR > HOCAO PF HOCAO, > HOCLOs