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Class 10 Science – Chapter 1: Measurement and Force

1. Introduction of Each and Every Topic

a) Scientific Learning

Science involves learning about natural phenomena through observation and experiments.

Scientific learning focuses on understanding causes and effects.

It encourages asking questions and drawing logical conclusions.

b) Variables in Experiments

What is a Variable?

A variable is a quantity or condition that can change in a scientific experiment.

Types of Variables:
Type Definition Example

Independent The variable that is deliberately changed Amount of sunlight in a plant growth experiment

Dependent The variable that is measured or observed Height of the plant

Controlled Kept constant to ensure fair test Type of plant, soil, water given

Difference Between Variables:

Criteria Independent Variable Dependent Variable Controlled Variable

Changes? Yes No (measured) No (kept constant)

Role Cause Effect Ensure fairness

Example Light amount Plant growth Soil type

Importance of Variables:

Essential for experimental accuracy.

Help determine causal relationships.

Used to validate scientific predictions.

 Example with Research Topic:

Topic: How sunlight affects plant growth.

Independent: Sunlight duration

Dependent: Growth of the plant

Controlled: Type of plant, soil, water used

c) Fundamental and Derived Units

 Fundamental Units:

Base units used to measure basic quantities.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Length metre m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s
 Derived Units:

Formed by combining fundamental units.

Quantity Unit Expression

Speed m/s m ÷ s

Force Newton kg·m/s²

Differences:
Fundamental Units Derived Units

Basic units Combination of basic units

Cannot be broken down Can be expressed in terms of base units

d) SI Units and Types (with Examples)

Types:

Base Units – Length (m), Time (s), Mass (kg)

Derived Units – Speed (m/s), Force (N), Work (J)

e) Unit-Wise Analysis of Physical Equations

From Page 10 of the book

Example 1: Force

Units:

Verified by dimensional formula

Example 2: Work

Units:

Dimensions:

Applications:

Checks correctness of formulas

Helps convert units

Limitations:

Cannot provide numerical constants

Doesn’t verify vector/scalar nature

f) Dimensional Equation & Its Importance

Dimensional equations express physical quantities in terms of fundamental units.

Importance:

Validates equations.

Derives unknown formulas.

Helps unit conversions.

2. Important Topics (Based on SEE Board Questions)

SI Units (Base & Derived)

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Types of Variables in Experiments

Dimensional Analysis

Equation Derivations: ,

Unit conversion problems

Differences: Mass vs Weight, Force vs Pressure

Diagram-based questions

3. Points to Remember

Force: A push or pull.

SI unit of force: Newton (N)

Fundamental Unit: Cannot be broken down. E.g. metre

Derived Unit: Formed by combining base units. E.g. m/s²

1 Newton: Force that produces 1 m/s² acceleration in 1 kg mass.

Momentum:

Dimensional Equation: Equation using base units to check formula validity.

4. Exercise Questions and Answers

 1. Multiple Choice Questions

a. The SI unit of force is:

(c) Newton

b. Which is not a fundamental unit?

(b) Newton

c. Which of the following is a vector quantity?

(d) Force
d. Which is the derived unit?

(b) Joule

e. Which quantity is measured in kg·m/s²?

(a) Force

f. Which quantity does not involve time?

(b) Area

g. Which instrument is used to measure force?

 (c) Spring balance

h. Which of the following is the correct dimensional formula of force?

(a) [MLT ²]

2. Differences

a) Mass vs Weight

Mass Weight
Quantity of matter Force due to gravity

Scalar Vector

Unit: kg Unit: N

b) Balanced vs Unbalanced Force

Balanced Force Unbalanced Force

Net force is zero Net force is not zero

No motion change Causes motion/change

c) Contact vs Non-contact Force

Contact Force Non-contact Force

Needs physical contact Acts from a distance

Eg: Friction Eg: Gravitational force

3. Very Short Answer Type

a. What is force?

Force is a push or pull that changes or tries to change the state of an object.
b. What is the SI unit of force?

Newton (N)

c. Define one Newton.

One Newton is the force that produces 1 m/s² acceleration in a mass of 1 kg.

d. What is inertia?

Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist change in its state of rest or motion.

e. What is momentum?
 Product of mass and velocity.

f. What is dimensional formula?

Expression of physical quantity in terms of base units.

g. What is the unit of mass?

Kilogram (kg)

h. What is the formula of force?

i. What is the instrument used to measure force?

Spring balance

j. Write the dimensional formula of momentum.

[MLT ¹]

k. Write two vector quantities.

Force, Acceleration

l. Give two examples of non-contact force.

Gravitational force, Magnetic force

 4. Short Answer Type Questions

a. What are fundamental units? Give examples.

Fundamental units are basic units like metre (m), second (s), kilogram (kg).

b. What are derived units? Give examples.

Units derived from base units. Eg: m/s, N, J

c. State Newton’s Second Law.

Force = mass × acceleration

d. What are vector and scalar quantities?

Vector: Has magnitude and direction (e.g. force)

Scalar: Only magnitude (e.g. mass)

e. Define friction. Write its advantages.

Opposing force during motion.

Advantage: Helps in walking, writing.

f. Why are SI units used worldwide?

For standardization, accuracy, and simplicity.

g. State Newton’s third law.

For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction.

h. What is dimensional analysis?

Process of checking formula accuracy via units.

i. Write two applications of dimensional analysis.

Checking correctness, Deriving formulas

j. Define moment of force.

Turning effect. Moment = Force × Distance

k. What is variable? Write its types.

Variable: Any factor that can change.

Types: Independent, Dependent, Controlled

l. Define inertia and types.

Inertia = resistance to change.

Types: of rest, motion, direction

m. Define weight and write its formula.

Weight = mass × gravity

n. Why do passengers fall backward when bus starts suddenly?

Due to inertia, their body resists change.

o. State law of conservation of momentum.

Total momentum before and after collision is constant.

### **5. Long Answer Type Questions (Detailed Explanations)**

#### **a) Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)**

**Statement:**
"An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force."

**Explanation:**

- **Inertia:** The tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.

- **Example:**

- *Book on a table:* Remains stationary until a force (e.g., a push) is applied.

- *Passenger in a moving bus:* Falls backward when the bus accelerates suddenly due to inertia of rest.

**Key Points:**

- Introduces the concept of inertia.

- Fundamental to understanding motion and force.

---

#### **b) Newton's Second Law of Motion (F = ma)**

**Statement:**

"The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass."

**Derivation:**

1. \( F \propto a \) (for constant mass).

2. \( F \propto m \) (for constant acceleration).

3. Combining: \( F \propto m \times a \) \( F = k \cdot m \cdot a \).

- *k = 1* in SI units \( F = m \cdot a \).

**Example:**

- A 2 kg object accelerates at 3 m/s²:

\( F = 2 \, \text{kg} \times 3 \, \text{m/s}^2 = 6 \, \text{N} \).

**Key Points:**

- Quantifies force as mass × acceleration.

- SI unit of force: **Newton (N)** = kg·m/s².

---
#### **c) Newton's Third Law of Motion (Action-Reaction)**

**Statement:**

"For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction."

**Explanation:**

- Forces always occur in pairs.

- **Example:**

- *Rocket launch:* Exhaust gases push downward (action), rocket moves upward (reaction).

- *Walking:* Foot pushes backward on the ground (action), ground pushes forward (reaction).
**Key Points:**

- Forces act on *different* objects.

- Explains propulsion, collisions, and everyday motion.

---

#### **d) Law of Conservation of Momentum**

**Definition:**

"In the absence of external forces, the total momentum of a system remains constant before and after a collision."

**Derivation:**
For two objects colliding:

\[

m_1u_1 + m_2u_2 = m_1v_1 + m_2v_2

\]

- \( u \): Initial velocity; \( v \): Final velocity.

**Example:**

- *Elastic collision:* Two billiard balls exchange momentum but total momentum is conserved.

**Key Points:**

- Applies to isolated systems.

- Foundation for analyzing collisions.

---

#### **e) Types of Inertia**

1. **Inertia of Rest:**

- *Example:* Dust falls off a beaten carpet (carpet moves, dust resists motion).

2. **Inertia of Motion:**

- *Example:* Passengers jerk forward when a car brakes suddenly.

3. **Inertia of Direction:**

- *Example:* Swirling water in a bucket stays in circular motion due to inertia.

**Key Points:**

- Inertia depends on mass (greater mass greater inertia).

---

#### **f) Friction: Types, Pros, and Cons**

**Types:**

1. **Static Friction:** Prevents motion (e.g., gripping shoes on ground).

2. **Sliding Friction:** Opposes moving objects (e.g., sled on snow).

3. **Rolling Friction:** Acts on rolling objects (e.g., bicycle wheels).

**Advantages:**

- Enables walking, writing, and driving.

**Disadvantages:**

- Causes wear and tear (e.g., engine parts).

- Wastes energy as heat.

---

#### **g) Fundamental vs. Derived Units**

| **Fundamental Units** | **Derived Units** |

|-----------------------|-------------------|

| Basic (e.g., m, kg, s) | Combinations (e.g., N = kg·m/s²) |

| Independent | Depend on fundamental units |

**Example:**

- *Speed:* Derived from distance (m) and time (s) m/s.

---

#### **h) Variables in Experiments**

- **Independent (IV):** Changed intentionally (e.g., light intensity).

- **Dependent (DV):** Measured outcome (e.g., plant growth).

- **Controlled (CV):** Kept constant (e.g., soil type).

**Example:**

- *IV:* Type of fertilizer.

- *DV:* Plant height.

- *CV:* Water amount, sunlight.

---
#### **i) Dimensional Analysis**

**Purpose:**

- Validates equations (e.g., \( F = ma \) [MLT ²]= [MLT ²]).

- Converts units (e.g., km to m).

**Limitations:**

- Cannot verify dimensionless constants (e.g., π in \( C = 2πr \)).

---

#### **j) SI System Importance**

- **Standardization:** Ensures consistency globally.

- **Applications:** Used in science, engineering, and trade.

---

### **Key Takeaways for Exams:**

1. **Newton’s Laws:** Memorize statements and real-life examples.

2. **Units:** Differentiate fundamental vs. derived (see tables).

3. **Variables:** IV/DV/CV with clear examples.

4. **Dimensional Analysis:** Practice verifying equations.