RajaRajeswari College of

Engineering
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Govt. of Karnataka, Affiliated to
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)

Sponsored by: MOOGAMBIGAI CHARITABLE AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST

Department of Computer Science and

Engineering(CSE- IOT)

LAB MANUAL
ON
(INTERNET OF THINGS)

2023-24(2022 Scheme)

Prepared by

Mrs. Smitha M S

M.Tech
Asst. Professor
 Syllabus
Course Code: BCOL404 Semester: 4
 Practical 1
Controlling the Light Emitting Diode (LED)

with a push button.

Introduction: Push-button is a very simple mechanism which is used to
control electronic signal either by blocking it or allowing it to pass. This
happens when mechanical pressure is applied to connect two points of the
switch together. Push buttons or switches connect two points in a circuit
when pressed. When the push-button is released, there is no connection
between the two legs of the push-button. Here it turns on the built-in LED on
pin 11 when the button is pressed. The LED stays ON as long as the button is
being pressed.

LED Specifications

Pin definition
Long pin +5V

Short pin GND

Push Button

Specifications:

Size 6 x 6 x 5mm

Temperature -30 ~ +70 Centigrade

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

LED 1

Push Button 1

220Ω resistor 1

10KΩ resistor 1

USB Cable 1
 Breadboard 1

Jumper wires Several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working
1. Insert the push button into your breadboard and connect it to the
digital pin 7(D7) which act as INPUT.
2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg (the longer
leg) to digital pin 11 of the Arduino Uno, and the negative leg via the
220-ohm resistor to GND. The pin D11 is taken as OUTPUT.
3. The 10kΩ resistor used as PULL-UP resistor and 220 Ω resistors is
used to limit the current through the LED.
4. Upload the code as given below.
 5. Press the push-button to control the ON state of LED.

The Sketch
 This sketch works by setting pin D7 as for the push button as INPUT
and pin 11 as an OUTPUT to power the LED.
 The initial state of the button is set to OFF.
 After that the run a loop that continually reads the state from the
pushbutton and sends that value as voltage to the LED. The LED will
be ON accordingly.

/****************Pressing Button LED*****/

const int buttonPin = 7; // choose the pin for the pushbutton
const int ledPin = 11; // choose the pin for a LED
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton pin status
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare LED as output
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // declare pushbutton as input
}
void loop()
{
buttonState = digitalRead(button Pin); // read input value
if (buttonState == HIGH)
{ // check if the input is HIGH (button pressed)
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED ON
 }
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED OFF}}

Observation Table:

Sr no. Push button State LED State

Precautions:
1. The pushbutton is square so it is important to set it appropriately on
breadboard.
2. While making the connections make sure to use a pull-down resistor
because directly connecting two points of a switch to the circuit will
leave the input pin in floating condition and circuit may not work
according to the program.
3. It is very important to set pinMode() as OUTPUT first before using
digitalWrite() function on that pin.
4. If you do not set the pinMode() to OUTPUT, and connect an LED to a
pin, when calling digitalWrite(HIGH), the LED may appear dim.
 Practical 2
Interfacing of the Active Buzzer
with Arduino.
Introduction:
A piezo buzzer is a type of electronic device that’s used to produce beeps
and tones. The working principle of the device is piezoelectric effect. The
main component of this device is a piezo crystal, which is a special material
that changes shape when a voltage applied to it. The active buzzer will only
generate sound when it will be electrified. It generates sound at only one
frequency. This buzzer operates at an audible frequency of about 2 KHz.

Specifications:

Specification Range

VoltageRange 3.3-5V

Frequency 2KHz
 Pin Name Description

Positive Identified by (+) symbol or longer terminal

lead. Can be powered by 6V DC

Negative Identified by short terminal lead. Typically

connected to the ground of the circuit

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

Buzzer / piezo 1
speaker

220-ohm resistors 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working:
Connect the Supply wire (RED) of the buzzer to the Digital Pin 9 of the
Arduino through a 100-ohm resistor.
Connect the Ground wire (BLACK) of the buzzer to any Ground Pin on the
Arduino.
Upload the code
Observe the changes in the pitch and volume of the buzzer.
Sketch:
This sketch works by setting pin D9 as for the control the buzzer. After that
the run a loop that continually sends that value as voltage high or low to the
D9 using the function digitalWrite( ). The voltage value and the tone
generated from the buzzer will vary accordingly.
/****Musical buzzer****/
int buzzer = 9; //the pin of the active buzzer
void setup()
{
pinMode (buzzer,OUTPUT); //initialize the buzzer pin as an output
}
void loop(){
unsigned char i;
while(1){
//output a frequency
for(i=0;i<80;i++)
{
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(1); //wait for 1ms
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(1); //wait for 1ms
}
//output another frequency
for(i=0;i<100;i++){
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(2); //wait for 2ms
 digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(2); //wait for 2ms
}
}
}

Observation:

Sr. no. Change the value Frequency of tone

3
 Practical 3
Controlling the LED blink rate with the
potentiometer interfacing with Arduino
Introduction: A potentiometer is a variable resistor with a knob that
allows altering the resistance of the potentiometer. The potentiometer
manipulates a continuous analog signal, which represents physical
measurements. The potentiometer is used with Arduino to control the blink
rate of the LED. The potentiometer is an adjustable resistor, and its
operating principle is shown in the following figure:

Hardware Required:

Component Quantity

Arduino Uno 1

Bread board 1

220Ω current limiting resistor 1

 5mm LED 1

10KΩ Potentiometer 1

Jumper Wires Several

Supporting USB data cable 1

Working Diagram:

Steps of working
1. Insert the potentiometer into your breadboard and connect its center
pin to the analog pin A2 and the remaining pin to GND on the
breadboard.
 2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg (the longer
leg) to pin 13 of the Arduino via the 220-ohm resistor, and the
negative leg to GND.
3. Upload the code as given below.
4. Turn the potentiometer to control the brightness of the LED and move
the position of pin 2 by rotating the knob, changing the resistance
value from pin 2 to both ends.
5. Observe the changes in the blinking rate of the LED.

The Sketch
This sketch works by setting pin A2 as for the potentiometer and pin 9 as an
OUTPUT to power the LED. After that the run a loop that continually reads
the value from the potentiometer and sends that value as voltage to the LED.
The voltage value is between 0–5 volts, and the brightness of the LED will
vary accordingly.

Observation Table:

Sr. no. Voltage Light Intensity

5
 Practical 4
Interfacing of temperature sensor
LM35 with Arduino
Introduction: The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature devices with an output voltage linearly proportional to the
Centigrade temperature. LM35 is three terminal linear temperature sensors
from National semiconductors. It can measure temperature from -55 degree
Celsius to +150 degree Celsius. The voltage output of the LM35 increases
10mV per degree Celsius rise in temperature. LM35 can be operated from a
5V supply and the stand by current is less than 60uA. The pin out of LM35
is shown in the figure below.
Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

Lm35 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires Several

Connection Diagram:
Steps of working
1. Insert the temperature sensor into your breadboard and connect its
pin1 to the supply.
2. Connect its center pin to the analog pin A0 and the remaining pin3 to
GND on the breadboard.
3. Upload the code as given below.
4. Vary the temperature and read the voltage changes.
5. Open the Arduino IDE’s serial monitor to see the results.

The Sketch
This sketch works by setting pin A0 as for the temperature sensor. After that
the run a loop that continually reads the value from the sensor and sends that
value as voltage. The voltage value is between 0–5 volts, when temperature
will vary accordingly.
/*************File name: LM 35 Temperature Sensor.ino Description: Lit
LM35 Temperature Sensor, let Precision Temperature sensor***/
int LM35Pin=A0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);}
void loop ()
{int val;
int data;
val = analogRead(LM35Pin);
data= (val*5)/10;
Serial.print(“Temp:”);
Serial.print(data);
 Serial.println(“C”);
delay(500);
}

Observation Table:

Sr. Voltage Temperature

no.

Practical 5
 Interfacing of the Relay with Arduino.
Introduction:
Relay is an electromagnetic switch, which is controlled by small current, and
used to switch ON and OFF relatively much larger current. Means by
applying small current we can switch ON the relay which allows much
larger current to flow.

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

5V Relay 1
 USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working:
1. The relay module connected with three pins. We will connect the
relay module with Arduino in the normally open state. The black one
of relay is usually the ground. Connect this to the Arduino GND.
2. Connect the red wire of relay module to 5V of the Arduino.
3. Connect the signal pin of relay module to a digital pin 6 of the Arduino.
4. Upload the code
 5. Observe the clicking sound of the relay that states the ON and OFF
constantly.

Sketch:

This sketch works by setting 5V supply pin of Arduino as for the control of
relay module. After that the run a loop that continually sends that value as
voltage to the D6 with the delay given.

// Arduino Relay Control Code

Int relayPin=6;
#define interval 2000
void setup() {
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH);
delay(interval);
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW);
delay(interval);
}

Observations:

Sr. No. Delay Relay Status

2
 Practical 6
Directional control of stepper Motor with the
Arduino
 Practical 7
Building Intrusion Detection System with
Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor

Introduction:
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that
monitors a network or systems for malicious activity
Ultrasonic Sensors: The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to
determine the distance of an object just like the bats do. It offers excellent
non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an
easy- to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. It comes
complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module. The ultrasonic
sensor uses the reflection of sound in obtaining the time between the wave
sent and the wave received. It usually sent a wave at the transmission
terminal and receives the reflected waves. The time taken is used together
with the normal speed of sound in air (340ms-1) to determine the distance
between the sensor and the obstacle. The Ultrasonic sensor is used here for
the intruder detection. The sound via a buzzer occurs when an object comes
near to the sensor. The distance to which the sensor will respond can be
easily adjusted in the program.
Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

Red LED 1

Green LED 1

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic 1
Sensor

Buzzer 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working
1. Insert the Ultrasonic sensor into your breadboard and connect its Echo
pin to the digital pin 2 and the Trigger pin to digital pin 3 of the
Arduino.
2. Insert the RED and Green LED into the breadboard. Attach the
positive leg (the longer leg) of red LED to signal pin of the Buzzer via
the 220- ohm resistor, and the negative leg to GND. The green LED is
connected to digital pin 8 of the Arduino.
3. Upload the code.
4. Observe the LEDs and take some object in front of ultrasonic sensor.
5. Observe the changes in the LED and buzzer sound.
The Sketch
This sketch works by setting pin 2 as for the ultrasonic sensors and pin 8,
pin9 & pin 10 as an OUTPUT to power the LEDs and buzzer. After that the
run a loop that continually reads the value from the echo pin and sends that
value as voltage to the LEDs. The color of the LED which glows will vary
accordingly to the detection of object in the given range.
/**********Intrusion Detection******/
#define echo 2
#define trig 3
#define outA 8 // Red LED
#define outB 9 // Green LED
#define outC 10 // Buzzer
float duration; // time taken by the pulse to return back
float distance; // one way distance travelled by the pulse
const int intruderDistance = 10; // the minimum distance up to which the
sensor is able to sense any object
void setup() {
pinMode(trig, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo, INPUT);
pinMode(outA, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(outA, LOW);
pinMode(outB, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(outB, LOW);
pinMode(outC, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(outC, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
 }
void loop() {
time_Measurement();
distance = (float)duration * (0.0343) / 2;
// calculate the one way distance travelled by the pulse
Serial.println(distance);
alarm_condition();
}
void time_Measurement()
{ // function to measure the time taken by the pulse to return back
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echo, HIGH);
}
void alarm_condition()
{ //function to execute the output commands based on the sensor
input
if(distance<=intruderDistance)
{

digitalWrite(outA,HIGH);
digitalWrite(outB,LOW);
analogWrite(outC,200);}
else
{
 digitalWrite(outA,LOW);
digitalWrite (outB, HIGH);
analogWrite (outC,0);
}
}

Observation Table:

Sr no. Object Detected LED Buzzer

2
 Practical 8
Directional Control of the DC motor using
Arduino
Introduction:
A DC motor (Direct Current motor) is the most common type of motor. DC
motors normally have just two leads, one positive and one negative. If you
connect these two leads directly to a battery, the motor will rotate. If you
switch the leads, the motor will rotate in the opposite direction.

Specification

Pin Description

GND common ground for both the motor and logic

5V positive voltage that powers the servo

Control Input for the control system.

 The control wire is used to communicate the angle. The angle is determined
by the duration of a pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is called
Pulse Coded Modulation. The servo expects to see a pulse every 20
milliseconds (.02 seconds). The length of the pulse will determine how far
the motor turns. A 1.5 millisecond pulse, for example, will make the motor
turn to the 90-degree position (often called as the neutral position). If the
pulse is shorter than 1.5 milliseconds, then the motor will turn the shaft
closer to 0 degrees. If the pulse is longer than 1.5 milliseconds, the shaft
turns closer to 180 degrees.

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

DC motor 1

RGB LED 1

Push button 1

10k-ohm resistor 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection diagram:

Steps of working
1. The servo motor has a female connector with three pins. The darkest
or even black one is usually the ground. Connect this to the Arduino
GND.
2. Connect the power cable that in all standards should be red to 5V on
the Arduino.
3. Connect the remaining line on the servo connector to a digital pin on
the Arduino.
4. Upload the code
5. Observe the position of the shaft.

The Sketch
This sketch works by setting pin A2 as for the potentiometer and pin 9 as an
OUTPUT to power the LED. After that the run a loop that continually reads
the value from the potentiometer and sends that value as voltage to the LED.
The voltage value is between 0–5 volts, and the brightness of the LED will
vary accordingly.

/******** DC Motor Direction control by RGB******/

const int inputPin=1;
const int blue=3;
const int red=4;
const int motorPin1=5,motorPin2=6;
int dir=LOW;
int prevState=0,currentState=0;
void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(inputPin,INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
currentState=digitalRead(inputPin); if(currentState!
=prevState)
{
if(currentState==HIGH)
{ dir=!dir;
 }
}
prevState=currentState;
if(dir==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
}
}

Observation Table:

Sr no. Voltage Position of Shaft

5
 Practical 9
To Upload Dht11 Sensor Data to cloud
using Arduino