Unut 1 Inheritance *Kkx* Inheritance concept:Inherirance Concept Inheritance is the mechanism of deriving new class from old one, old class is knows as superclass and ne} class is known as subelass. The subclass inherits all of its instances variables and methods defined by t superclass and it also adds its own unique elements, Thus we can say that subclass are specialized versio ofsuperclass, Def: Creating a new class from already existing Benefits of Java’s Inheritance class is called inheritance 1, Reusability of code 2. Code Sharing 3. Contisency in nsing an interfaceThe process of deriving a new class from already existing class is known as inheritance. * In OOP'S the concept of inheritance provides reusability, this means we can add additional features to an existing class without modifying it. * The old class or existing class is known as base/parent/super class. 2 ( / ( \ * The new class is called child/derived/sub class. a ZA Types of Inheritance : Inheritance is classified in to the following forms. Tt STS 1. “Single Inheritance. 3. Multilevel Inheritance. 4.” Hierarchical Inheritance. 5. Hybrid Inheritance.1.Single Inheritance:fF ; ie Base Class . | a | Derived Class- / dhe Sporto narne | i ~~ j a le Subdan e% SP ‘| boa Ny Wty)F programe: I mpet yaya Lavy x; Class One i Inb es Yoid gta A zl00; So plac" x Value =" $22; 3 } Class Too exlendly one Int y, total: Void actyc) =o; Sap ("9 all Single Inheritance Void Som t tol = atI, $0 ple Cl pAddiie.="+ PHY, \3 \clags 7 be v m CShing aresli) Tao by = KOO fwocd, | oby gsxr: J by gehyeo: ob) Sun,2. Multilevel inheritance:* Multilevel Inheritance : The process of deriving a new class from already derived Ale LN Aa class is known as multilevel inheritance. Base Class Derived Class Derived Classprogram: Mel Irae jee lang. 5 loss Sup Int xX 5 void gto? x= 1007 i S-o-ple Cla values" +705 t 5 Class Sab extends Sup t mgs Void GeO) = 2005 ° ‘ PC "values" + y): Tnherstance Ke “Subs extends Soi tot; Void added £ tel = Ate Soph (" tee = b+ tet Dy Int NP J x | class ME | | tg. vem Steg args I) c Sub) 3 Sub, obs Kew Subr0d: Ob}. te > a Vue; Gab 7 oby- add CD; ok: es ) } ] “t [Moo 1 [log gen ) ae seed J BS get oa = (00 / Laka we3. Hierarchical inheritance:* Hierarchical Inheritance : The process of deriving more than one derived class from only base class is called Aierarchical inheritance. f t }, Hierorclicnf Inhearctoance g 4 Sapa hon, cess ~ Spucton y = Sub | Ea . Coss Sab) extends Spr tor { ih an Saba exdoncds x chee } ad £ I)programe: = Hierxarclice{ Inheritance (mprr jos ; Leng x, ass Sabo extenc S4P Class Sop \ Int S53 ' id MinwoDd Iinmt x, oO Y vc a ZH Void gekayo sfacy; [sabe] t R=loo, | Soplnc" Mines =" 465° y a) \ 5 = 50) | 3 / 5 3 > obj, j class Hi os Closs Sub, extends Sap PS.v. AC Shang aryse yY [seas = — _ 7 5 Som GB oat ImF Som + Suby ok) = he see : - Noid add “) Subr2 ob2 = vena) M4BICD | 5 hyo bry. aed aged, \™ Sums x+y) Obs ys 9279 ' 4 aby GURYO | So PaC Addition =" + Som); a eta, } Ob) 2- Minuscd & 3 3 a we4. Multiple Inheritance:"© Multiple Inheritance : The process of deriving a new class from more than one bag ii AD ee — class. ————— Base ClassSy ntax: / Multple Teri tance Tn beh face i WI Sub ji) SeoPpr Sup 2 ton plments sake gate ( Pp Cop, ee xr~zle Sepy , Lop eeL Msp Trhesi fance pw y aR Lg my = . interface Sop Ko pe y ; pole Ana Link A= lo, E-pd [snl | pabhe abstract wid gree | j fntafre Sop ubke inl int jar pric abstract void gry O- J Class vad Som) ate onc paditios =" + (449) )5 | : Class cub anplerments Sup) » Se Ck ae ~ \ \|class mi RE void quae) | : ' ' ; ting argtl J % fe fog pln" Value + %): aw m (thing ogi J) “cub obj = Kew) SabO>5—/ Void ge Sr que, Sc t 1 "l & aco: 9° i buple Cy Vala +29, } oes Me neay 35 Hybrid inheritance:* Hybrid Inheritance : The process of deriving a new class involve in more than one form of+ jtance is called hybrid inheritance. poe ee nee cny Single Inheritance ~----- ' ‘ ' t ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ’ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ' 4 were eee 5-- ee Multiple Inheritance Y Bee ee a ee ee en et* Hybid Snhewlanee + Hypid Inheslawa it We combination ob bola Single and Multiple Iuhenlawce» It is nd divedly Suppotad in java ovly thrngh tbivfacet we can achieve this a I Nolet A clase member Wat has been daclavad ag privale will vemain Pavale te ts class. TE is net accessible by oy code vutede it: class, eludivg cubclascos.Examples t- ¥ Single Inhevilance frample class A { voick déepN) f : a class A 5 System cout pri alla decp method i clase B extends A t void displ? U' dsp aetnod oh class BD system seul paella public static void main (SM4g avgst 3) { Bw behew BO; oh clots A sep ner caethed dak clos & foe dispAOs Healt co ria disp BU; coll dar Be § coukpl t+ qovee 6. Jere jova & disp wathod a class A matted cf clots 6 y melbs diyx mall level Duhevilance Examole. class A { void disp C> { gysttn souks pinkln (dich watfad de clatt A‘): i class RB evlands A £ P. Scanned by ¢ Noid disp) t cystew-cuks prindla Cdesp method ob class BY; q I Class cC evlends B £ void despCe> souk. pvintn U" des p methad of clevs cy System q public Stakte void main (shang avg) { Co cznew CO; ce disphOd3 Meal dir AO tb clas A ee desp@crs Meatl dise8O oh close ce disp C095 Meoll drepce? oh Clas € i ! utp: gavae C-Jova eva ¢ disp method & claw A disp mellud ak class B disp method eh clu |Hevorehical Snhewilance Example. class A i public void ispAc) “ye * shen cate pa disp method & class A‘) 1 } " class extends Ai Fs ge en f 1 public void tespRt> 8 yale wouk- prinkla C ep welhed a class B'S 7? Pre Scanned by Cam class C enlaudys A { public void dtspce? Syitang cout pantle Ccletp motted ob clots ¢°)5 4 } close D enlands A t public void dapoO system sok prinkle c j f class HIwheuilance t public slatte void main (Shaw avgst]) { B be new BO; b. disp BO, be desp ACD; t ” disp method eb clos DB"): C ce new CO) c.dicp CO, ce. dicpady; D denew DO; ds desppor, d-cltspAly, i 3 outpal- qovoc HSukevilant - Java qeva tinhe wlowce. disp meted of clatr B . dip wadhed chee A I vdcsp methed cb chic disp melted ok clase A dice method ok close D drip melhed ob clo“ AMember Access:% Access Modifiers (of) Membey access Tuk in gave. s- specifies aece ssibilily (seepe) The access med-fers in Java ck a data mambev, melliod, conttucly oY classe Theve ave Ulgpes A access modifier Mm Save 1. prvalé 2. default 2. protected 4. public \s_privalé ble oly Within clots. The privala access modifier is accessi Example: class A { privale ink dala = 40; privale void sgt) { system out: print U Hello Java"); I ? public closs Simple t public Sladie Void main (sting ovgita) { A okj= Mew ALY Syctem souk. ponthc hj: dake): obj. mtg 005 output Jovee Seple Tova } Compile Time Evo i compile Time Evrar Tn The obeve example , kle hove crated woo Classes “A and Simple. Clos: ‘A’ coWlains privale dala member avd private mallind. mle ave accessing Iete private mewbevs ftom outside te clase,So theve ic compile Ome error,2. defaulki- Ty yo default, The dafartl modicfen it accastible don't use any mobefer, it it Feated as defautk by avly Within pacttage: Exorple + Gnthis enampe, Mehave ¢ W Sove. by paexage pacnls wo packages pact! aud pack 24] rad feel He ave accessing the Adef class void mgd trom culude il’s paccoye » £0 it] cnn be postiable ‘te acco dom subside the pacteage wlith dufaullk accets waders t Syslim souk. pinky (* Hetle”).” 3 4 I Seve by Belef javo Package pack » import pack. %} Class Bde table slate void main (Shing avgsca) t Ade} obj= new AdefOrs compile Tene Eval obje rasgh>; Compile Trese Evrel i eotyl: Jovac Belef+jove Compile Time E700. class Ade { void MG O$ System oub. prnth Helle"); F I clas gdetd public Stabte void main (Sing aygs 63) f Adel oly = new Ada; Obj. isqer; 1 eulp ever Gdet dove i qova Reh Hello. Scanned by CamScanneruy. pebble t ‘The public accets modifier is accessible everytlheve « Th hos tke wides Scope smeny all offiey modifiers. Example s- Package pack ; public class x Hoon by Kedeve { public void mgt) Hetlo’),” { . System ouk- printla 4 package — Mypotk; import pat «7 Ise by Yo clos y t public slakte void main (Shing avgslJ) t \ x objs mew XC oby« IG); pull: govoc -d + X-deve 3 toy qevor -d * Y- dove j b yevaaymuke ¥ Udlo Let's ‘underslanol Th. cess mod:fvers -by single table Access Within Wilkin, oukti — fle et ea Set al cob pactoe| Defaull y .y profecteat y y ~ 7 public y v ad Y asl y- yes, =o. Scanned by CamScannerConstructors:Constructors * Constructor is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object. * Constructor is invoked at the time of object creation, It constructs the values i.e. provides data for the object that is why it is known as constructor. Rules for creating Constructor ‘There are basically two rules defined for the constructor. 1. Constructor name must be same as its class name 2. Constructor must have no explicit return type Types of Constructors There are two types of constructors: 1. default constructor (no-arg constructor) 114 a Java Programming | 115 2. parameterized constructor Types of Constructor 1) defaultconstructor 2) parameterized constructorConsteater Reales O) Same as ats rane Q) No azetrntype @ Automabkey CalledDinan Constradet iM\eobe Impet jave Lang x des 10 1 class Robo P 6éoVv manCShG args 1) t é InP x» ag? tote 5 \ Robo ob) = hw Raboc> 3 | SS , Roloc > //cCorsputo” ob) SumOD 5 Corsten t % = \00, 3 Y = 200; 3 } . Void Som cy method ob) é H [eS fu fot a *4Y; keg bey Bs So ply ("Sum= "4 Toto); seemcanst es | =eTiewt gut chao [jut eb Constr + Default constructor + pavamelén ned conthudér * Bafoubk concludd t= A conthuder thak Move Me? pavamnl” is lenaan of defatt Conshudiv » ceuat B provical daoutt vodues 5 on oljek Exaenplt !- clacs DefaultConsl> t Defaultcouly oo Contianctar method 50/60 { system souks printha C Default Conshuilay rated called J t public slakic void rnain (Stang vgs) { Defoulk Contr dex new DefoullConsh 7 j audpul* yovae DefeulkConsle- Jove i Jove Defoullcons pelovlt Conctuilor wnethodl called +Defounlt Constructor Rules [ Contax O Came ab Claiinarce i s No redo type. templet caAlU 9 = Hy,_ - a _ - AS tubo Ey il 1 Default constructor: Des foul £ Const tucter Tmpesh java lang * eines De | } os Robe \p Soy AC ohng ert) wn , b, tote 5 \f | Into oa , \pabe ob} = =nNeo i | Rober 2 if Defoe ey | ob) Gummo), A=zlo; y b=20; 3 Void Sumcy { i tetaloath; ta bo ae Sophcteme" td, 8 Bo) : j } | . Ses |+ paromeliviaed cons leudéy s- 9 A pova melavized contador 6 a conskudoy, thak has poromelivs. (ov) A contactor thak have pavamelevt iy Known ot pavameleri Xaol conthuuty + > This isuiad fo provide deHevent volues te The distind object. pyaenple So gn The ebllosing —enample , ble na gfubuli Coss Mak hava hoo pavomeleve. ce eymalad the conthucley ob Scanned by CamSca ss slodauls ( ink ids Stang name; Shadowli Cink 1, sing 9) Il povowtelivited Coo { id= Name = f void despa 6) 1/ Me hod [ System souk-pantls C tha‘ "+name)? I public stadie” vod main ( Shug avgstt) { huslov Shida siz new Slidewls (501, "mocthe"); Stideuli = new sladewk (sir,“ Hew!) Sle disploy er; $2. + despley ors ] outpuls> fava gladewli -jeve jova students S21 Modhy cn Hew2 parameterized constructor: | - tags Moke a Rebo apd yom (Shr ouwrggc 3 ) Int % Z \o : Baise ob}, = nec “Robatio’s, ue ms 4S] p<. Robo aby = neo Rabon C9): | haa * a axe? = neo Roboo } iy sd plen sag 2 “SAS oO Void displayc) a ge | f 2) | S.o-pla "y=" +2); 4 x pone 1 apo) | Aga.Difference between constructor and method Constructor Method ialize the state of an (Constructor is used to object. [Method is used to expose behaviour of an object. pPonseuer must not have return type. [rested ‘must have return type. [Constructor is invoked implicitly. ‘Method is invoked explicitly, ‘java compiler provides a default constructor if you dont have any constructor. [Method is not provided by compiler in any case. [Constructor name must he sime as the class Method name may or may not he sam fname. name,Creating Multilevel Hierarchy:1. Creating Multilevel Hierarchy Create multilevel hierarchy Itis nothing but the enhancement of the Simple Inheritance. From the type name it is pretty much clear that Inheritance is done at ‘n” numnber of levels, witere 121. In simple inheritance, a subclass or derived class derives the properties from its parent class} but in multilevel inheritance, 2 subclass is derived from a derived class. One class inherits the only single chiss. ‘Therefore, in multilevel inheritance, every time ladder increases by one. The lowermost class will have the properties of all the superclass. [crassa] [css] [cece 5]Super Uses:1 Super Uses super keyword in java The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class object. ‘Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is‘ereated implicitly which is referred by super reference variable Usage of java super Keyword 1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instance variable. 2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent elass method. 3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent class constructor. The use of super keyword 1) super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable. We can use super keyword to access the data member or field of parent clas Itis used if parent class and child class have same fields. 2) super can be used to invoke parent class method ‘The super keyword can also be used to invoke parent class method, It should be used if subclass contains the same method as parent class. In other words, it is used if method is overridden,Super : im Import jove- lang. *> CUess me Supa class class Robe é int 2S / P é OneCimr a) ps m (Shing acd) AHAl é 5 aie aby = new TH ¢(10,/20); 3 \ obj. splay O- Class Tuo extends One || SobClon 5 Into og; j Two Cimt a, int 6) 7 Super a) 5 . 2 4 3 J=P: th a) Voted display ©) Vaid deeply C Sorpln( X49): |Using Final with Inheritance:1. Using Final with Inheritance The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many conte: Final can be: © xatiable final is a keyword it cannot be change once created «= method * class ifa variable is made as final it cannot change its value ifa method is made as final it cannot override it. Ifa class is made as final it cannot be extended by another class Program to demonstrate using final with inheritance final class A } Class Bextends A //error since A is final we can’t inherit { void display() { System.out.printIn("demo on final"); } public static void main(String args{]){ Bobj=new BQ); Obj.display(); ) }Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism : kKJava Programming | 164 ib Forearm hoc polymorphism Polymorphism in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways. Polymorphism is derived from 2 Greek words: poly and morphs. The word "poly" means many and “morphs" means forms. So polymorphism means many forms. ‘There are two types of polymorphism in Java: 1, Compile-time polymorphism or Ad hoc polymorphism 2. Runtime polymorphism. Or Pure polymorphism Polymorphism Polymorphism {Dynamic or Late Binding) ‘We can perform polymorphism in java by method overloading and method overriding. If you overload a static method in Java, it is the example of compile time polymorphism. 164, folymor phase _polymerphism fi eat " Py 7 re as duns ocia “f Pay 1, 7 merphs”, talich means many forms. oa meplism 04 The ability of a messege th be dispbyed fo moran one I Static or compile Hime pelymarphitm i= re iy achieved prigvammatically by Function ovetleacling or i s, ism 3-. ae Ver (oacli ws A. dynamic or Runtime pelymevphicm sa ty achieved Programmatically by function aiiasileng ” aloual she Ke Some dats wsiling T CVirbual Function) Function ovarleacing s- within The oe wilting Two or move Cunck, At Sam a . oe oventescind digest ignatiret. Cytoug, Pornmetere, prunes anenias’ ea ator Overloading '— the abil; Ty provide ‘The epevaters wilh a Special Meani sy abd ones eG is a as Ppevaler overloading. r "gfe a aefitype, thes Function ovatiding t - function overriding occurs tuhon a Derived cless het a definition for tenor cae 7B i, Gate clas. Tah, ne datt function it ald be. wshidden, ome ye he Can have The fame function ™ the base dase of welled its Derive! clatses. Viral Fanchion {= A Virus Function iy membu finction that it dedared within a bate class and % Ye-defined by a devived dass:1. Compile-time polymorphism or Ad hoc polymorphism: Ad hoc polymorphism is also known as function overloading or operator overloading because a polymorphic function can represent a number of unique and potentially different implementations depending on the type of argument it is applied to, ‘The term ad hoc in this context is not intended to be pejorative; it refers simply to the fact that this type of polymorphism is not a fundamental feature of the type system, i)operator overloading: Java also provide option to overload operators. For example, we can make the operator (‘+') for string class to concatenate two strings. We know that this is the addition operator whose task is to add two operands, So a single operator “+" when placed between integer operands, adds them and when placed between string operands, coneatenates them. In java, Only “+” operator can be overloaded: Example on Operator overloading // Java program for Operator overloading class Operatoroverloading { void operator(String strl, String str2) { String s = strl + str2; ‘Systemout.printin("Concatinated String - "+ s); } Void operator(int a, int b) { inte = a+b; System.out.printin("Sum =" + ¢); } J class Main { public static void main(String{] args) { Operatoroverloading obj = new Operatoroverloading (); obj operator(2, 3); obj operator("CMR", "EC");Neen Java Programming | 166 Output: Sum=5 Concatinated String -CMREC ii)Method Overloading: When there are multiple functions with same name but different parameters then these functions are said to be overloaded. Functions can be overloaded by change in number of arguments or/and, change in type of arguments. Overloaded methods are generally used when they conceptually execute the same task but with a slightly different set of parameters. Example on method overloading lass MultiplyFun ( 1 Method with 2 parameter static int Multiply(int a, int b) { return a * b 1 11 Method with 3 parameter static int Multiply(int a, int bint c) { return a * b?¢; } 11 Method with the same name but 2 double parameter static double Multiply(double a, double b) t return a * b; d } class Main ( public static void main(String!| args) ( System. out.printin( MultiplyFun Multiply(2. 4)); System.out printIn(MultiplyFun Multiply(2, 4,2)); System.out.printIn( MultiplyFun Multiply(5.5, 6.3 166Java Programming | 167 Output: 8 16 34.65 Note: we overload static methods we cannot overload methods that differ only by static keyword we overload main() in Java 2, Runtime polymorphism. Or Pure polymorphism. Runtime polymorphism or Dynamic Method Dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than compile-time, In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable, Let’ first understand the upcasting before Runtime Polymorphism. Upcasting If the reference variable of Parent class refers to the object of Child class, it is known as upeasting. SIale=y variable of Object of Feel ea (1s) Child class For example: lass A} 167Java Programming | 168 class B extends A{ } Aasnew BOyhupcasting . Example of Java Runtime Polymorphism In this example, we are creating two classes A and B. B class extends A class and overrides its display (method. We are calling the display (by the reference variable of Parent class. Since it refers (o the subclass object and subclass method overrides the Parent class method, the subclass method is invoked at runtime. Since method invocation is determined by the JVM not compiler, it is known as runtime polymorphism. class A { void display () { System out printin(" A class display "); } J class B extends A { wid display 0 { System.out printin(” B class display } public static void main(String args{]) { A obj = new BO://upcasting obj. display (); J Output: B class display ‘© Less memory space 168 |in } Method OVAloacing - em long 20 = 7 ae ne a ; 5 (3) & ex for compiletime poly or static binding P O.u mS bing args 3) ee aad Ch ar ©) \ ob) = nur Meld) S: o pln ("som =" + (ath); ob} add (10/28) 5 | ob) - adh (20-10, 39-3?)- via add Cnt x, ink 9, int 3) \ ob} aad (10%, 13): Ss. o-pha(" Sum e"4Catytd))5 | Void add CFleot x, Flood 4) | F © 5 op ("sum=' + (x44): } method overloading: with in the same class writin two or more methods with same name but diferent signature or parametersMelhed Oversadand ta Java. er ° ° Oviriding UA Mechanism redefining. te funchonaltly 4 Spades Metked i. Cor) Go the Subclass. y Waiting Tue of mere melieds ‘to Supt ond Sub classed, Such tl tke Melts have Same name and Same Signahites, & Called — 'Melked oversling', > Subdless Methods overtider Supa dass tnectheeu. ‘ > Dymanie palymephicen ov (ate Rimding ex for late binding or dynamic binding or run time polymorphism gets Supecclass Yotd bec So pln Ct Het"); 3 \ Ces Subilis extend Superday \ | jis mbew S$. 0. ping" Fy"): \ VgNeed Ovescang im Javea aa —_— tmpevt jes lang KS oss Sup class Mo { : $inal yet ibe? PS. ve moan Shing argscd? Seo plac" Hat"): t , c Sub obj a new Sebo. ' j - Has cub enlenda Sup obj. reboc): Yofd wboc) 3 S.0- pin ¢c" Bye"); 3 3Method Overriding :Melhed Oversadand Tm Java ——. — Qvariding % a Mechanism redefining the functionality 4 Spades metked Cor) Go tke Subclass. y Wilting Tue er mere melieds to Supt ond Sub classed, Such teh tke Melts have Same name and Same Signahses, & Called —'Melked oversling', > Subdless Methods overtider Supa dass tnecthesu. > Dymanic polymerplicen oY (Ake Rimding ges S Sup eecless Yotd boc) S. opin cc’ Het"); 3 Class = Subelss extomd Suprdean \ { \ \ fia thew } Ss 0- pln" £ye"); \ nyNeed Ovescang im Javea aa —_— tmpevt jes lang KS oss Sup class Mo { : $inal yet ibe? PS. ve moan Shing argscd? Seo plac" Hat"): t , c Sub obj a new Sebo. ' j - Has cub enlenda Sup obj. reboc): Yofd wboc) 3 S.0- pin ¢c" Bye"); 3 3Difference between Static & Dynamic Polymorphism Static Polymorphism Compile time polymorphism or static 1 | polymorphism relates to method overloading. Dynamic Polymorphism Run time polymorphism or dynamic polymorphism or dynamic binding relates to method overriding. Difference between Method overloading and Method overriding Method overloading Method overriding 1 | When a class have same method name with different argument, than it is called method overloading. Method overriding - Method of superclass is overridden in subclass to provide more specific implementation. 2 | Method overloading is generally done in same class but can also be done in SubClass Method overriding is always done in subClass in java. 3 | Both Static and instance method can be overloaded in java. Only instance methods can be overridden in java. Static methods can’t be overridden in java. 4 | Main method can also be overloaded in java Main method can’t be overridden in java, because main is static method and static methods can’t be overridden in java (as mentioned in above point) 5 | private methods can be overloaded in java. private methods can’t be overridden in java, because private methods are not inherited in subClass in java. 6 | final methods can be overloaded in java, final methods can’t be overridden in java, because final methods are not inherited in subClass in java. 7 | Call to overloaded method is bonded at compile time in java. Call to overridden method is bonded at runtime in java. 8 | Method overloading concept is also known as compile time polymorphism or ad hoc Method overriding concept is also known as runtime time polymorphism or pure polymorphism or Dynamic binding in java.Abstract Classes:1. Abstract Classes Abstract class in Java Acclass that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class in java. © It can have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body). © It needs to be extended and its method implemented, It cannot be instantiated. Example abstract class abstract class A. { } Abstract method A method that is declared as abstract and does not have implementation is known as abstract method. boady or code Example abstract method abstract void printStatus()//no body and abstract% Abstr class: Abskradion i a procots ch hiding the aud shawing only dancldualily to the Uses In amolber wy, it Shows only important aud hides the iwlérnal tars PA, example send auth bpe tie text ond Senck the message « Jat dlow't tke etiege delivery deat Keyword, inde menation debils thieg Ip the usew vag Sms, Yo kno infernal procetsing abeub He, . .. ef a class that ic dedavad with ob is tran as abilvade class gave ak conlaint one or MOVE alstrak methods « : <5 an abslade clas cam have obstiout and non abstvack melfieds. pbstraut Mebhed : pes nd Mave a method that is didered af abitrad: and | Yeplementatin is Knson as abstrad method + @r) fan absha method i No body oF implementation « enample abstr void sunt; , abswad- void displayor; Cee te j a wielfod tat dedavad ith eau etal itl” abetead class Bike if, absivaut void Yunly, I a] ai abshrouk class Anionsl . t abskauk void Seubade, me pabshed | void eokor; ., dad oe Scanned by CamScannerA bstrack class ie Import java. Lang *: clay abstcaue dass Robo a Void nmalkad CD Pe Sov on C Shing arr 4 " - £o pin c Normal mated D> Sana ob} = smeacs| abstract Vord abmetude > Ob). Hmethed CD) bj. . class Sana xtenta Robo Ob): abratied cs - { 5 Void abmutted¢) (3 S opln¢" abmetied” >, | jObject Class:Object Class There is one special class, Object, defined by Java. ‘The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. Object is a superclass of all other classes. This means that a reference variable of type Object can refer to an object of any other class. ‘The parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting.Forms of Inheritance-Specialization :Forms of Inheritance-Specialization Forms of Inheritance : Alll objects eventually inherit from Object, which provides useful methods such as equals and toString. In general we want to satisfy substitutability: if B is a subclass of A, anywhere we expect an instance of A we can use an instance of B. Inheritance gets used for a number of purposes in typical object-oriented programming: Specification inheritance: If the parent class it is providing a specification for the child class, and therefore it is specification inheritance (a variety of specialization inheritance). abstract, we often say that Specialization inheritance: ‘The superclass just specifies which methods should be available but doesn't give code, ‘This is supported in java by interfaces and abstract methods Construction inheritance ‘The superclass just specifies which methods should be available but doesnt give code. This is supported in java by interfaces and abstract methods Extension inheritance ‘The superclass is just used to provide behavior, but instances of the subclass dont really act like the superclass. Violates substitutability, Exmample: defining Stack as a subclass of Vector. This is not clean + better to define Stack as having a field that holds a vector Ifa child class generalizes or extends the parent class by providing more functionality, but does not override any method, we call it imheritance for generalization, 175Java Programming | 176 The child class doesn't change anything inherited from the parent, it simply adds new features. ‘An example is Java Properties inheriting form Hashtable. subclass adds new methods, and perhaps redefines inherited ones as well Inheritance for Limitation * Ifa child class overrides a method inherited from the parent in a way that makes it unusable (for example, issues an error message), then we call it inheritance for limitation. + Forexample, you have an existing List data type that allows items to be inserted at either end, and you override methods allowing insertion at one end in order to create a Stack. + Generally not a good idea, since it breaks the idea of substitution. But again, it is sometimes found in practice. the subclass restricts the inherited behavior. Violates substitutability. Example: defining Queue as a subclass of Dequeue. Combination The child class inherits features from more than one parent class. This is multiple inheritance . Summary of Forms of Inheritance Specialization. The child class is a special case of the parent class; in other words, the child class is al subtype of the parent class. Specification, The parent cliss defines behavior that is implemented in the child class but not in the parent class. Construction. The child class makes use of the behavior provided by the parent class, but is not a subtype of the parent class. Generalization. The child class modifies or overrides some of the methods of the parent class. Extension. The child class adds new functionality to the parent class, but does not change any inherited’ behavior. Limitation. The child class restricts the use of some of the behavior inherited from the parent class. Variance. The child class and parent class are variants of each other, and the class-subclass relationship is arbitrary.Benefits of Inheritance : kkkBenefits of Inheritance Benefit of using inheritance: > v v Acode can be used again and again Inberitance in Java enhances the properties of the class, which means that property of the parent class will automatically be inherited by the base class It can define more specialized classes by adding new details. In addition we have benefits such as Software Reuse * Code Sharing ‘© Improved Reliability * Consistency of Interface + Rapid Prototyping * Polymorphism ‘© Information HidingCost of Inheritance :Cost of Inheritance > Execution speed & Program si > Message Passing Overhead > Program Complexity This does not mean you should not use inheritance, but rather than you must understand the benefits, and weigh the benefits against the costs. 17