Holographic Data Storage

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
With its omnipresent computers, all connected via the Internet, the Information Age has led to an explosion of information available to users. The decreasing cost of storing data, and the increasing storage capacities of the same small device footprint, has been key enablers of this revolution. While current storage needs are being met, storage technologies must continue to improve in order to keep pace with the rapidly increasing demand. Devices that use light to store and read data have been the backbone of data storage for nearly two decades. Compact discs revolutionized data storage in the early 1980s, allowing multimegabytes of data to be stored on a disc that has a diameter of a mere 12 centimeters and a thickness of about 1.2 millimeters. In 1997, an improved version of the CD, called a digital versatile disc (DVD), was released, which enabled the storage of full-length movies on a single disc. CDs and DVDs are the primary data storage methods for music, software, personal computing and video. A CD can hold 783 megabytes of data. A double-sided, double-layer DVD can hold 15.9 GB of data, which is about eight hours of movies. These conventional storage mediums meet today's storage needs, but storage technologies have to evolve to keep pace with increasing consumer demand. CDs, DVDs and magnetic storage all store bits of information on the surface of a recording medium. In order to increase storage capabilities, scientists are now working on a new optical storage method called holographic memory that will go beneath the surface and use the volume of the recording medium for storage, instead of only the surface area. Three-dimensional data storage will be able to store more information in a smaller space and offer faster data transfer times. Holographic memory is developing technology that has promised to revolutionaries the storage systems. It can store data up to 1 Tb in a sugar cube sized crystal. Data from more than 1000 CDs can fit into a holographic memory System. Most of the computer hard drives available today can hold only 10 to 40 GB of data, a small fraction of what holographic memory system can hold. Conventional memories use only the surface to store the data. But holographic data storage systems use the volume to store data. It has more advantages than conventional storages.

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HOLOGRAMS
A hologram is a recording of the optical interference pattern that forms at the intersection of two coherent optical beams. Typically, light from a single laser is split into two paths, the signal path and the reference path. The beam that propagates along the signal path carries information, whereas the reference is designed to be simple to reproduce. A common reference beam is a plane wave: a light beam that propagates without converging or diverging. The two paths are overlapped on the holographic medium and the interference pattern between the two beams is recorded. A key property of this interferometric recording is that when it is illuminated by a readout beam, the signal beam is reproduced. In effect, some of the light is diffracted from the readout beam to reconstruct a weak copy of the signal beam. If the signal beam was created by reflecting light off a 3D object, then the reconstructed hologram makes the 3D object appear behind the holographic medium. When the hologram is recorded in a thin material, the readout beam can differ from the reference beam used for recording and the scene will still appear.

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CHAPTER 2 HOLOGRAPHIC MEMORY LAYOUT

Fig 2.1

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2.11 Hardware for holographic data storage

Fig2.11 Figure shows the most important hardware components in a holographic storage system: the SLM used to imprint data on the object beam, two lenses for imaging the data onto a matched detector array, a storage material for recording volume holograms, and a reference beam intersecting the object beam in the material. What is not shown in Figure is the laser source, beam-forming optics for collimating the laser beam, beam splitters for dividing the laser beam into two parts, stages for aligning the SLM and detector array, shutters for blocking the two beams when needed, and wave plates for controlling polarization. Assuming that holograms will be angle-multiplexed (superimposed yet accessed independently within the same volume by changing the incidence angle of the reference beam), a beam-steering system directs the reference beam to the storage material. Wavelength multiplexing has some advantages over angle-multiplexing, but the fast tunable laser sources at visible wavelengths that would be needed do not yet exist. The optical system shown in Figure, with two lenses separated by the sum of their focal lengths, is called the 4-f configuration, since the SLM and detector array turn out to be four focal lengths apart. Other imaging systems such as the Fresnel configuration (where a single lens satisfies the imaging condition between SLM and detector array) can also be used, but the 4-f system allows the high numerical apertures (large ray angles) needed for high density. In addition, since each lens takes a spatial Fourier transform in two dimensions, the hologram stores the Fourier transform of the SLM data, which is then Fourier transformed again upon readout by the second lens. This has several advantages: Point defects on the storage material do not lead to lost
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bits, but result in a slight loss in signal-to-noise ratio at all pixels; and the storage material can be removed and replaced in an offset position, yet the data can still be reconstructed correctly. In addition, the Fourier transform properties of the 4-f system lead to the parallel optical search capabilities offered by holographic associative retrieval. The disadvantages of the Fourier transform geometry come from the uneven distribution of intensity in the shared focal plane of the two lenses, which we discuss in the axicon section below.

2.2Holographic digital data storage testers

In order to study the recording physics, materials, and systems issues of holographic digital data storage in depth, we have built three precision holographic recording testers. Each of these platforms is built around the basic design shown in above figure, implementing mapping of single SLM pixels to single detector pixels using precision optics in the object beam, and angle multiplexing in the reference beam. In addition, care has been taken in the design and assembly of the components listed above but not shown in figure, in order to allow experimental access to a wide range of holographic data storage parameters with minimal instrumental contributions to the raw error rate. The three testers, described in the following sections, are called the PRISM tester, the DEMON I platform, and the DEMON II platform.

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The PRISM tester, built as part of the DARPA Photo Refractive Information Storage Materials consortium, was designed to allow the rigorous evaluation of a wide variety of holographic storage materials. This tester was designed for extremely low-baseline BER performance, flexibility with regard to sample geometry, and high stability for both long recording exposures and experimental repeatability. The salient features of the PRISM tester are shown in Figure.

Fig2.2 The SLM is a chrome-on-glass mask, while the detector array is a lowframe- rate, 16-bit-per-pixel CCD camera. Custom optics of long focal length (89 mm) provide pixel matching over data pages as large as one million pixels, or one megapel. A pair of precision rotation stages directs the reference beam, which is originally below the incoming object beam, to the same horizontal plane as the object beam. By rotating the outer stage twice as far as the inner, the reference-beam angle can be chosen from the entire 360-degree angle range, with a repeatability and accuracy of approximately one microradian. (Note, however, that over two 30-degree-wide segments within this range, the reference-beam optics occlude some part of the objectbeam path.) The storage material is suspended from a three-legged tower designed for interferometric stability (better than 0.1 mm) over time periods of many seconds. The secondary optics occupy approximately 2 feet by 4 feet of optical table space, and the tower and stages approximately 4 feet by 4 feet. The system signal processing techniques. The reference/object-beam geometry was restricted to the 90-degree geometry, and the reference beam deflected with a galvanometrically actuated mirror through a simple 4-f system, limiting the variation of the angle to 610 degrees. A transmissive liquid crystal SLM, capable of displaying arbitrary data patterns, was pixel-matched onto a small, 60-Hz CCD camera in two stages. First, a precision five element zoom lens demagnified the SLM (640 3 480
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pixels with 42-mm pitch) to an intermediate image plane (same pixel count on 18-mm pitch). Then a set of Fourier lenses identical to those in the PRISM imaged this plane 1:1 onto the detector array (640 3 480 pixels, but 9-mm pitch). Because of the finer pitch on the CCD, only the central 320 3 240 field of the SLM was detected. To implement true pixel matching, the detector was aligned so that light from each SLM pixel fell squarely on a single detector pixel (thus ignoring three of every four pixels on the CCD). Laser light from the green 514.5-nm line of an argon-ion laser was delivered to the platform with a single-mode polarization-preserving optical fiber, which produces a clean Gaussian intensity profile apparatus prior to the object/reference beamsplitter was as much as 400 mW. Simple linear stages move the SLM in two axes and the CCD in three axes for alignment. The entire system, not including the laser, occupies 18 3 24 inches of optical table space.

The first experiment performed on the DEMON I tester was the demonstration of multiple hologram storage at low raw BER (BER without error correction) using modulation codes, which allow decoding over smaller pixel blocks than the global thresholding described above. Using an 8-mm-thick LiNbO3:Fe crystal storage medium and a strong modulation code (8:12), 1200 holograms were superimposed and read back in rapid succession with extremely low raw BER (,2 3 1028) . In addition, the DEMON I platform has been used to implement both associative retrieval and phase-conjugate readout, as described below.

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DEMON II

The DEMON II holographic storage platform, shown in Figure 7, was designed to achieve highdensity holographic data storage using short-focal-length optics, while including aspects of the previous two test platforms. DEMON II combines the large data pages of the PRISM tester with the dynamic SLM and the 90-degree geometry configuration of the DEMON I platform. Here, the SLM is a reflective device fabricated by IBM Yorktown, containing 1024 x 1024 pixels and illuminated via a polarizing beam splitter cube. A novel apodizer, described in the next section, provides uniform illumination over the entire data page without sacrificing input power. The magnification from the 12.8-mm pitch of the SLM pixels to the 12-mm pitch of the 41-Hz CCD camera (1024 x 1024 pixels, 41 frames per second) is built into the Fourier optics (effective focal length 30 mm). A pair of scan lenses provides an improved relay of the reference beam from the galvanometrically actuated mirror to the LiNbO3 crystal, providing diffraction-limited performance over an angular scan range of 615 degrees. The laser light is provided by a diode-pumped solidstate laser (532 nm, doubled Nd-YAG); waveplates and polarizing beamsplitters provide control over the power in the reference beam and object beam. The use of two separate elements in the back Fourier lens (between the storage material M and detect more than two brightness levels per pixel, it is possible to have more than one bit of data per pixel. The histogram of a hologram with six gray-scale levels made possible by the predistortion technique is shown in Figure 13. To encode and decode these gray-scale data pages, we also developed several local-thresholding methods and balanced modulation codes.

If pixels take one of g brightness levels, each pixel can convey log2 g bits of data. The total amount of stored information per page has increased, so gray-scale encoding appears to produce a straightforward improvement in both capacity and readout rate. However, gray scale also divides the systems signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) into g - 1 part, one for each transition between brightness levels. Because total SNR depends on the number of holograms, dividing the SNR for gray scale (while requiring the same error rate) leads to a reduction in the number of holograms that can be stored. The gain in bits per pixel must then outweigh this reduction in stored holograms to increase the total capacity in bits.

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Capacity estimation

To quantify the overall storage capacity of different grayscale encoding options, we developed an experimental capacity-estimation technique. In this technique, the dependence of raw BER on readout power is first measured experimentally. A typical curve is shown in Figure 14(a). The capacity-estimation technique then produces the relationship between M, the number of holograms that can be stored, and raw BER [Figure 14(b)]. Without the capacity-estimation technique, producing Figure 14(b) would require an exhaustive series of multiple hologram experiments.

In general, as the raw BER of the system increases, the number of holograms, M, increases slowly. In order to maintain a low user BER (say, 10212) as this raw- BER operating point increases, the redundancy of the ECC code must increase. Thus, while the number of holograms increases, the ECC code rate decreases. These two opposing trends create an optimal raw BER, at which the user capacity is maximized. For the ReedSolomon ECC codes we commonly use, this optimal raw BER is approximately 1023. By computing these maximum capacities for binary data pages and grayscale data pages from g = 2 to g = 6, we were able to show that gray-scale holographic data pages provide an advantage over binary encoding in both capacity and readout rate. The use of three gray levels offered a 30% increase in both capacity and readout rate over conventional binary data pages.

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Associative retrieval

As mentioned in the Introduction, volume holographic data storage conventionally implies that data imprinted on an object beam will be stored volumetrically [Figure 2,2a)], to be read out at some later time by

Holographic data storage system: (a) two coherent beams, one carrying a page of information, interfere within a photosensitive material to record a hologram. (b) Illuminating the hologram with the reference beam reconstructs a weak copy of the original informationbearing beam for capture with a detector array. (c) Illuminating multiple stored holograms with a new page of search information reconstructs all of the reference beams, computing in parallel the correlation between the search data and each of the stored pages.

illumination with an addressing reference beam [Figure 2,2a ]. However, the same hologram (the interference pattern between a reference beam and a data-bearing object beam) can also be illuminated by the object beam [Figure 2.2c]. This reconstructs all of the angle-multiplexed reference beams that were used to record data pages into the volume. The amount of power diffracted into each output beam is proportional to the 2D cross-correlation between the input data page (being displayed on the SLM) and the stored data page (previously recorded with that particular reference beam). Each set of output beams can be focused onto a detector array, so that each beam forms its own correlation peak. Because both the input and output lenses perform a two-dimensional Fourier transform in spatial coordinates, the optical system is essentially multiplying the Fourier

transforms of the search page and each data page and then taking the Fourier transform of this product (thus implementing the convolution theorem optically). Because of the volume nature of the hologram, only a single slice through the 2D correlation function is produced (the other dimension has been used already, providing the ability to correlate against multiple templates simultaneously).

The center of each correlation peak represents the 2D inner product (the simple overlap) between the input page being presented to the system and the associated stored page. If the patterns which compose
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these pages correspond to the various data fields of a database, and each stored page represents a data record, the optical correlation process has just simultaneously compared the entire database against the search argument . This parallelism gives content-addressable holographic data storage an inherent speed advantage over a conventional serial search, especially for large databases. For instance, if an un-indexed conventional retrieve-from-disk-and compare software-based database is limited only by sustained hard-disk readout rate (25 MB/s), a search over one million 1

KB records would take ~40 s. In comparison, with off-the-shelf, video-rate SLM and CCD technology,

Two-color, photon-gated holography provides a promising solution to the long-standing problem of destructive readout in read/write digital holographic storage. In lithium niobate, optimization of the sensitivity requires control over stoichiometry (or doping), degree of reduction, temperature, gating wavelength, and gating intensity. Two-color materials differ fundamentally from one-color materials in that the dynamic range or M# can be increased by using higher writing intensity, and the sensitivity can be increased with higher gating intensity. Another route to increasing the M# would be to find a material which exhibits a two-color erase process. Substantial progress has been made in recent years in the field of two-color holography, and further progress can be expected on this complex and challenging problem.

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CHAPTER-3 HOLOGRAPHIC VERSATILE DISC

An HVD (holographic Versatile Disc), a holographic storage media, is an advanced optical disc thats presently in the development stage. Polaroid scientist J. van Heerden was the first to come up with the idea for holographic three-dimensional storage media in 1960. An HVD would be a successor to todays Blu-ray and HD-DVD technologies. It can transfer data at the rate of 1 Gigabit per second. The technology permits over 10 kilobits of data to be written and read in parallel with a single flash. The disc will store upto 3.9 terabyte (TB) of data on a single optical disk. Holographic data storage, a potential next generation storage technology, offers both high storage density and fast readout rate. In this article, I discuss the physical origin of these attractive technology features and the components and engineering required to realize them. I conclude by describing the current state of holographic storage research and development efforts in the context of ongoing improvement to established storage technologies.

BRIEF HISTORY Although holography was conceived in the late 1940s, it was not considered a potential storage technology until the development of the laser in the 1960s. The resulting rapid development of holography for displaying 3-D images led researchers to realize that holograms could also store data at a volumetric density of as much as 1/ where is the wave-length of the light beam used. Since each data page is retrieved by an array of photo detectors, rather than bi-by-bit, the holographic scheme promises fast readout rates as well as high density. If a thousand holograms, each containing a million pixels, could be retrieved every second, for instance, then the output data rate would reach 1 Gigabit per second. In the early 1990s, interest in volume-holographic data storage was rekindled by the availability of devices that could display and detect 2-D pages, including charge coupled devices (CCD), complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector chips and small liquidcrystal panels. The wide availability of these devices was made possible by the commercial success of digital camera and video projectors. With these components in hand, holographicstorages researchers have begun to demonstrate the potential of their technology in the laboratory.

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CHAPTER-4 FEATURES
Data transfer rate: 1 gbps. The technology permits over 10 kilobits of data to be written and read in parallel with a
single flash.

Most optical storage devices, such as a standard CD saves one bit per pulse. HVDs manage to store 60,000 bits per pulse in the same place. 1 HVD 5800 CDs 830 DVD 160 BLU-RAY Discs.

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CHAPTER-5 HVD STRUCTURE

HVD structure is shown in fig 3.1 the following components are used in HVD.

1. Green writing/reading laser (650 nm). 2. Red positioning/addressing laser (650 nm). 3. Hologram (data). 4. Polycarbon layer. 5. Photopolymeric layer (data-containing layer). 6. Distance layers. 7. Dichroic layer (reflecting green light). 8. Aluminum reflective layer (reflecting red light). 9. Transparent base. 10. PIT. Fig:5.1

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Fig:5.2(Hvd write system)

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RECORDING DATA
To read the data from an HVD, you need to retrieve the light pattern stored in the hologram. In the HVD read system, the laser projects a light beam onto the hologram a light beam - a light beam that is identical to the reference beam.

An advantage of a holographic memory system is that an entire page of data can be retrieved quickly and at one time. In order to retrieve and reconstruct the holographic page of data stored in the crystal, the reference beam is shined into the crystal at exactly the same angle at which it entered to store that page of data. Each page of data is stored in a different area of the crystal, based on the angle at which the reference beam strikes it.

The key component of any holographic data storage system is the angle at which the reference beam is fired at the crystal to retrieve a page of data. It must match the original reference beam angle exactly. A difference of just a thousandth of a millimeter will result in failure to retrieve that page of data.

During reconstruction, the beam will be diffracted by the crystal to allow the recreation of the original page that was stored. This reconstructed page is then projected onto the CMOS, which interprets and forwards the digital information to a computer.

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Fig:5.6 HVD Read System

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MORE ON HVD
High Storage capacity of 3.9 terabyte (TB) enables user to store large amount of data.

Records one program while watching another on the disc.

Edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc.

Automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program.

Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive movie features

Backward compatible: Supports CDs and DVDs also.

The transfer rate of HVD is up to 1 gigabyte (GB) per second which is 40 times faster than DVD.

An HVD stores and retrieves an entire page of data, approximately 60,000 bitsof information, in one pulse of light, while a DVD stores and retrieves one bitof data in one pulse of light.

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CHAPTER-6

ADVANTAGES OF HDSS
With three-dimensional recording and parallel data readout, holographic memories can outperform existing optical storage techniques. In contrast to the currently available storage strategies, holographic mass memory simultaneously offers high data capacity and short data access time (Storage capacity of about 1TB/cc and data transfer rate of 1 billion bits/second).

Holographic data storage has the unique ability to locate similar features stored within a crystal instantly. A data pattern projected into a crystal from the top searches thousands of stored holograms in parallel. The holograms diffract the incoming light out of the side of the crystal, with the brightest outgoing beams identifying the address of the data that most closely resemble the input pattern. This parallel search capability is an inherent property of holographic data storage and allows a database to be searched by content.

Because the interference patter ns are spread uniformly throughout the material, it endows holographic storage with another useful capability: high reliability. While a defect in the medium for disk or tape storage might garble critical data, a defect in a holographic medium doesn't wipe out information. Instead, it only makes the hologram dimmer. No rotation of medium is required as in the case of other storage devices. It can reduce threat of piracy since holograms cant be easily replicated.

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DISADVANTAGES OF HDSS
Manufacturing cost HDSS is very high and there is a lack of availability of resources which are needed to produce HDSS. However, all the holograms appear dimmer because their patterns must share the material's finite dynamic range. In other words, the additional holograms alter a material that can support only a fixed amount of change. Ultimately, the images become so dim that noise creeps into the read-out operation, thus limiting the material's storage capacity.

A difficulty with the HDSS technology had been the destructive readout. The reilluminated reference beam used to retrieve the recorded information also excites the donor electrons and disturbs the equilibrium of the space charge field in a manner that produces a gradual erasure of the recording. In the past, this has limited the number of reads that can be made before the signal-to -noise ratio becomes too low. Moreover, writes in the same fashion can degrade previous writes in the same region of the medium. This restricts the ability to use the threedimensional capacity of a photorefractive for recording angle-multiplexed holograms. You would be unable to locate the data if theres an error of even a thousandth of an inch.

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Chapter-7 COMPARISION

Parameters

DVD

BLU-RAY

HVD

Capacity

4.7 GB

25 GB

3.9 TB

650 nm Laser wave length (red)

405 nm (blue)

532 nm (green)

Disc diameter

120 mm

120 mm

120 mm

Hard coating

No

yes

Yes

Data transfer rate (rawdata)

11.08 mbps 36 mbps 1 gbps

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INTERESTING FACTS
It has been estimated that the books in the U.S. Library of Congress, the largest library in the world, could be stored on Six HVDs. The pictures of every landmass on Earth - like the ones shown in Google Earth - can be stored on two HVDs.

With MPEG4 ASP encoding, a HVD can hold anywhere between 4,600-11,900 hours of video, which is enough for non-stop playing for a year.

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CHAPTER9

HVD AT A GLANCE

Fig9.1

Media type : Ultra-high density optical disc.

Encoding

: MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), and VC-1.

Capacity

: Theoretically up to 3.9 TB.

Usage

: Data storage, High-definition video, & he possibility of ultra High-definition video.

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STANDARDS
On December 9, 2004 at its 88th General Assembly the standards body Ecma International created Technical committee 44, dedicated to standardizing HVD formats based on Optwares technology.

On June 11, 2007, TC44 published the first two HVD standards ECMA-377, defining a 200 GB HVD recordable cartridge and ECMA-378,defining a 100 GB HVD-ROM disc.

Its next stated goals are 30 GB HVD cards and submission of these standards to the International Organization for Standardization for ISO approval.

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POSSIBLE APPLICATION FIELDS

There are many possible applications of holographic memory. Holographic memory systems can potentially provide the high speed transfers and large volumes of future computer system. One possible application is data mining.

Data mining is the processes of finding patterns in large amounts of data. Data mining is used greatly in large databases which hold possible patterns which cant be distinguished by human eyes due to the vast amount of data. Some current computer system implement data mining, but the mass amount of storage required is pushing the limits of current data storage systems. The many advances in access times and data storage capacity that holographic memory provides could exceed conventional storage and speedup data mining considerably. This would result in more located patterns in a shorter amount of time.

Another possible application of holographic memory is in petaflop computing. A petaflop is a thousand trillion floating point operations per second. The fast access extremely large amounts of data provided by holographic memory could be utilized in petaflop architecture. Clearly advances are needed to in more than memory systems, but the theoretical schematics do exist for such a machine. Optical storage such as holographic memory provides a viable solution to the extreme amount of data which is required for a petaflop computing.

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CONCLUSION
The information age has led to an explosion of information available to users while current storage needs are being met,storge technology must continue to improve in order to keep pace with the rapidly increasing demand. However, conventional data storage technologies where individual bits are stored as distinct magnetic or optical changes on the surface of recording medium are approaching physical limits. Storing information throughout the volume of a medium not just on its surface-offers an intriguing high capacity alternative. Holographic data storage is a volumetric approach, although conserved decade ago, has made recent progress towards practicality with the appearance of lower cost enabling technologies. HVD gives a practical way to exploit the holographic technologies to store data up to 3.9TB on a single disc. it can transfer data at the rate of 1GB per second. The technology permits bits of data to be written and red in a parallel with a single flash. So an HVD would be a successor to todays Blu-ray and HD-HVD technologies

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References
E. Chuang, W. Liu, J.J. Drolet, and D. Psaltis, Holographic Random Access Memory (HRAM), Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 1931-1940, 1999. Literature review, www.entelky.com/holography/letrew.htm, 2000.

P.S. Raman jam, S. Hvilsted, and R.H. Berg, New polymer materials for erasable holographic storage, Risc National Laboratory, Solid State Physics Department, 2000. E. Chuang, J.J. Drolet, G. Barbasthathis, W. Liu, and D. Psaltis, Compact Phase Conjugate Holographic Memory, website, 2000.

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Web references:
www.holopc.com www.wikeipedia.com www.engeeniringseminars.com www.computer.howstuffworks.com www.tech-faq.com/hvd.shtml www.ibm.com - IBM Research Press Resources Holographic Storagea

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