PUthcn FunCor-nentals

chapt e r

6.L lntroduction
6.2 Python Character Set
6.3 Tokens
6.4 Barebones of a python program
6.5 Variables and Assignments
6.6 Simple Input and Output

5.1 tntroduction
ou must have heard the term IPo
'!
:nd computer actions are
- rrrpl, Process, output. Most (in fac! nearly all) daily life
Sovernea uy rno cycle. That i., *r"." is certain Inpu! certain
Processing and an Output. kind of
)o you know that programs make IpO cycle happen
?
\nywhere and everywhere, where you
want to transform some kind of input
i'ou have some kind of input to certain outpu!
to certain outpu! you have to have
;nstructions that govern the processing. aprogram.A program is a set of
In other words, a program forms the base for
rrocessing.
In this chapter' we shall he talking
about all basic elements that a python
\ ou'll be learning about Python'J program can contain.
basics like charactr, ,rt, tlok rs, expressions,
:'tput and output etc' so, are we statements, simple
all ready to take our first sincere step towards python
programming ? And, here we go :_).

131
I
fl
#t 1.32 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHO
tr
{
d

Python Character Set

Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognize. A character repr
any letter, digit or any other symbol. Python supports Unicode encoding standard. That n
Python has the following character set :

c) Letters A-2, a-z

c) Digits o-9
c) Special symbols space +*x / )()r\( ) t 1{} // = !===(, ).""", ; :%t
& # <= ;= p _(underscone)

c) \Mhitespaces Btank space, tabs (-+), carriage netunn (J), neWline, form'
c) Other characters Python can process all ASCII and Unicode chanactens as pa
data or literals.
Every component of a Python program is created using the character set, be it stateme
. expressions or other components of a program.
_f1
*._1 loKens
In a passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks are called tokens or lexical u
lexical elements. The smallest individual unit in a program is known as aToken or alexical
Consider the following figure that tells what a token lr.eans.
An English Sentence

\,t.----it
i'Hurray!", he exclaimed, iWe are the world champi*g'+

-Tn,
\\ : t\i\
i"riru; Llntls or
',
t.)k.t!') in an English sentence - here
,.,'i
two /'
.r, I
types of tokens are used and punctuatian characters

A Python Program
A string value or string literal
# A sample prognam
name = "Anya" An integer value or integer literal
age = 15
A floating-point value or floating point literal
contribution = [email protected]
print ( name,_'?Sed'i, aS"\ t contr iOt)fi ,)iy*,
=--'\1r..1i - jnr

&i{=r
r.ttuO,,'d Pu il r)t d a:a
,1:+-_-
i cha,=clers
lndividual lexicat unils or tckens, together make components of a program such as slafements or
expresslons etc. ln above program you can see these tokens : literals, ,
,|)unciuE?ror'.s

F:1q11iL' 5...i Tokens are smattest jndividuat unjts in a program.

Python has following tokens :

I torrNs
(i) Keywords (ll) Identifiers (Names) (lli) Literals The smallest individual t
(la) Operators (z) Punctuators program is known as a Io
lexical unit.
Let us talk about these one bY one.
 , : PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS 133

., , ,,yi], 1 {i S
! xrvwoao
: :'t/iLtords are the
words that convey a special meaning to the A keyword is a word having
-rnguage compiler/interpreter. These are reserved for special special meaning reserved by
programming langpage.
r-rrpose and must not be used as normal identifier names.
-,.
thon programming language contains the following keywords :

False assert del for in or while

None break elif from is pass with
True class else global lambda raise yield
and continue except il nonlocal refurn
as def finally import not try
ts
:. rd
: i, l,efS ,i.jfir.i.t.ql
r

.tentifiers are fundamental building blocks of a program and are used as the general
s .n" =:minology for the names given to different parts of the program aiz.variables, objects, classes,
-:t'tctions, lists, dictionaries etc. Identifier forming rules of Python are being specified below :
c) An identifier is an arbitrarily long sequence of letters and digits.
c) The first character must be a letter; the underscore ( _ ) counts as a letter.
c) Upper and lower-case letters are different. All characters are significant.
c) The digits 0 through 9 can be part of the identifier except for the first character.
c) Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant 1.e.,
Python is case sensitive as it treats upper and lower-case
,f,Lj ffi-f-
characters differently' python is cose sensitive as it
c) An identifier must not be a keyword of Python. treats upper and lower-case
c) An identifier cannot contain any special character characters differentlv'
except for underscore ( _ ).
-'e following are some The following are some inaalid identifiers :
' :.7 identifiers :

DATA-REC contains special character - (hyphen)

'., ile
f DATE9_7 _77 (other than A - Z, a - z and_ (underscore)
,' :ILE )
-DS 29CLCT Starting with a digit
:-( FILE13
break reserved keyword
-_i029 _ HlI3_lK
file
My. contains special character dot ( . )

-.i'cis I \rciues
:erals (often referred to as constant-:/allr,;s) are data items that have a fixed value. Python
,-r\\-s several kinds of literals :

i) String literals (il) Numeric literals (lil) Boolean literals

,.') Special Literal Norue (zr) Literal Collections
I srnrruc LTTERALS
:tring Liierols A string literal is a sequence of
characters surrounded by quotes
e text enclosed in quotes forms a string literal in Python. For
(single or double or triple quotes).
',tple,'a' , 'abc' , " abc" are all string literals in Python. Unlike
,:rrv other languages, both single character enclosed in quotes such as "a" or 'r'or multiple
,'.racters enclosed in quotes such as. "abc" or'xyz' ate treated as String literals.
1.34 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHO

As vou can notice, one can forrn string literais by enclosing itl.'i 5 *
=
text in both forms of quotes * single quotes or double quotes. ln Python, one can form
Following are some valid string literals in Python : literals by enclosing text i

'Astha' "Rizwan" 'Hello World' "Amy' r" "1,29045" forms of quotes - single
or double quotes.
' 1. -x- @ -w- 25"' 1,1,2F 8D29 1"

Python aliows you to have certain ntmgraphic-chnrtrcters in String values. Nongraphic charr
are those characters that cannot be tvped directly from keyboard er.g., backsphce, tabs, ca:
return etc. (No character is typed when these keys are pressed, only some action takes I
These nongraphic-cllaracterc can be represented by using escape sequences. An escape scque
represented by a backslash (\) followed by one or more characters.
. Follou,ing table (Table 6.1) gives a listing of escape sequences.

able 6.1 Escope Sequences in Python

Escope Whdt it does Escope What it does

sequence [N on -gr aph! 9 ch or aq\gr] sequence [Nongr aphic char acter]
Backslash (\) \r Carriap;e Return (CR)
Single quote (') \t Horizontal Tab (TAB)
Double quote (") \uxxxx Character r'vith 16-bit hex r,

xxxx (Unicode only)

\a ASCII Bel1 (,': ) \ Uxxxxxxxx Character \\,ith 32-bit hex \
xxxxxxxx (Unicocte onlv)
\b ASCIIBackspace(:) ASCII Vertical Tab (VT)
\f ASCII Formfeed (, ') \ ooo Character r,r,ith octal valuc ocrc
\n Ner'r. line character \xhh Character rvith hex r.alue hh
\N{name} Character named name in the
Unicode database (Unicode

In the above table, you see sequences representing \,', ". Though these characters can be
from the keyboard but when used without escape sequence, these carrv a special rnearrin
hal,e a special purpose, ho\,\,ever, if these are to be typed ns it is, then escape sequences sl
.t lo$
be used. (In Python, you can also directly tvpe a dc
C\^c"' quote inside a singie-quoted string and vice-\.ersa
"anu's" is a valid string in Python.)
1. l.Mhat is meant by token ? Name the
tokens avaiiable in Python. ,',.) , :,r I 'r ri

2. l.Mhat are keywords ? Can kepuords be

Python allow's you to have fzoo string types ; (i) Singl
used as identifiers ?
Strings (ii) Multiline Strings
3. What is an identifier ? What are the
identifier forming rules of Python ? (i) Single-line Strings (Basic strings). The string
4. Is Python case sensitive ? What is you create by enclosing text in single quotes (' ') or d
meant by the term 'cdse sensitive' ? quotes (" " ) are normally singie-line strings, i.e., ther
5. Which of the fotlowing are valid terminate in one line. To understand this, try typrr-
identi.fiers and why/why not : follolt,ing in IDLE windorv and see yourselves :

Data_rec, _data, 1 data, data1, my.file, .'':r ' :

elif, switch, lambda, break ?

i',. '
I l-ii:
a
Unicode and ASCII are two character encodings have been discussed earlier in Chapter 2 (Data Representation).
t 'er 6 '. PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS 1'35

l Python will show you an error the moment you press Enter key after hello (see below).
l
)
r
tile Ec{it Sheli Debug Qptions lVindorv Hejp
Python 3.7.6 {tags/v3.7.6:4336Aa?ae0, Dec L9 20L9,
T 64 bit (AI'{D64) I on win32
r Tlpe "help" r "copyrlght", "creditg"
n >>>5*3
h 18

*canni-ngi string f il:era1

___l-------_
ruu". enoELi* I
lEoL
,,a_

I The reason for the above error is quite clear - Python by

default creates single-line strings with both single or double
flviorE
An escape sequence represents a
single character and
hence

quotes. So, if at the end of a line, there is no closing quotation

consumes one byte in ASCII
representation.
mark for an opened quotation mark, Python shows an error.

(ii) Multiline Strings. Sometimes you need to store some text spread across multiple lines as
one single string. For that Python offers multiline strings.

Multiline strings can be created in two ways :

(a) By adding a backslash at the end of normal single-quote I double-quote strings. In normal
strings, just add a backslash in the end before pressing Enter to continue typing text on
the next line.
For instance,
OTE
md
Textl ='heIlo\ Do rtL;l indart ,.t.,ltttt tortlil- A basic string must be completed
,**..* on a single line, or continued
world' 4,*'* t.tittg, t,*pirtp, itt trcr! iint ut'tar
with a backslash (\) as the very
t#,' last character of a line if it is to be
Following figure shows this : closed with a closing quote in
next line.

:,:n though written in two lines Eile

with a \ ), the text is Adding a backslash (\) at the

'ecarating
;: ^s dered continuous. That is , string end of the line allows you to
>>> Textl = continue typing text in next line.
Do not forget to close the
>>> Textl string by having a closing
r':rld be considered as ' helloworld '
'helloworld' quotation mark.
- -.play the string variable to see it or, I
 1.36
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH
PYTH

(b) By tyfins the text triple quotation marks. (No backslash lr-
needed at the end of-in
line).
t yihon allows to type multiline MorE
text-strings by enclosing t-hem A multiline string
in triple quotation marks conti
(both. triple apostrophe until the concluding trip
or triple qJorurror., marks will
work). r-' or triple-apostrophe.

lile Edit She.ll Oebug fi+=tlp"++i,ffi For example,

Qptions Helo

))) Strl = :,+, , :.,

. , i:: ^ , l
Stnl =',rHe1lo
| ,-1i,,;::;-,
taJonld.
>)> print ( Strl ) Thenefcome!!!
Hello Cheers.
world. )
There r come!!t I

)i

Or

Str2= """He11o
Wonld.
This is another multilrne stning.
...- : : -:
';l-ll.:--'ii$,' +

print( Str2
1::i i.! - - -*

>>> )
He11o
!{or1d -
?his is another multiline string.

Slze of Strings
Python determines the size of
a string as the count of cha
string "abc" is 3 and orheuo,
i"s. i",.,r y.r. ,,;;;"ii';?T;:'JilHilr;!{rffi!r"r:^i:;
to count the"escape ;"?;;;." as
#ffi,J:-tl""}ffiAsure one chaiacter. Consider so

size is 1 ( \\ is an escape sequence to represent backslash)

'abc'
size is 3
"\ab" size is 2 ( \a is an escape sequence, thus one character).
"SeemaY s pen,'
size is 11 (For typing apostrophe (,) sign,
escape sequence \, has been
'hmy's" usec.
size is 5 Python allows a single quote (without
escape sequence) in
double_quoted string and vice_versa.
 1,37
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS

For multiline strings created with triple quotes, while calculating size, the EOL (end-of-line)
::aracter at the end of the line is also counted in the size. For example, if you
have created a
.::ing Str3 as :
Brrl bdr'ls/rr.'lrc-i I ': ) ot lltt
Stn3 = "'a J q'*-*.-*.lltt:c lLnlc'r kc";s) rlrc c'orrsirl- n st n = ' ' ' he\'*----:* Littl oi' !tttarurctliute lirtts urL

t'retl tts fl()l (Etrtl tt.l-l'iticj tlct Loullal itt titc ''i.a oj
bJ4*- itt tlrc
t'itru'ot'tr,rs urtLl cortntet.l
lt\ 4-* thc tnultilirie srrings
' l"'trytlt r.l-tttititiiirte string

follow
::en size of the string str3 is 5 (three characters a, b, c and two EOL characters that
,:raracters a and b resPectivelY).
character at end of the
For maurltiline strings created with single/double quotes and backslash
string ; also you
line, while calculating size, the backslashes are not counted in the size of the
:annot put EOLs using return key in single/double quoted multiline strings
e'g',

Str4 ='a\
b\
c'
he size of string str4 is 3 (only 3 characters, no backslash counted.) /v 6=iT
To check the size of a string, you may also type len(<stringname>) Use len(<object name>) to get
in window shell as the size or length of an object.
.omxyrand on the Python prompt console
.hown in the following figure :

[ile Edit Shell Debug Triple quoted multiline strings

also count EOL characters in
a
r ))) Str3 = ,: the size of the string.
I l, Single/double quoted strings
a
t- typed in multiPle line with \ at
t1^ ))) Str4 = n, .-a the end of each intermediate
O-
taa line do not count \
-t.l t in the size of the string.
,S i.r, ( str3 ) ':
lr, a"r, ( str4 1 (,"' OTE
3
Triple quoted multiline strings
count EOL characters in the size
i 3 Numeric Literols of the string but do not count
in Python can belong to any of the backslashes ( \ ) at the end of
The numeric literals
intermediate lines.
folnowing three different numerical types :

rsigtredl integers) often called just integers or ints, are positive or negative whole
numbers with no decimal Point.
:,.:r (floa'eing point real values) floats represent real numbers and are written with a decimal point
dividing the integer and fractional parts'
:rlex (eomplex numbers) are of the formq+bf,whete a andb arefloats and/(orf ) represents
,,''i, (*ni.n is an imaginary number)' a is the real part of the number'
and b is the imaginary Part.
138 COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH P''-_ -,-

Let us talk about these literal types one by one. A hexadecimal value can contain o:i:m
and letters A-F only i.e., 0XBK9, ::,
lnieger Liierols 0x79AZ etc., are examples oi i'
Integer literals are whole numbers without hexadecimal numbers as ther' .-:
any fractional part. The method of writing invalid letters, i.e.,.letters other than r.-i
integer constants has been specified in the Flooting Point Liierols
following rule :
Floating literals are also called real literai
An integer constant must have at least one literals are numbers having fractional :
digit and must not contain any decimal point. It
These may be written in one of the fzr'. ::
may contain either (+) or (-) sign. A number
called FractionalForm or the Exponent I
with no sign is assumed to be positive.
Commas cannot dppear in an integer constant.
'1..
Fractional form. A real literal in Flac
Form consists of signed or unsigned 'l{
OTE including a decimal point between digir.
Many programming languages such as C, C++, and even The rule for writing a real literal in frac:,
Python 2.x too have two types for integers : int (for small form is :
integers) and long (for big integers). But in Python 3.x, there A real constant in fractional form must ;: t
is only one integer type <class'int'> that works like long
least one digit with the decimal poin: i
integers and can support all small and big integers.
before or after. It rnay also have eithe' - :-
sign preceding it. A real constant with nc : ;'
Python allows three lypes of integer literals :
assumed to be posittve.
(i) Decimal Integer Literals. An integer literal
consisting of a sequence of digits is taken to The following are valid real literal-.
be decimal integer literal unless it begins fractional form :

with 0 (digit zero). 2.0, 77.5, - 13.0, - 0.00625,

For instance, 1234; 41, +97, -17 are decimal .3 (will represent 0.3), 7. (will repre;er: -
integer literals. The following are invalid real literals :

(ii) Octal Integer Literals. A sequence of digits (No decimal point)

starting with 0o (digit zero followed by
+1712 (l-illegal symbol)
letter o) is taken to be an octal integer.
For instance, decimal integer 8 will be 17,250.26.2 (Two decimal points'
written as 0o10 as octal integer. (81s =10s) 17,250.262 (comma not allowedt
and decimal integer 12 will be written as
0o14 as octal integer (12r0 =14s). 2. Exponent form. A real literal in E.rp,"'
An octol aalue can contain only digits 0-7 ; 8 form consists of two parts : mantissa
and 9 are inaalid digits in an octal number i.e., exponent. For instance, 5.8 can be writtc:
0o28, 0o19, 0o987 etc., are examples of 0.58 x 101 = 0.58 E01, where mantissa part is
invalid octal numbers as they contain digits
(the part appearing before E) and exponeri! ;
8 and 9 in them.
is 1 (the part appearing after E). E01 rep
(iii) Hexadecimal Integer Literals. A sequence of 101. The rule for writing a real litera-
digits preceded by 0x or 0X is taken to be an exponent form is :
hexadecimal integer.
A real constant in exponent form has two p.:'
For instance, decimal 12 will be written as a mantissa and an exponent. The ma...
OXC as hexadecimal integer.
must be either an integer or a prope'
Thus, number 12 will be written either as 12 constant. The mantissa is followed by a le'-;r
(as decimal), 0o14 (as octal) and OXC (as or e and the exponent. The exponent must ::
hexadecimal). integ er.
 139

.,;:)',",:"'::
torm : \,.0r:;',",",*\
I,,tl:J;tli:iJ:?I#Iilil;i*:i:
.iterals in exponent \ '" ""_': \ need arises'

;:;;ruf-j',.:ET:. ,T?.:,rl::1":f'l'
-
,
'.:)E-3,t72.F;3,
, ,.qrirut"nt
to
1t"t#
3'oE3)
III{fi ffi,
-,.^a PYthon one of the True and False are the
"p*."ai"g rs ;; to ,?
U 6.:iT'
followrng or
r .n i{ there is ,-ro
, 3.x will ',l,Jo'"iloot"ur.
'Jp'"'"tt values onl, ,*o Boorean titeral
: _.: of a decimai ffiil;*n
point' "'"':",:_^, (Boolean Pvthon' None
i.e., True y.uru":-in
it right)
-;rrer in
"
real literals
invalid tear
-. folrowing are invarid
litetai> '^' t""; o'ou""iil.,*u" 'lt'":i:j"ot"""tsabsen'ce
or a varue

: "rent rorrn : il*ii::;{r:*'::

exponent) a
as Ealse'
s True ot
- (No rligif specified for
- part) Literol None
--t-.3 lExponent
cannot haae fractional 6.3.3D Speciol
-.-rE02 lNo commaattowed) it'l
pythoni''lr"o"'''"p"ttd..111[ffHiryJil
literal is used t9'"T;',;; tt"t
forlowing discussion
after ;i'';'t""" indrcat
ot
tDo read are not 'uft'" It is also used to ""a
with commas
'.
-::reric values
iii:^
:*r:*
tt{'fi11fi ::iJtfl;tltfry;gm H"
vr[*iiii:?ffi#'##f
iop"''1"II;';;'" c'n'[aining
' ..,* iust und#l'"i' t'o'" ^; "')i"''"
t
,;;:::':;,{;i;i;'i}:; ff/'ilr'iH'"r'
[[:::l:1"";ln*Jl1#jll*m;
ll"ll,".,"ilXl,J',"' i't';;
berow)
- auuexamp'" ,?Y"^j:::".::":'"
. ].'ji'll,arid
Iast lrrV
mention here.
- i15e02) asks for speclal Value1 = 10
its >>>
-Value2
will not be c
-. - -.:issa = Non9
assign this value'
: ,trmber,uut tino" Va1ue1 6---t.puying a
variable

, -.,t,o,' won't *1""

does
containing None
-'. :E is that Python T,ri,
11,1'i[tJ.]"#i::: not show an$hing'
Carefully
,"rS point aa-lue,.1 xil;J;-ilIe.
ilhrstrates it' >>> Value2
However, with PrintO'
it shows the value
' ,-^ ,Lo+
that illustrates
rt.
.'l tll'l'" *"iig"'"
>>> print(Va1ue2)
contained as None'
error when
ffioi'iiGino value
a= !,234 you usaign a numeric

b = 17 ,225EOZ

tYPe (a) Pvthon suPPortb

Python
"Pt ?""::' "'-^;;; covering
1,::t:::TilJ*::'lJ:
these here
-too ".o*pl"*
-:le tupt"r and. lists "ti;.lli; fot
F-rtn**',ttnotconsider wouid make the dts
tYPe (b) with
th" num"'ic 'alues the beginning'
.'l o commas in them as
numbers (int or
ftoat) So, we'll take
them at a later
IV
^,6f
goJt"un literals True'
False and
literar None. ": 'o'"
a
hsn{f
*f"Iili 234)
BUT as a tuPle -
a
time.
;;;JJ
'J*-a of Pvthon'
sequence of values ."""t"ts/literals
rc"fl b
b-g ml
,225Oo.o)
 140
COMPUTER SCIENCE WITH PYTHON

Basrcs Aaour TorrNs

1. What are literals ? How many types of niP Prosr"., ln Python l

literals are available in Spthon ? Start a Python IDE of your choice and do as directed.
2, How many types of integer literals are ;
allowed in python ? How are they
>>>ttt<<<
written ?

3. Why are characters \,,, ,,

and tab typed
6.3.4 Operoiors
using escape sequences ? Operators are tokens that trigger some computation wh,
4. Which escape sequences represent the applied to variables and other objects in an expressio
newline character and backspace Variables and objects to which the coqnputation
character ? An escape sequence applied, are called operands. So, an operator requir
represents how many characters ?
some operands to work upon.
5. ltlhat are string-literals in python ?
The following list gives a
How many ways, can you create String brief description of the I Oernaroas
literhts in python ? Are there any operators and their functions Operotors are tokens that trigg
differences in them ? / operators, in details, will be some computation / action whr
6. is covered in next chaoter _ applied to variables and otln
I/tlhat meant by a floating-point ' objects in an expression'
titeral in pfihon ? How many ways can
Data Handling.
a floating literal be represented into ? Unory Cperotors
7. Write the following real constants into Unary operators are those operators that require one operar
exponent form :
to operate upon. Following are some unary operators
:
23.1.97, 7.?L4, 0.0000s, 0.319
+ Unary plus - ' Unary minus
8. $rrite the following real constants into
fractional form :
- Bitwise complement not logica* negation
0.13E04, 0.417E-04, O.4E_5, Binory Cperotors
.72E02, 1.2.802 Binary operators are those operators that require two operand
9. What are the two Boolean literals in to operate upon. Following are some binary operators :

Python ?
Arithmetic operotors
10. Name some built-in literals of
ft1thon.
+ Addition _ Subtraction
11. Out of the following literals, determine * Multiplication
their type whether decimal / / Division
octal / % Remainder/ Modulus
hexadecimal integer literal or a floating
point literal in fractional or exponent
** exponent (raise to power)
form or string literal or other ? ll Floor division
723, 0o1,24, OXABC, ,abc,, ,,ABC,,
, Bitwise operotors
1,2.34, 0.3E-0r.,,,ft9hjkj1,,,.
None, True, False
& Bitwise AND
^ Bitwise exclusive OR (XOR)
12. What kind of program elements are the
foltowing ?
I Bitwise OR
'a', 4.38925, ',a,,, ,,main, ?
Shift operotors
13. What witl varl and vatl store
with statements : varl = Z,72tE? and ldeniity operotors
var2 = O.?,IZLEZ ? Vfhat are the types
of vatues stored in varl and var2 ?
is is the identity same ?
is not is the identity not same ?
 : : PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS 1.41

" i--)
i-re l'ji 1 [', i 3 A::,,,rirr :;:i;n, c,d_ eiiii;:rs
Less than ,- Assignment
Creater than i,- Assign quotient
Less than or equal to r---. Assign sum
Greater than or equal to i..- Assign product
Equal to '',,.- Assignremainder
Not equal to . Assign difference
i'r-. Assign Exponent
t:-, Assign Floor division
')C)aiJ!CtS ;.',g1ri-'r'" S'',:i, '-jl)?\ i)'tJf -.

r Logical AND :r-r whether variable in sequence

Logical OR i:r'Ji ii: whether variable not
in sequence

Irrre about these operators you will learn in the due course. Giving descriptions and examples
rrot feasible and possible right here at the moment.

-rciu0 ic)f .i I Pu r.rcrurrons

Punctuators are symbols that are
'-rnctuators
are symbols that are used in programming used in programming languages
.rrguages to organize sentence strucfures, and indicate the to organize programm.ing-
-.'r'thm and emphasis of expressions, statements, and sentence structures, and indicate
the rhythm and emphasis of
,':rrgram structure. expressions, statements, and
'.ltrst common punctuators of Python programming language program structure.
t::
,,'#\()ll{}6r,: =
- 'e usage of these punctuators will be discussed when the need arises along with normal topic
:.:cussions.

lllili* uS REV|SE
- ;ken is the smallest individual unit in a program.
:' ',':on provides
following tokens : l<qwords, identifiers (names),Values (literals), punctuators, operators and comments.
' - i,.word is a reserved word carcying special meaning and purpose.
:'rifiers are the user-defined names for different parts of the program.
- -D_lthon, an identifier may contain letters (a-2, A-Z), iligis (0-9) and a symbol underscore (_). However, an
-.'.tifier mustbeginwith a letter or underscore ; all letters/digits in an identifier are significant.
':"ols are the
fixed values.
' ',",on allows following literals : string literal, numeric (integer, floating-point literals, Boolean literals, special
":1 None and literal collections).

.:-ators are tokens that trigger some computation / action when applied to variables and other objects in an
: "ession.
: -.-ruotors are symbols used to organize programing-sentence structures and indicate the rhythm and emphasis of
-essions, statements and program-strucfurb.