Grade 11

General Mathematics
Module 1 – Part 1 Introduction to
Functions
Module Content

In this module, you will learn to:

represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise functions;

LESSON1 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use functions to
represent them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that come up.
In everyday life, many quantities depend on one or more changing
variables. For example:
(a) Plant growth depends on sunlight and rainfall
(b) Speed depends on distance traveled and time taken
(c) Voltage depends on current and resistance
(d) Test marks depend on attitude, listening in lectures and doing tutorials
(among many other variables!!)
(e) Our love to God depends on how far we have known Him.

Consider this Example:

A particular electrical circuit has a power source and an 8 ohms (Ω) resistor. The
voltage in that circuit is given by:
V = 8I, where V = voltage (in volts, V), I = current (in amperes, A)

So if I = 4 amperes, then the voltage is V = 8 × 4 = 32 volts.

If I increases, so does the voltage, V.
If I decreases, so does the voltage, V.

What if your bank charged a monthly fee of $15 for your checking account and also charged
$0.10 for each check written? How would you represent this scenario with a function? Also, what if
you could only afford to spend $20 a month on fees? Could you use your function to find out how
many checks you could write per month? In this Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like
these by using functions.

Write a Function Rule

In many situations, data is collected by conducting a survey or an experiment. To

visualize the data, it is arranged into a table. Most often, a function rule is needed to
predict additional values of the independent variable.

Example

Try to notice the trend of each variable.

Number of CDs 2 4 6 8 10
 Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120

Solution:

You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That means that each CD costs
Php 12.

We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or (𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙

Example

Write a function rule for the table.

𝒙 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

𝒚 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑

5
Solution:

The values of the dependent variable are always the corresponding positive

value. The function rule looks like this: (𝒙) = |𝒙|.

outcomes of the input values. This relationship has a special name, the absolute

Represent a Real-World Situation with a Function.

Let’s look at a real-world situation that can be represented by a function.

Example

Maya has an internet service that currently has a monthly access fee of $11.95
and a connection fee of $0.50 per hour. Represent her monthly cost as a function
of connection time.

Solution:

Let 𝑥 = the number of hours Maya spends on the internet in one month.
𝑦 = Maya’s monthly cost.
The monthly fee is $11.95 with an hourly charge of $0.50.
The total cost = flat fee + hourly fee × number of hours. The function is

𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝒙.

Process Questions:
1. How did you answer the problem above?
2. What concept did you use to solve the problem?
3. What might happen if you can’t be able to respond to the given situation?
4. How can challenging problems involving geometric figures be analyzed and solved?

Write your answers here:

6
Definition

A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of
values (called the range).

A relation is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦).

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule.

A function is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can write (𝑥) = 𝑦, read as “𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑡𝑜 𝑦. ” In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pair associated with the function f, then we say that (2) =
1.

Here is a video to introduce functions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk

What’s More

Relations can be represented by using ordered pairs, graph, table of values,

mapping diagram and rule or equations. Determine which of the following
represents functions.

1. Ordered Pairs
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?

𝑓 = (1, 3), (4, 1), (2, 0), (7,2)

𝑔 = (3, 2), (4,4), (3, 3), (8, 9)

ℎ = (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5)

Solution:

The relations 𝑓 and ℎ are functions because no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-values. Meanwhile, 𝑔 is not a function
because (3,2) and (3, 3) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but
different y- values.

Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where

 the elements of the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using
arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all
the connections represented by the arrows.

2. Table of values
Example 2

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 4
A.
y 10 5 2 1 2 5 6

Answer: Function. This is a many-to- one correspondence.

B. x 1 1 1 2 4

y 1 2 3 4 5

Answer: mere relation. This is a one- to- many correspondence. Looking at

the table, there is duplication in the domain. The element “1” in x is matched to
three elements in y.

3. Mapping Diagrams
Example 3. Which of the following mapping diagrams represent functions?

𝑓 𝑔

Solution.

The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for
a specific value of x. The relation h is not a function because there is at

value. For example, 𝑥 = 2 corresponds to 𝑦 = 20 or 40.

least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-

A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the

Cartesian plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test.

Example 4. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

 The Vertical Line Test
A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.

1. 2.

8
3. 4.

5.

Solution.
Graphs 2, 3, 4 are graphs of functions while 1 and 5 are not because they do not pass the
vertical line test.

Important Concepts.
Relations are rules that relate two values, one from a set of inputs and the second from the set
of outputs.

Functions are rules that relate only one value from the set of outputs to a value from the set
of inputs.

The domain of a relation is the set of all possible values that the variable x can take.
Example 5.

𝑦 = 3𝑥 – 2
Identify the domain for each relation using set builder notation.

𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
a.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
b.

𝑦 = √x–4
c.

𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function.

d.
2 x+1 f.
e. y=
x−1

Solution. The domains for the relations are as follows:

a. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} d. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≥ 𝟒}
b. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹} e. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏}
c. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹, −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏} f. {𝒙: 𝒙 ∈ 𝑹}

Functions as representations of real-life situations.

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an
appropriate functional model will lead to a better understanding of various
phenomena.

Example 6.

Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one
meal costs P40.

Solution: Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is (𝑥) = 40𝑥.

Piecewise Functions.
Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the
independent variable.

Example 7.

A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100

monthly cost for text messaging using the function (𝑚), where m is the number of
free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the

messages sent in a month.

Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function

, 𝑖𝑓 0 < 𝑚 ≤10
{300+ , 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 > 100
t (m)= 300
m

Example 8.
A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10
pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise
function to represent the cost in terms of the number of chocolate bars bought.
Solution.
 ACTIVITY.

1. When diving in the ocean, you must consider how much pressure you will
experience from diving a certain depth. From the atmosphere, we experience
14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) and for every foot we dive down into the ocean,
we experience another 0.44 psi in pressure.

a. Write a function expressing how pressure changes depending on depth

underwater.
b. How far can you dive without experiencing more than 58.7 psi of pressure on
your body?
Answer.
 2. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional
integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to
represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.

Solution.

(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be

The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If

represented as follows:
, 𝑖𝑓 0 < ≤ 4
{8+1.50 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑑 > 4
F (d )= 8.00
d
 What’s New
Answer the following item as instructed. Write your answer on a separate sheet.
Justify your answer.

Activity 1: RELATION-ships

1. A method of determining whether or not a graph represents a function is called the _____.

2. Which of the following diagram represents a relation that is NOT a function?

3. Give the domain of = √ 6−x using set builder notation.

4. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary
S as a function of the number n of days that the person works.

5. A taxi ride costs P40.00 for the first 500 meters, and each additional 300
meters (or a fraction thereof) adds P3.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise
function to represent the taxi fare in terms of the distance d in meters.

6. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more
than 10 pieces, they will be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use
a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of
chocolate bars bought.

What I Learned…
1. What did you discover from the activity?

2. What conjecture or conclusion can you give from what you have learned?

3. How will you validate your answer?

4. Be ready to share what you discovered?

LESSON

2 EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
12

PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:

You need a good grasp of GEMDAS. GEMDAS is an acronym for the words
Grouping symbols, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. When
asked to simplify two or more operations in one algebraic/numerical expression,
the order of the letters in GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third
and so on, until a simplified expression is achieved.

Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this

To denote that we are evaluating 𝑓 at a for some 𝑎 in the domain of f, we write

case x, with a value from the function's domain and computing for the result.

𝑓(𝑎).

What’s More
Example 1. Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = 1.5:

a. (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2

b. (𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥
c. ℎ(𝑥) = √ (x +4 )
d. (𝑥) =
2 x +1

e. 𝑡(𝑥) = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 where is the greatest integer function

x−1

Solution:

a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 2 = 3(1.5) − 2 = 4.5 − 2 = 2.5

b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥 = 3(1.5)2 − 4(1.5) = 3(2.25) − 6 = 6.75 − 6 = 0.75
c. 𝑦 = √ x+ 4 = √ 1.5+4 = √ 5.5= 2.34
d. y = = = =8
2 x +1 2(1.5)+ 1 3+1 4
=
x−1 1.5−1 0.5 0.5

e. 𝑦 = ⌊𝑥⌋ + 1 = ⌊1.5⌋ + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
Example 2.
Evaluate the following functions, where f and q are as defined
in Example 1.

a) (2𝑥 + 1) b) (4𝑥 − 3)

13

Solution:

a. (2𝑥 + 1) = 3(2𝑥 + 1) − 2 = 6𝑥 + 3 − 2 = 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏
b. (4𝑥 − 3) = 3(4𝑥 − 3)2 − 4(4𝑥 − 3)
= 3(16𝑥2 − 24𝑥 + 9) − 16𝑥 + 12

= 48𝑥2 − 72𝑥 + 27 − 16𝑥 + 12

= 48𝑥2 − 88𝑥 + 39

Example 3

Evaluate (𝑎 + 𝑏) where (𝑥) = 4𝑥2 − 3𝑥 .

Solution.

(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4(𝑎 + 𝑏)2 − 3(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 4(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2) − 3𝑎 − 3𝑏

= 4𝑎2 − 3𝑎 + 8𝑎𝑏 − 3𝑏 + 4𝑏2

Example 4

Suppose that 𝑠 (𝑇) is the top speed (in km per hour) of a runner when the
temperature is T degrees Celsius. Explain what the statements (15) = 12
and (30) = 10 mean.

Solution.

The first equation means that when the temperature is 15°𝐶, then the top

to 30°𝐶, the top speed is reduced to 10 km per hour.

speed of a runner is 12 km per hour. However, when temperature rises

Example 5

The velocity 𝑉 (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward 𝑡 seconds after the ball
was thrown is given by (𝑡) = 20 – 9.8𝑡. Calculate (0) and (1), and
explain what these results mean.

Solution.

(0) = 20 – 9.8(0) = 20 and (1) = 20 – 9.8(1) = 10.2. These results

indicate that the initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. After 1 second, the ball
is traveling more slowly, at 10.2 m/s.
 What’s New

Try to solve the following Exercises.

Activity 2: Check it out

a) Evaluate the following functions at 𝑥 = −3

1. (𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 64
2. (𝑥) = |𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥 − 1|
3. (𝑥) = √ 3−2 x 14

4. (𝑥) = 2
3 x+ 1
x +7 x +10

b) Given (𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 4𝑥 + 4, solve

for:
1. (3)
2. (𝑥 + 3)

c) A computer shop charges P20.00 per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for
the first two hours and an additional P10.00 per hour for each
succeeding hour. Find how much you would pay if you used one of their
computers for:
1) 40 minutes 2) 3 hours 3) 150 minutes
d) Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the equation
1
( 𝑡) =
1 + 15(2.1)−0.3𝑡

where 𝑝(𝑡) is the proportion of the population that knows the rumor
(𝑡) days after the rumor started. Find (4) and (10), and interpret the
results.

What I Learned…
You encountered a lot of concepts related to functions. Now it’s time to pause for a while and
reflect to your learning process by doing the 3-2-1 Chart.

What are the 3 most important things you learned?

What are the two things you are not sure about?

What is 1 thing you want to clarify immediately?

LESSON
15

3 Operations on Functions & Composition of Functions

PRE-REQUISITE SKILLS:

Basic knowledge of algebra is required such as simplifying expressions,

factoring and the like.
Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-pemdas-definition-rule-examples.html

Learning Outcome(s): At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to perform addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, composition of functions, and solve problems involving
functions.

Lesson Outline:
1. Review: Operations on algebraic expressions
2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of functions
3. Function composition

RECALL: Addition and Subtraction

a. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of both fractions.

b. Rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same LCD.
c. The LCD is the denominator of the resulting fraction.
d. The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of the resulting
fraction.
 16

RECALL: Multiplication

a. Rewrite the numerator and denominator in terms of its prime factors.

b. Common factors in the numerator and denominator can be simplified as “1”.
c. Multiply the numerators together to get the new numerator.
d. Multiply the denominators together to get the new denominator.

10
∧15
Example 3. Find the product of 21
8
17
 RECALL: Division
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the
reciprocal of the divisor.

Definition.

Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions.

1. Their sum, denoted by 𝑓 + 𝑔 , is the function denoted by

(𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
+ 𝒈(𝒙)

2. Their difference, denoted by 𝑓 − 𝑔 , is the function denoted by

(𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)
− 𝒈(𝒙)

3. Their product, denoted by 𝑓●𝑔 , is the function denoted by

�
�
4. Their quotient, denoted by � , is the function denoted by
�

( ) ( 𝑥) = , excluding the values of x where (𝑥) = 0.

𝑓
�
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥
� )

18
Applying operations on functions may be quite confusing but as soon as you fully
learn the concept, you can derive strategies to simplify functions easily.

For further understanding on this lesson, watch the video using the link below,

jkhksfjh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ

19
 Definition.
Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be functions.
The composite function denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined by

𝑓 ○ 𝑔 (𝑥 ) =
𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)).

The process of obtaining a composite function is called function composition.

Example 9: Find and simplify 𝑓 ○ 𝑝 (𝑥)

Solution:

2𝑥 +
𝑓 ○ 𝑝 (𝑥) = 2 (1 )+1
𝑥−
1
(4𝑥 + 2) + (𝑥 − 1)
= 5𝑥 + 1
= 𝑥−1
𝑥−1
Example 10: Find and simplify 𝐹 ○ 𝑝 (5)

Solution:

Above discussion was all about key concept of functions. It is very important
to know the basics in every lesson, which is why we need to know the key
concepts of functions to better understand the topic. This can be compared in our
relationship with God. Before we can fully serve and follow Him, we must know

20
His first and greatest commandment that is written in Matthew 22:37-38 “Jesus
replied: Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with
all your mind.”
PROBLEMS INVOLVING FUNCTIONS

Example 11

Suppose that 𝑁(𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of shirts sold by a shop, and
the selling price per shirt is given by 𝒑(𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20.
Find (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and describe what it represents.

Solution:

(𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) = (𝑥)●𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝟐𝟓𝟎 – 𝟓𝒙) = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 20.

(𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) represents the revenue earned by the company.

Since this function is the product of the quantity sold and the selling price, then

Example 12

A spherical balloon is being inflated. Let (𝑡) = 3𝑡 cm represent its radius at

time 𝑡 seconds, and let 𝑔(𝑟) =
4
3
𝜋𝑟
be the volume of the same balloon if its
3
radius is 𝑟. Write (𝑔 ○ 𝑟) in terms of 𝑡, and describe what it represents.

Solution:

(𝑔 ○ 𝑟) = ((𝑡) = 𝜋𝑟(3𝑡)3 = 𝜋(27𝑡3) = 36𝜋𝑡3.

4 4
This
3 3
function represents the volume of the balloon at time t
seconds.
 c) Evaluate the following composition of
functions. Given :
(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1
(𝑥) = 5𝑥2
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 +
3
1. (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
2. (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥)
3. (ℎ ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥)
4. (𝑓 ∘ ℎ)(𝑥)

d) Suppose that (𝑥) = 𝑥 denotes the number of bags sold by a shop, and the
selling price per bag is given by (𝑥) = 320 – 8𝑥, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 10. Suppose
further that the cost of producing x bags is given by (𝑥) = 200𝑥. Find
1. (𝑁 ● 𝑝)(𝑥) and
2. (𝑁 ● 𝑝 – 𝐶)(𝑥).
What do these functions represent?

Application

Let x represent the regular price of a book.

1. Give a function 𝑓 that represents the price of the book if a P100

2. Give a function 𝑔 that represents the price of the book if a 10%

price reduction applies.

3. Compute (𝑓 ○ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ○ 𝑓)(𝑥). Describe what these means.

discount applies.

Which of these give a better deal for the customer?

Process questions:

1. What information would help you solve the given problem?

2. What property can be used to solve the problem and why?
3. Show your solution and justification.
4. How can challenging problems involving functions be analyzed and solved?
22
Generalization

You encountered a lot of concepts related to functions. Now it’s time to pause for a while and
reflect to your learning process by doing the 3-2-1 Chart.

What are the 3 most important things you learned?

What are the two things you are not sure about?

What is 1 thing you want to clarify immediately?

Let us summarize…

Key Concepts

 A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such that no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-values. Using functional notation, we can
write f(x) = y, read as “f of x is equal to y.”

 A function can be presented in the following ways: as a set of ordered

pairs, as a rule or equation, as a table of values, as a mapping diagram
(one -to- one, many-to-one), and through graphs.
 To check whether a graph represents a function, the vertical-line test
is applied.
 A piece-wise function is a function that contains several expressions
depending on restrictions of values the unknown variable will take on in
a certain situatio

23
 The composition of the function “ 𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑔 ” is defined as follows:
(𝑓  𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)). This means that (𝑥) is composed of the function


𝑔(𝑥). In other words, the variable 𝑥 in (𝑥) will take on the value of (𝑥).

 In solving composite functions, it is important to apply the GEMDAS principle.

 Real-life problems/scenarios could be represented by functions.

POSTTEST
Let us check how much you have learned about functions.

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer and write this on your answer sheet.

1. Given (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 5 & (𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4, solve for 𝑔 ○ 𝑓(𝑥).

a. 11 − 6𝑥 c. 6𝑥 − 11
b. 6𝑥2 − 7𝑥 − 20 d. 6𝑥2 − 23𝑥 − 20

2. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 7, what is (−2)?

a. 1 c. -13
b. -1 d. 13

3. The composite function denoted by 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is defined by.

a. 𝑓 ○ (𝑥) = (𝑔(𝑥)) c. 𝑓 ○ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)●𝑔(𝑥)
b. 𝑓 ○ (𝑥) = (𝑓(𝑥)) d. 𝑓 ○ 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)●𝑓(𝑥)

4. It is a set of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) such that no two ordered pairs have the same
x- value but different y-value

24
 REFERENCES

General Mathematics pg. 1-20

Department of Education Teachers Materials

Math is Fun

https://www.mathsisfun.com/algebra/functions-evaluating.html

Ronie Banan, June 30, 2018

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIbAiPUrtvQ

MathEase, September 1, 2014

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAoe4xjUZQk

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