A Seminar Report On Third Generation (3G)

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR of Technology IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BY
AmanShrivastava (0913213007) Chirag Kumar Khiani (0913213016)

Under the supervision of

Mohd. Jawed Khan

( Lecturer, Deptt. of Information Technology)

April,2012

Department of Information Technology

Greater Noida Institute Of Technology, Greater Noida www.gnit.net

STUDENTS DECLARATION

Aman Shrivastava, Chirag Kumar Khiani hereby declare that the work presented in the Seminar Report entitled Third Generation submitted in the Department of Information Technology Engineering , Greater Noida Institute Of Technology, Greater Noida for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology, is our authentic work carried out during the 6th semester. The matter embodied in this project report has not been submitted elsewhere by anybody for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles.

Signature of the Student: Place: Date:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled THIRD GENERATION is the bonafide work carried out by Aman Shrivastava and Chirag

Kumar Khiani student of B.Tech, Greater Noida Institute Of

Technolgy, Greater Noida, during the year 2012, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Information technology and that the project has not formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title. Signature of the Guide:

Mohd Jawed Khan (Seminar Guide) Date:

ACKNOWLEDEMENT

We are highly grateful to honourable Mohd Jawed khan of Department of Information

Technology Engineering, Greater Noida Institute Of Technology, Greater Noida for

his ever helping attitude and encouraging us to excel in studies. Besides, he has been a source of inspiration during my entire period of Btech. We are thankful to Ms Vasudha Tewari, HOD, Department of Information Technology

Engineering , Greater Noida Institute Of Technology, Greater Noida for providing all
the necessary requirements and for his moral support for this project work as well doing the whole course of B.Tech. We would also like to mention thanks to all my class fellows, for not only helping me in studies but also for making this batch a house of learning through their hard work and dedication. I am also thankful to rest of classmates for their cooperation during my work. At the last but not the least we would like to pay respectful homage to my parents who always wanted to see me empowered with technical education.

ABSTRACT
3G stands for third generation, and is a wireless industry term for a collection of international standards and technologies aimed at increasing efficiency and improving the performance of mobile wireless networks. 3G wireless services offer enhancements to current applications, including greater data speeds, increased capacity for voice and data and the advent of packet data networks versus switched networks. 3G (Third Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies which use a host of hightech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations, switches and other equipment to allow mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, and video and CD- quality music services.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER NO. TITLE
Title Page Student Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content

PAGE No.
i ii iii iv v vi

GENERATIONS OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATONS

1.1 Generation First Wireless Technology 1.2 Second Generation Wireless Technology 1.3 Next Generation Mobile Networks 1.4Third Generation (3G) Wireless Network 1.5 Comparison of 2G and 3G Mobile Networks

6
6 6 7 9 11

. .

2 3 4

HISTORY BACKGROUND Evolution to 3G Wireless Technology

4.1 Evolution from 2G to 2.5 4.2 Evolution from 2.5 G to 3G 4.3 Evolution towards 4G

12

13 14
15 17 18

OBJECTIVES

18

6 7 8

FEATURES APPLICATIONS OF 3G STANDARDS USED IN THE 3G MOBILES ARE FOLLOWING

8.1 IMT-2000 8.2 WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS 8.3 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS(CDMA) 8.3.1 TDMA 8.3.2 FDMA 8.4 DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications

20 21 22
22 23 23-27

28

RELATED WORK
9.1 3G Wireless Market Drivers

30
34

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

THE GROWTH OF 3G IN INDIA ADVANTAGES OF 3G TECHNOLOGIES DISADVANTAGES OF 3G TECHNOLOGIES DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 3G AND 4G TECHNOLOGIES ISSUES CONCLUSION REFERENCES

35 37 39 39 40 41 42

GENERATIONS
Generation

OF
First

WIRELESS
Wireless

COMMUNICATONS
Technology:

The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on analog signalling. Analog systems, implemented in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS), while systems implemented in Europe and the rest of the world were typically identified as a variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS). Analog systems were primarily based on circuit-switched technology and designed for voice, not data.

Second

Generation

Wireless

Technology:

The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data signalling. The most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in about 140 countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248 million users now operate over GSM systems. GSM technology is a combination of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. FDMA is used to divide the available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies of 200kHz each. Each frequency is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for transmission and reception simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM systems operate in the 900MHz and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world with the exception of the Americas where they operate in the 1.9 GHz band. In addition to GSM, a similar technology, called Personal Digital Communications (PDC), using TDMA-based technology, emerged in Japan. Since then, several other TDMA-based systems have been deployed worldwide and serve an estimated 89 million people worldwide. While GSM technology was developed in Europe, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology was developed in North America. CDMA uses spread spectrum technology to break up speech into small, digitized segments and encodes them to identify each call. CDMA systems have been implemented worldwide in about 30 countries and serve an estimated 44 million subscribers. While GSM and other TDMA-based systems have become the dominant 2G wireless technologies, CDMA technology is recognized as providing clearer voice quality with less background noise, fewer dropped calls, enhanced security, greater reliability and greater network capacity. The Second Generation (2G) wireless networks mentioned above are also mostly based on circuit-switched technology. 2G wireless networks are digital and expand the range of applications to more advanced voice services, such as Called Line Identification. 2G wireless technology can handle some data capabilities such as fax and short message service at the data rate of up to 9.6 kbps, but it is not suitable for web browsing and multimedia applications.

Next

Generation

Mobile

Networks:

Second Generation (2G+) Wireless Networks: As stated in a previous section, the virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous impact on the demand for advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data rate of 2G circuit-switched wireless systems is relatively slow -- too slow for today's Internet. As a result, GSM, PDC and other TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have developed 2G+ technology that is packet-based and increases the data communication speeds to as high as 384kbps. These 2G+ systems are based on the following technologies: High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technologies. HSCSD is one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-switched technology improves the data rates up to 57.6kbps by introducing 14.4 kbps data coding and by aggregating 4 radio channels timeslots of 14.4 kbps. GPRS is an intermediate step that is designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range of Internet services without waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS technology is packet-based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are used for voice communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in the Location Register databases. GPRS uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the 200kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier frequency to enable data speeds of up to 115kbps. The data is packetized and transported over Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) using an IP backbone so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such as SMTP/POP-based e-mail, ftp and HTTP-based Web services. EDGE technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for both HSCSD and GPRS. The enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the enhancement of GPRS is called EGPRS. In ECSD, the maximum data rate will not increase from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A interface, but the data rate per timeslot will triple. Similarly, in EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple and the peak throughput, including all eight timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed 384 kbps. GPRS networks consist of an IP-based Public Mobile Land Network (PLMN), Base Station Services (BSS), Mobile handsets (MS), and Mobile Switching Centers (MSC) for circuit-switched network access and databases. The Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Nodes (GGSN) make up the PLMN. Roaming is accommodated through multiple PLMNs. SGSN and GGSN interface with the Home Location Register (HLR) to retrieve the mobile user's profiles to facilitate call completion. GGSN provides the connection to external Packet Data Network (PDN), e.g. an Internet backbone or an X.25 network. The BSS consists of Base Transceiver Stations and Base Station Controllers. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) receives and transmits over the air interfaces (CDMA, TDMA), providing wireless voice and data connectivity to the mobile handsets. Base Station Controllers (BSC) route the data calls to the packet-switched PLMN over a Frame Relay (FR) link and the voice calls to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC). MSC switches the voice calls to circuit-switched PLMN network such as PSTN and ISDN. MSC accommodates the Visitor

Location Register (VLR) to store the roaming subscriber information. The reverse process happens at the destination PLMN and the destination BSS. On the data side, the BSC routes the data calls to the SGSN, and then the data is switched to the external PDN through the GGSN or to another mobile subscriber. The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in the GPRS network infrastructure: SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP): protocol that maps a network level protocol, such as IP or X.25, to the underlying logical link control. SNDCP also provides other functions such as compression, segmentation and multiplexing of network-layer messages to a single virtual connection. Logical Link Control (LLC): a data link layer protocol for GPRS which functions similar to Link Access Protocol D (LAPD). This layer assures the reliable transfer of user data across a wireless network. Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP): processes routing and quality of service (QoS) information for the BSS. BSSGP uses the Frame Relay Q.922 core protocol as its transport mechanism. GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP. GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM): protocol that operates in the signalling plane of GPRS, handles mobility issues such as roaming, authentication, selection of encryption algorithms and maintains PDP context. Network Service: protocol that manages the convergence sub-layer that operates between BSSGP and the Frame Relay Q.922 Core by mapping BSSGP's service requests to the appropriate Frame Relay services. BSSAP+: protocol that enables paging for voice connections from MSC via SGSN, thus optimizing paging for mobile subscribers. BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and routing updates as well as mobile station alerting. SCCP, MTP3, MTP2 are protocols used to support Mobile Application Part (MAP) and BSSAP+ in circuit switched PLMNs. Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR.

Third

Generation

(3G)

Wireless

Networks:

3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. The following three air interface modes accomplish this result: wideband CDMA, CDMA2000 and the Universal Wireless Communication (UWC-136) interfaces. Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) is compatible with the current 2G GSM networks prevalent in Europe and parts of Asia. W-CDMA will require bandwidth of between 5Mhz and 10 Mhz, making it a suitable platform for higher capacity applications. It can be overlaid onto existing GSM, TDMA (IS-36) and IS95 networks. Subscribers are likely to access 3G wireless services initially via dual band terminal devices. W-CDMA networks will be used for high-capacity applications and 2G digital wireless systems will be used for voice calls. The second radio interface is CDMA2000 which is backward compatible with the second generation CDMA IS-95 standard predominantly used in US. The third radio interface, Universal Wireless Communications UWC-136, also called IS-136HS, was proposed by the TIA and designed to comply with ANSI-136, the North American TDMA standard. 3G wireless networks consist of a Radio Access Network (RAN) and a core network. The core network consists of a packet-switched domain, which includes 3G SGSNs and GSNs, which provide the same functionality that they provide in a GPRS system, and a circuit-switched domain, which includes 3G MSC for switching of voice calls. Charging for services and access is done through the Charging Gateway Function (CGF), which is also part of the core network. RAN functionality is independent from the core network functionality. The access network provides a core network technology independent access for mobile terminals to different types of core networks and network services. Either core network domain can access any appropriate RAN service; e.g. it should be possible to access a speech radio access bearer from the packet switched domain. The Radio Access Network consists of new network elements, known as Node B and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs). Node B is comparable to the Base Transceiver Station in 2G wireless networks. RNC replaces the Base Station Controller. It provides the radio resource management, handover control and support for the connections to circuit-switched and packetswitched domains. The interconnection of the network elements in RAN and between RAN and core network is over Iub, Iur and Iu interfaces based on ATM as a layer 2 switching technology. Data services run from the terminal device over IP, which in turn uses ATM as a reliable transport with QoS. Voice is embedded into ATM from the edge of the network (Node B) and is transported over ATM out of the RNC. The Iu interface is split into 2 parts: circuitswitched and packet-switched. The Iu interface is based on ATM with voice traffic embedded on virtual circuits using AAL2 technology and IP-over-ATM for data traffic using AAL5 technology. These traffic types are switched independently to either 3G SGSN for data or 3G MSC for voice. The following is a brief description of each protocol layer in a 3G wireless network infrastructure: Global Mobility Management (GMM): protocol that includes attach, detach, security, and routing area update functionality. Node B Application Part (NBAP): provides procedures for paging distribution, broadcast system information and management of dedicated and logical resources. Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP): maps higher level characteristics onto the

characteristics of the underlying radio-interface protocols. PDCP also provides protocol transparency for higher layer protocols PDCP also provides protocol transparency for higher layer protocols. Radio Link Control (RLC): provides a logical link control over the radio interface. Medium Access Control (MAC): controls the access signaling (request and grant) procedures for the radio channel. Radio resource Control (RRC): manages the allocation and maintenance of radio communication paths. Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP): encapsulates higher layer signaling. Manages the signaling and GTP connections between RNC and 3G-SGSN, and signaling and circuitswitched connections between RNC and 3G MSC. Radio Network Service Application Part (RNSAP): provides the communication between RNCs. GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP. Mobile Application Part (MAP): supports signaling between SGSN/GGSN and HLR/AuC/EIR. AAL2 Signaling (Q.2630.1, Q.2150.1, Q.2150.2, AAL2 SSSAR, and AAL2 CPS): protocols suite used to transfer voice over ATM backbone using ATM adaptation layer 2. Sigtran (SCTP, M3UA): protocols suite used to transfer SCN signaling protocols over IP network.

Comparison

of

2G

and

3G

Mobile

Networks:

As mentioned above, although there are many similarities between 2G and 3G wireless networks (and many of the 2G and 3G components are shared or connected through interworking functions), there are also many differences between the two technologies. Table 1 compares the differences between the core network, the radio portion and other areas of the two networks.

History
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1998[8], branded as FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMAtechnology.[9] The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[10][11] broader availability of the system was delayed by apparent concerns over its reliability.[12] The first European pre-commercial network was an UMTS network on the Isle of Man by Manx Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also UMTS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers. The first network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMAbased 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators. The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in July 2002 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-DO.[13] AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G network to HSUPA. The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere[dubious discuss] was built in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on 2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three or "3" in J June 2003. Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa. By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first Japan and South Korea 3G penetration is over 70%.[14] In Europe the leading country is Italy with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migration include UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition, then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers worldwide.

BACKGROUND:
At the UMTS Congress in Monte Carlo, nine global leaders in wireless communications AT&T Wireless Services, Inc., British Telecommunications Plc, Rogers Cantle Inc., Ericsson, Lucent Technologies, Nokia Corporation, Nortel Networks Inc., Teleport AS, and Telecom Italia Mobile - announced the formation of a new focus group to promote an Internet Protocol (IP) based wireless system for third generation (3G) mobile communications technology. The newly initiated focus group will go by the name 3G.IP. The nine companies have committed to support the development of next-generation wireless services such as voice, high speed data and Internet access, imaging and video conferencing on an all IP based network architecture using a common core network based on evolved General Packet Radio System (GPRS). The 3G.IP group plans to set the direction and requirements for the work towards the development of an IP based system for 3G mobile communications technology using W- CDMA and broadband interfaces, which are ideally IP enabled voice and high-speed data transmission for global 3G services. . The combination of a common network, harmonized air interfaces and multi- mode terminals will give customers seamless access to 3G IP services around the world, while satisfying the varied needs of each carrier. The 3G.IP member companies will cooperate closely and share information in the development of standards for advanced communications systems that will meet or exceed all of the requirements for 3G services established by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and regulatory bodies. The focus group expects that standardization activities related to an all IP based architecture for third generation systems should continue rapidly in the appropriate standard and specification development bodies, and the Group will fully support these standards development processes.

Evolution to

3G

Wireless

Technology:

Initial coverage Initially, 3G wireless technology will be deployed as "islands" in business areas where more capacity and advanced services are demanded. A complete evolution to 3G wireless technology is mandated by the end of 2000 in Japan (mostly due to capacity requirements) and by the end of 2001 in Europe. NTT DoComo is deploying 3G wireless services in Japan in the third quarter of 2000. In contrast, there is no similar mandate in North America and it is more likely that competition will drive the deployment of 3G wireless technology in that region. For example, Nextel Communications has announced that it will be deploying 3G wireless services in North America during the fourth quarter of 2000. The implementation of 3G wireless systems raises several critical issues, such as the successful backward compatibility to air interfaces as well as to deployed infrastructures. Interworking with 2G and 2G+ Wireless Networks the existence of legacy networks in most regions of the world highlights the challenge that communications equipment manufacturers face when implementing next-generation wireless technology. Compatibility and interworking between the new 3G wireless systems and the old legacy networks must be achieved in order to ensure the acceptance of new 3G wireless technology by service providers and end-users. The existing core technology used in mobile networks is based on traditional circuit-switched technology for delivery of voice services. However, this traditional technology is inefficient for the delivery of multimedia services. The core switches for next-generation of mobile networks will be based on packet-switched technology which is better suited for data and multimedia services. Second generation GSM networks consist of BTS, BSC, MSC/VLR and HLR/Auk/EIR network elements. The interfaces between BTS, BSC and MSC/VLR elements are circuit-switched PCM. GPRS technology adds a parallel packet-switched core network. The 2G+ network consists of BSC with packet interfaces to SGSN, GGSN, and HLR/Auk/EIR. The interfaces between BSC and SGSN network elements are either Frame Relay and/or ATM so as to provide reliable transport with Quality of Service (Quos). 3G wireless technologies introduce new Radio Access Network (RAN) consisting of Node B and RNC network elements. The 3G Core Network consists of the same entities as GSM and GPRS: 3G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/Auk/EIR, 3G-SGSN, and GGSN. IP technology is used end-to-end for multimedia applications and ATM technology is used to provide reliable transport with Quos. 3G wireless solutions allow for the possibility of having an integrated network for circuit-switched and packet-switched services by utilizing ATM technology. The BSC may evolve into an RNC by using add-on cards or additional hardware that is co-located. The carrier frequency (5 MHz) and the bands (2.5 to 5 GHz) are different for 3G wireless technology compared to 2G/2G+ wireless technology. Evolution of BSC to RNC requires support for new protocols such as PDCP, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP. Therefore, BTS' evolution into Node B may prove to be difficult and may represent significant capital expenditure on the part of network operators. MSC evolution depends on the selection of a fixed network to carry the requested services. If an ATM network is chosen, then ATM protocols will have to be supported in 3G MSC along with interworking between ATM and existing PSTN/ISDN networks. The evolution of SGSN and GGSN to 3G nodes is relatively easier. Enhancements to GTP protocol and support for new RANAP protocol are necessary to support 3G wireless systems. ATM protocols need to be incorporated to transport the services. The HLR databases evolve into 3G-HLR by adding 3G

Wireless user profiles. The VLR database must also be updated accordingly. The EIR database needs to change to accommodate new equipment that will be deployed for 3G wireless systems. Finally, global roaming requires compatibility to existing deployment and graceful fallback to an available level when requested services are not available in the region. Towards this end, the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) is working closely with 3G Partnership Projects (3GPP and 3GPP2) to come up with global standards for 3G wireless protocols.

Evolution from 2G to 2.5 G

In the 2G and 2.5G mobile, several technological developments have been introduced to increase the capacity bandwidth of the networks and to enable provision of new services in these platforms. Standard bandwidth for data services in GSM networks is 9.6 Kbps per timeslot. However, many providers offer 14.4 Kbps per time slot using more efficient modulation technologies. To increase the available capacity at the end users site in GSM networks, two approaches are used: Deployment of several time slots. This is called HSCSD (High Speed CircuitSwitched Data). Deployment of packet oriented IP based technologies like GPRS and EDGE. When using HSCSD technology, a maximum capacity of 38.4 Kbps will be achieved if 9.6Kbps per time slot is used (and 57.6 Kbps in the case of 14.4 Kbps per time slot). In both cases, the assumption is that all 8 time slots are used: 4 time slots for uplink and 4 for downlink.GPRS, on the other hand, is packet-based and is optimized for IP traffic. In GPRS, the capacity per time slot depends on the deployed technology: CS1: 9.05 Kbps per time slot CS2: 13.4 Kbps per time slot CS3: 15.6 Kbps per time slot CS4: 21.4 Kbps per time slot. In theory, using 8 time slots and CS4 technology, a maximum capacity of 171.3 Kbps can beachieved.EDGE can be seen as a technology with the same characteristics as GPRS, but with moreefficient modulation techniques and, consequently, higher capacities per time slot.Theoretically, it is possible to achieve 59 Kbps per time slot, providing a maximum capacity of 472 Kbps. The capacity will depend on the deployed technology (MsC1 to MsC9), and a 12 maximum capacity per time slot of 48 Kbps is considered realistic in mature EDGE networks giving a maximum overall capacity of 384 Kbps.One important issue here is that even though GPRS and EDGE are capable of offering high bandwidth connectivity to the end users, the amount of frequency resources in the GSMnetwork is far below the resources necessary to cope with the ever increasing demand of the end users for data services.The technological evolution path towards 3G networks and the standards that will bedeploye

d in different markets depend primarily on the current 2G markets. The natural consequence of this has been the definition of a variety of variants of IMT-2000 standard that can be chosen by different operators based on parameters like reusability, interoperability, etc.Mobile telephones have been a tremendous success story. Although GSM wasoriginallyconceived as apanEuropean system there are now over 400 operators in157 countriesworldwide [1]. Since the launch of the first GSM systems in the early nineties, customer numbers have grown very quickly resulting in todays highly competitive mass market. In particular, the more recent development of pre-pay packages has been very successful in attracting new customers. For many mobile operators more than 50% of their customers use pre-pay. At present, GSM use is dominated by voice services, although there has been a 13

great increase in uses for the short message service (SMS), a text-based messaging system.GSM provides a circuit switched data service similar to PSTN dial -up data services. The nominal GSM data rate is 9.6 Kbit/s. In recent years, a new coding scheme has been approved that takes this data rate to 14.4 Kbit/s although not all operators will adopt this. However, these data rates do not provide high-speed access to services such as e-mail and the World Wide Web (WWW). Also, the use of circuit-switched connections, where the channel is dedicated to one user, is not the most efficient way of carrying the burst traffic of these types of services that are accessed over the Internet.

Evolution from 2.5 G to 3G

GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK en c o d i n g . Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE can be considered a 3G radio technology and is part of ITU's 3G definition, but is most frequently referred to as 2.75G. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States. EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that providesa p o t e n t i a l t h r e e f o l d i n c r e a s e i n c a p a c i t y o f G S M / G P R S n e t w o r k s . T h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n achieves higher data-rates by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK) , within existing GSM timeslots.

Evolution towards 4G

Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G standards, named Long Term EvolutionandUltra Mobile Broadband, respectively. Being based on an allIPnetwork infrastructurea n d u s i n g a d v a n c e d w i r e l e s s t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s MIMO, t h e s e specifications already display features characteristic for IMTAdvanced(4G), the successor o f 3 G . H o w e v e r , f a l l i n g s h o r t o f t h e s p e e d r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r 4 G ( w h i c h i s 1 G b i t / s f o r stationary and 100 Ambit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9Gor Pre-4G.3 G P P p l a n s t o m e e t t h e 4 G g o a l s w i t h LTE Advanced, w h e r e a s Q u a l c o m m h a s h a l t e d development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.

Objectives
4G is being developed to accommodate the QoSand rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like wireless broadband access, Multimedia(MMS),videochat,mobile TV,HDTVcontent,Digital Video Broadcasting(DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services that utilize bandwidth.T h e 4 G w o r k i n g g r o u p h a s d e f i n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g a s o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e 4 G w i r e l e s s communication standard: Spectrally system (in bits/s/Hz and bits/s/Hz/site) High network capacity: more simultaneous users per cell, A data rate of at least 100 Ambit/s between any two points in the world, Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks, Seamless connectivity and globalroamingacross multiple networks, High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time audio, high-speed data HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc) Interoperability with existing wireless standards, and An all IP, switched network. In summary, the 4G system should dynamically share and utilize network resources to meet the minimal requirements of all the 4G enabled users.

Features:
The most significant features offered by third generation (3G) mobile technologies are the momentous capacity and broadband capabilities to support greater numbers of voice and data customers - especially in urban centres - plus higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G. 3G uses 5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver significantly higher data rates and increased capacity compared with 2G networks. The 5 MHz channel carrier provides optimum use of radio resources for operators who have been granted large, contiguous blocks of spectrum. On the other hand, it also helps to reduce the cost to 3G networks while being capable of providing extremely high- speed data transmission to users. It also allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and 2Mbps for stationary systems. 3G users are expected to have greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency, which will allow them to access global roaming between different 3G net workings. The main characteristics of 3G are to provide mobile multimedia services at transmission rate of 144kbps at the high-speed 384kbps at the speed of walking 2Mbps indoors this theoretical maximum (2Mbps) is close to the speed of LAN connections that many households nowadays have. In addition, 3G networks can offer faster data transmission than the slowest. What are the benefits of 3G? Packet-based data provides several advantages over the existing circuit-switched techniques used for carrying mobile voice. It allows higher call volumes and support for multimedia data applications, such as video and photography. Users will be charged on how much data they transmit, not on how much time they are connected to the network, because with 3G you are constantly online and only pay for the information you receive.

Data rates ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Ambit/s for stationary or walking users, and 384 Kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"[22] the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data. Security 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block cipher instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.[23] In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

Mobile TV Video on demand Videoconferencing Telemedicine Location-based services

STANDARDS USED IN THE 3G MOBILES ARE FOLLOWING

W-CDMAalso known as UMTS

CDMA2000 TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA UWC(often implemented with EDGE) DECT WIMAX

IMT-2000
It is the term used by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for asset of globally harmonized standards for third generation (3G) mobile telecoms services and equipment. 3G services are designed to offer broadband cellular access at speeds of 2Mbps, which will allow mobile multimedia services to become possible.

WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) WCDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum 3G mobile telecommunication air interface that utilizes code division multiple access .It provides simultaneous support for a wide range of services with different characteristics on a common5MHz carrier. The term WCDMA also refers to one of the International Telecommunications Union's IMT-2000 standards, a type of 3G cellular network. WCDMA is the technology behind the 3G UMTS standard and is closely allied with the 2GGSM standard. It provides new service capabilities, increased network capacity and reduced cost for voice and data services. The term 'WCDMA Evolved' describes the evolution of WCDMA, addressing both operators' needs for efficiency and users' demands for enhanced experience and convenience. The first steps of this evolution are HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio
communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards calledcdmaOneand CDMA2000 (which are often referred to as simply "CDMA"), which use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the basic concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a bandwidth of different frequencies. This concept is called multiplexing. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, Time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.CDMA is a form of "spread-spectrum" signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

CDMA2000 Technologies CDMA2000 represents a family of standards and includes:CDMA2000 1XCDMA2000 1xEV-DO TechnologiesCDMA2000 1xEV-DO Reel 0CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev ACDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B CDMA2000 It is a hybrid 2.5G / 3G technology of mobile telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data, and signalling data (such as a dialled telephone number) between mobile phones and cell sites. CDMA2000 is considered a 2.5G technology in 1xRTT and a 3Gtechnology in EVDO. CDMA2000 is also known as IS-2000.Even though "W-CDMA" and "CDMA2000" both have "CDMA" in their names, they are completely different systems using different technologies. However, it is hoped that mobile devices using the two systems will be able to talk to each other.

CDMA2000-1xEVDO System Architecture (Basic)

BTS: Base Station, which creates a single cell BSC: Base Station Controller, which controls roaming and channel allocations amongst various BSTs and is also referred to as a Radio Network Controller (RNC). MSC: Mobile Switching Centre, which performs the telephony switching functions and is usually connected to an SS7 network. PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node maintains IP communications between all MNs and the Packet Data Network (PDN), which in this diagram is the Internet.

Broadband data:
Provides a peak data rate of 2.4 Mbps in the forward link and153 kbps in the reverse link in a single 1.25 MHz FDD carrier offers an "always on" user experience

Applications:
Supports broadband data applications, such as broadband Internet or VPN access, MP3 music downloads, 3D gaming, TV broadcasts, video and audio downloads. Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a telecommunications standard for the wireless transmission of data through radio signals, typically for broadband Internet access. It uses multiplexing techniques including code division multiple access (CDMA) as well as time division multiple access (TDMA) to maximize both individual user's throughput and the overall system throughput. It is standardized by 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) as part of theCDMA2000 family of standards and has been adopted by many mobile phone service providers around the world particularly those previously employingCDMA networks. A Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) provides access to the Internet, intranet sand applications servers for mobile stations utilizing a cdma2000 Radio Access The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit-switched telephone networks Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over I networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. Other terms frequently encountered and synonymous with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, voice over broadband (Dobb), broadband telephony, and broadband phone. Key features of CDMA2000 are: Leading performance. Efficient use of spectrum. Support for advanced mobile services. Devices selection. Seamless evolution path. Flexibility.

CDMA2000 Advantages
Superior Voice Clarity High-Speed Broadband Data Connectivity Low End-to-End Latency Increased Voice and Data Throughput Capacity Improved Security and Privacy Lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

Time Division Code Division Multiple Access Or Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA)

An acronym for Time-division - CDMA, is a channel access method based on using spread spectrum across multiple time slots.
[1] It is shown that a mixture of TDMA and CDMA provides better quality of service for multimedia

communications in terms of data throughput and voice/video quality.TD-SCDMA is being pursued in the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Academy of Telecommunications Technology (CATT), Dating and Siemens AG, in an attempt not to be dependent on Western technology. This is likely primarily for practical reasons; other 3G formats require the payment of patent fees to a large number of Western patent holders [4] .TD-SCDMA uses the Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode, Time-division depleting (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate outward and return signals. It emulates fullduplex communication over a half-duplex communication link. Time-division duplex has a strong advantage in the case where there is asymmetry of the uplink and downlink data rates. As the amount of uplink data increases, more communication capacity can be dynamically allocated, and as the traffic load becomes lighter, capacity can be taken away. The same applies in the downlink direction. In January 2009 the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) in China took the unusual step of assigning licences for 3 different third-generation mobile phone standards to three carriers in a long-awaited step that is expected to prompt $41 billion in spending on new equipment. The Chinese-developed standard, TD-SCDMA, was assigned to China Mobile, the world's biggest phone carrier by subscribers. That appeared to be an effort to make sure the new system has the financial and technical backing to succeed. Licences for two existing 3G standards, WCDMA and CDMA-2000, were assigned to China Unicom and China Telecom, respectively. Third-generation, or 3G, technology Supports Web surfing, wireless video and other services and the start of service is expected to spur new revenue growth.

DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)

Known as Digital European Cordless Telephone until 1995, is anETSIstandard for digital portable phones (cordless home telephones), commonly used for domestic or corporate purposes. It is recognised by thetas fulfilling theIMT-2000 requirements and thus qualifies as a3Gsystem. Within the IMT-2000 group of technologies, DECT is referred to as IMT-2000 Frequency Time (IMT-FT)

DECT was developed by ETSI but has since been adopted by many countries all over the world. The original DECT frequency band (1880MHz 1900 MHz)is used in all countries in Europe. Outside Europe, it is used in most of Asia, Australia and South America. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission in 2005 changed channelization and licensing costs in a nearby band (1920 MHz1930 MHz, or 1.9GHz), known as Unlicensed Personal Communications Services (UPCS), allowing DECT devices to be sold in thus. with only minimal changes. These channels are reserved exclusively for voice communication applications and therefore are less likely to experience interference from other wireless devices such as baby monitors and wireless networks.

RELATED WORK

[1]

[2] China Telecom subscribers reach 110.94m

HONG KONG China Telecom Corp Ltd, the smallest of the country's three telecommunicationsoperators, said on T uesday that its mobile subscribers increased to 110.94 million in July, including 23.56 million 3G subscribers, Reuters reported. China Telecom said on its website that 3G subscribers rose by 2.02 million in July, while totalusers i ncreased by 2.57 million.

3G

Wireless

Market

Drivers:

Telecommunications service providers and network operators are embracing the recently adopted global third generation (3G) wireless standards in order to address emerging user demands and to provide new services. The concept of 3G wireless technology represents a shift from voice-centric services to multimedia-oriented (voice, data, video, fax) services. In addition, heavy demand for remote access to personalized data is fuelling development of applications, such as the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and multimedia management, to complement the 3G protocols. Complementary standards, such as Bluetooth, will enable interoperability between a mobile terminal (phone, PDA etc.) and other electronic devices, such as a laptop/desktop and peripherals, providing added convenience to the consumer and allowing for the synchronization and uploading of information at all times. According to Lehman Brothers, approximately 50 percent of current voice services subscribers are expected to use wireless data services by 2007, instead of 25 percent as previously forecast1. Lehman Brothers further predicts that, within seven years, 18 percent of cellular revenues and 21 percent of PCS (personal communications services) revenue will come from wireless data services. Cellular subscriptions are forecast to exceed one billion by 20032, compared with the 306 million that was forecast at the end of 1998, representing a compound annual growth of 29 percent. Demand for voice services has traditionally been a market driver. However, today, demand for data services has emerged as an equally significant market driver. After many years of stasis, the telecommunications industry is undergoing revolutionary changes due to the impact of increased demand for data services on wire line and wireless networks. Up until recently, data traffic over mobile networks remained low at around 2% due to the bandwidth limitations of the present second-generation (2G) wireless networks. Today, new technologies are quickly emerging that will optimize the transport of data services and offer higher bandwidth in a mobile environment. As a case in point, the increased use of the Internet as an acceptable source for information distribution and retrieval, in conjunction with the increased demand for global mobility has created a need for 3G wireless communications protocols. The third generation of mobile communications will greatly enhance the implementation of sophisticated wireless applications. Users will be able to utilize personal, location-based wireless information and interactive services. Also, many companies and corporations are restructuring their business processes to be able to fully exploit the opportunities provided by the emerging new wireless data services. Many advanced wireless services are already available today, and the introduction of 3G wireless technologies will add to their ubiquity.

THE GROWTH OF 3G IN INDIA

India is seeing an unprecedented increase in the mobile users. According of one of the latest TRAI reports released in November 2008, the total number of mobile users in India has reached 325 million. In October 2008 alone, 10.42million new subscribers added. These figures are bound to shoot up with the launch of 3G network. Some of the major mobile players in India are BSNLmobile, Aortal mobile, Reliance mobile and Tata mobile. At one time Aircelmobile was leading the market; however, it has now lost the market share tonsil mobile, Aortal mobile and other leading mobile players. With 3G network, mobile internet will have its internet capabilities enhanced and we will be able to have mobile broadband. BSNL mobile is planning to launch 3G network in January 2009. Aortal is expected to follow suit with 3Gnetwork. Aortal has already launched the Apple 3G phone in India in August2008.With so much of competition in the mobile telecom industry, we can expect the tariffs for mobile broadband network from BSNL broadband, Aortal broadband and other leading players to be highly competitive. We can expect a great reception from the Indian mobile consumers. Mobile broadband is bound to change the entire internet experience. People who are currently using GPRS Connection to surf the internet while they are on the move using their mobile phones, PDAs and Laptops know how convenient it is to have internet on the move. You can accomplish a lot of work even as you move from one place tithe other and your business will not suffer because you are travelling. However, one of the pains of using GPRS connection is their painfully slow connections. We can overcome these internet speed issues with 3G mobile network. We can enjoy internet at the speed of broadband not only at our homes and offices wean enjoy high-speed internet connections even while travelling. Most of us are closely following the announcements from all leading mobile players in India on their efforts to bringing 3G network to the Indian mobile community. It is rather surprising to note why Aortal who brought a revolution in the mobile industry, competitive rates and excellent services have not managed to launch 3G service yet. All those who have been waiting for the 3G network in India has reached testate of frustration as there is no word from the telecom department regarding when exactly we will be able to enjoy mobile broadband in India except for the occasional remarks from the leading mobile players in India such as BSNLmobile. Though BSNL mobile has plans to launch 3G network in January 2009, we can never be sure when exactly this will be realized. Interestingly, not many international players are interested in bidding in the 3G network auctions. However, if international players come in there will be an increased competition in the industry that will work for the advantage of the end users in terms of better-priced 3G solutions.

3G in India by mid 2009 but with spectrum curbs

With the Government issuing guidelines for 3G, high speed mobile downloads and live television on mobile will finally become a reality by middle of 2009.But customers in Delhi or Mumbai may not have much to look forward to. Due to spectrum constraints, there are merely three Global System for Mobile(GSM) operators that can offer 3G services. With one slot already reserved for MTNL and the other two open for global bids, customers in Delhi and Mumbai may

end up missing the 3G bus if they dont switch operators. But customers in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala could have as many as 10operators to choose from."Subject to the availability of 3G spectrum, we will have five operators to start with and gradually we may go up to having ten operators. In Mumbai and Delhi, however, we can only have 2-3 operators, Communications and IT Minister Drama said. Even private GSM operators admit that limited spectrum will lead to overbidding and could render 3G services unaffordable."If there is a supply constraint and demand excess, obviously there will be overbidding, which could make 3G very expensive in Delhi and Mumbai, Director General, Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI), T VRamachandran cautions. But analysts say it is unlikely that the big GSM players like Aortal and Vodafone will not bid aggressively to ensure they get 3G spectrums, primarily because most customers with an appetite for 3G are locked in the two networks.

ADVANTAGES OF 3G TECHNOLOGIES

3G has supplied a fresh way of living amongst cellular phone and handset users with consumers rapidly getting on the bandwagon and putting money into 3G- powered devices and tools. 3G can alter the way in which you look at network, with the various features as well as effects. You could move forward and take advantage of the highest details as well as tools by understanding the operations and applications of the system, as well as the current networks.

The Operations
Individuals can perform many operations such as sending information and data and getting these via wireless access. You can obtain information no matter the time and location. 3G is the current mobile technology and is currently the most rapidly growing host among mobile handsets, giving you the greater speeds, in comparison to other technologies that preceded it. You are able to have faster connection, audio entertainment with greater quality and faster Internet access. You also receive the advantages of video calling because of the greater speed, enjoying phone calls to family as well as friends all over the world with the video calling feature. The calibre and clarity are enhanced, with the ability usable provided the two parties are employing the 3Ginnovations.

Utilizing the Technology

People may utilize their phones and allow them to work as a modem for their computer to mail and send necessary documents. Downloading audio tracks as well as games would be a lot quicker compared to older technologies. The techadditionally allows extremely quick downloads, so you need only a couple minutes to download albums and movie clips. Getting Info Obtaining info is among of the best features of 3G technology which means you can also watch the latest news and newspaper headlines, receiving information

such as weather reports, sports news and even economy related information. You have the ability to acquire the latest scores in an ongoing baseball match and other favourite sports or shows. The improved calibre of facilities as well as speed of 3G devices may permit you to see music clips as well as film clips with very clear photographs, when held in comparison to 2.5G technology devices.

Faster Speed
Using 3G technology, you get to enjoy data transmission speed leading up to2Mbps, providing you have a phone stationary. It additionally provides you heightened level of connectivity as well as greater networking, in addition to noise resistance. The tech has raised the bit rate, allowing service providers to give high speed Internet capabilities, greater call numbers and lot of the multimedia apps that can be given to the consumers. All of the facilities can be given to the customers based on the data quantity sent and not upon the time used for the service, so the services given to customers are more inexpensive.

On Price
In spite of the new speeds and capabilities of 3G tech, the costs of handsets are relatively the same, with the most recent types, though, being priced higher to those featuring 2.5G, although Internet bargains are around.

Disadvantages of 3G technology
Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses Numerous differences in the licensing terms Large amount of debt currently sustained by many Telecommunication companies, which makes it a challenge to build the necessary infrastructure for 3G Lack of member state support for financially troubled operators Expense of 3G phones Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for the new 3G wireless services GE

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 3G AND 4G TECHNOLOGIES

There has been more talk about 4G (fourth generation) mobile broadband recently and Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN's) has announced that the first 4Gfield trials have been completed in Berlin. As 4G seems to have taken a step closer to reality, I decided to do some research and find out what advantages 4G may offer over 3G. The specifications for 4G are not standardized yet but the following 3G vs. 4G table gives an idea of what 4G is likely to provide.Technology3G4GFrequency band1.8 - 2.5GHz2 - 8GHzBandwidth5-20MHz5-20MHzData rate Up to 2Mbps100Mbps moving 1Gbps stationary Access-CDMAVSF-OFCDM and VSF-CDMA Switching Circuit/Packet Packet The existing 3 G W-CDMA standards will be replaced in 4G by VSF-OFCDMand VSF-CDMA. VSF-OFCDM allows extremely high downlink connections, both indoors and outdoors. VSF-CDMA provides high-efficiency, high-speed packet transmissions for the uplink. The 4G adoption of concatenated FEC (Forward Error Correction) will allow much larger data packets to be transmitted and at the same time reduce the bit error rate. This will increase the overall data through-put. One of the main advantages that 4G technology will have over 3G is higher data rates. This will benefit the end user by allowing faster access to multimedia and video while on the move. We may still have to wait a while for 4G though, as it looks like 4G networks wont be launched until 2008 and won't become widely available until 2010.

Issues

Although 3G was successfully introduced to users across the world, some issues are debated by 3G providers and users: Expensive input fees for the 3G service licenses in some jurisdictions Differences in licensing terms between states Level of debt incurred by some telecommunication companies, w h i c h m a k e s investment in 3G difficult Lack of state support for financially troubled operators Cost of 3G phones Lack of coverage in some areas High prices for 3G in some countries Demand for high speed services in a hand-held device Battery life of 3G phones

Conclusion:

3G is considered to be the evolution of existing mobile communications. In the light of the discussion in this paper, there is strong evidence to suggest that the main outcome of using 3G networks and services will be to get access to the same services with faster data connection speed. Furthermore, it seems that the success of 3G lies in its ability to serve not only mobile users but in providing access to the Internet with data cards inserted in laptops. Thus, 3G networks will serve the same purpose as LAN and WLAN networks. In terms of business opportunities, telecommunication companies main source of income is still coming from voice-centric services. For example, the mobile operator Hutchinson, offering services purely in 3G networks, announced this autumn 2006 that its main source of income comes from discount packets that offer free speech time in 3G networks. Moreover, as long as the price of the network time is high in 3G, operators cannot wait fast diffusion of data centric mobile services. According to mobile operators, 3G is needed in congested places where the demand on current mobile networks exceeds the capacity. On this basis, future research that identifies additional factors or views the factors presented in different light would contribute to the understanding of 3G acceptance. Thus, a natural extension of this study is the collection of primary data about the use and acceptance of 3G services in both consumer and business markets.

REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.org www.google.com

www.three-g.net www.ictregulationtoolkit.org www.cn-c114.net http://www.plus8star.com/2008/06/11/graphing-social-patterns-conference-facebook-vs-leadingasian-mobile-sns/ [2]http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-08/23/content_13173323.htm [1] http://www.cdg.org/resources/files/fact_sheets/CDG_MarketTrendsFacts_English.pdf