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Class Notes

The document covers basic organic chemistry concepts, including bonding in organic molecules, functional groups and their reactions, IUPAC naming conventions, and key reaction types such as substitution, addition, and elimination. It emphasizes the importance of understanding mechanisms for mastering organic reactions and provides practice problems for revision. Key functional groups discussed include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and halides, each with characteristic reactions.

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4 views2 pages

Class Notes

The document covers basic organic chemistry concepts, including bonding in organic molecules, functional groups and their reactions, IUPAC naming conventions, and key reaction types such as substitution, addition, and elimination. It emphasizes the importance of understanding mechanisms for mastering organic reactions and provides practice problems for revision. Key functional groups discussed include hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, and halides, each with characteristic reactions.

Uploaded by

harchitkashyap5
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Class Notes: Basic Organic Chemistry

1. Bonding in Organic Molecules


Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen, and often oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, and halogens.

 Covalent bonding is predominant.

 Carbon forms four bonds (tetra-valent), enabling chains, rings, and complex
structures.

 Types of bonds: Sigma (σ) and Pi (π) bonds.

 Hybridization:

o sp³ → tetrahedral

o sp² → trigonal planar

o sp → linear

2. Functional Groups and Their Reactions


Functional groups determine chemical properties and reactivity:

 Hydroxyl (-OH): Alcohols, undergo dehydration and oxidation.

 Carbonyl (>C=O): Aldehydes and ketones, participate in nucleophilic addition.

 Carboxyl (-COOH): Carboxylic acids, react with bases, form esters.

 Amino (-NH₂): Amines, basic, form amides with acids.

 Halides (-X): Undergo substitution reactions.


Each group has characteristic reactions important in synthesis.

3. Naming Conventions (IUPAC)


IUPAC naming ensures consistent and systematic naming of organic compounds:

 Identify the longest carbon chain (parent chain).

 Number the chain to give the lowest number to the functional group.

 Name substituents with their position.

 Use appropriate suffixes (e.g., -ane, -ene, -yne, -ol, -al, -oic acid).

Example: CH₃CH₂OH → Ethanol


4. Key Reactions: Substitution, Addition, Elimination

 Substitution: One atom or group replaces another.


Example: Alkyl halides + OH⁻ → alcohols

 Addition: Atoms are added to double or triple bonds.


Example: Alkenes + HBr → alkyl halides

 Elimination: Atoms are removed, forming double/triple bonds.


Example: Alcohols → alkenes

Understanding mechanisms (SN1, SN2, E1, E2) is crucial for mastering organic reactions.

5. Practice Problems for Revision

1. Name the following compound: CH₃CH₂CH₂Br

2. Identify the functional group in CH₃COOH

3. What is the product of the reaction: CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O → ?

4. Draw the structure of 2-methylbutane

5. Classify the reaction type: CH₃CH₂Cl + NaOH → CH₃CH₂OH + NaCl

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