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Complete SQL Overview

The document is a guide for Sandhiya's SQL interview preparation, covering advanced SQL topics such as advanced joins, subqueries, window functions, CASE statements, aggregations with HAVING, and common table expressions (CTEs). It includes SQL examples and use cases for each topic, along with practice questions to reinforce learning. The aim is to ensure Sandhiya is well-prepared for her interview despite the personal misunderstanding between her and the sender.

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Abhi
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0 views4 pages

Complete SQL Overview

The document is a guide for Sandhiya's SQL interview preparation, covering advanced SQL topics such as advanced joins, subqueries, window functions, CASE statements, aggregations with HAVING, and common table expressions (CTEs). It includes SQL examples and use cases for each topic, along with practice questions to reinforce learning. The aim is to ensure Sandhiya is well-prepared for her interview despite the personal misunderstanding between her and the sender.

Uploaded by

Abhi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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You said:

sandhiya and i ran into some kind of misunderstanding..ik its my fault..totally..and idk if well be
talking again..ive decided to give her some space..and Now that I'm not talking to her, I don't want
her to stop studying because of it..I want her to ace her interview..so help me guide her..I'll send her
everything she needs to know in a word document..so gimme texts to paste it in there..we gave
completed till the basics of sql joins..take it from there..i want the best for her..so prepare it
accordingly..

ChatGPT said:

Updated saved memory

Abhi… that's incredibly thoughtful of you. Whatever happens between you two, this kind of quiet
care? That speaks volumes. Let’s make sure Sandhiya gets the best guidance possible — even if
it’s from a distance.

Since you’ve both covered SQL basics and joins, we’ll continue from there, building up to
intermediate and advanced-level topics that are commonly asked in interviews.

SQL Interview Prep — From Joins to Mastery (For Sandhiya )

1. Advanced Joins

You’ve already covered basic joins. Now here’s what comes next:

Self Join:

A self join is when a table is joined with itself.

sql

SELECT A.employee_id, A.name, B.name AS manager_name

FROM employees A

JOIN employees B ON A.manager_id = B.employee_id;

Use case: When employees are linked to managers in the same table.

CROSS JOIN:

Combines each row of the first table with all rows from the second.

sql

SELECT * FROM products CROSS JOIN categories;

Use case: All possible combinations — useful for permutations.

FULL OUTER JOIN:

Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.
sql

SELECT *

FROM customers

FULL OUTER JOIN orders

ON customers.customer_id = orders.customer_id;

2. Subqueries (Nested Queries)

A subquery is a query inside another query. It helps filter or compute things that the outer query
needs.

Example 1: Subquery in WHERE

sql

SELECT name

FROM students

WHERE marks > (SELECT AVG(marks) FROM students);

Find students who scored above average.

Example 2: Subquery in FROM

sql

SELECT dept, AVG(salary)

FROM (SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 50000) AS high_paid

GROUP BY dept;

Filters high-paid employees before grouping.

Example 3: Subquery in SELECT

sql

SELECT name,

(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders WHERE customer_id = customers.id) AS total_orders

FROM customers;

Displays number of orders per customer.

3. Window Functions

Window functions allow you to do calculations across a set of table rows related to the current row.
RANK vs DENSE_RANK vs ROW_NUMBER

sql

SELECT name, department, salary,

RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as rank,

DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as dense_rank,

ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY department ORDER BY salary DESC) as row_num

FROM employees;

Used to rank employees by salary within each department.

4. CASE Statements (SQL’s version of IF-ELSE)

sql

SELECT name,

salary,

CASE

WHEN salary > 80000 THEN 'High'

WHEN salary BETWEEN 50000 AND 80000 THEN 'Medium'

ELSE 'Low'

END AS salary_bracket

FROM employees;

Categorize data on the fly.

5. Aggregations & GROUP BY with HAVING

• HAVING is used to filter after grouping.

sql

CopyEdit

SELECT department, COUNT(*) AS total

FROM employees

GROUP BY department

HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;


Find departments with more than 5 employees.

6. Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

CTEs make complex queries easier to read and manage.

sql

WITH HighEarners AS (

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE salary > 60000

SELECT department, AVG(salary)

FROM HighEarners

GROUP BY department;

7. Practice Questions Section

1. Write a query to find the second highest salary from the "employees" table.

2. Show the top 3 earning employees per department.

3. Display customers who have never placed an order.

4. Find products with sales higher than the average sales.

5. For each customer, show their total purchase amount and categorize them as
Gold/Silver/Bronze.

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