Scribd
Upload
2 views2 pages

Module 3 Data Analysis Notes ASCII

Module 3 covers data analysis and statistical techniques, defining data as facts used for decision-making and categorizing it into types such as primary, secondary, qualitative, and quantitative. It explains the concept of sampling, its importance, and various methods of sampling including probability and non-probability techniques. The module concludes by emphasizing the need to choose the appropriate sampling method based on the study's objective, population, resources, and data type.

Uploaded by

anshul rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views2 pages

Module 3 Data Analysis Notes ASCII

Module 3 covers data analysis and statistical techniques, defining data as facts used for decision-making and categorizing it into types such as primary, secondary, qualitative, and quantitative. It explains the concept of sampling, its importance, and various methods of sampling including probability and non-probability techniques. The module concludes by emphasizing the need to choose the appropriate sampling method based on the study's objective, population, resources, and data type.

Uploaded by

anshul rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Module 3: Data Analysis & Statistical Techniques

What is Data?

Data = Facts, figures, or information used for analysis & decision-making.

Example: Cost of raw materials = Rs. 10,000 (used in budgeting/forecasting)

Types of Data

Primary: Collected first-hand (e.g., Customer survey)

Secondary: Already collected by others (e.g., Census data)

Qualitative: Descriptive (e.g., Customer feedback)

Quantitative: Numerical (e.g., Monthly sales numbers)

Continuous: Infinite values (e.g., Height: 155.9 cm)

Discrete: Countable values (e.g., 25 employees)

Nominal: Categories without order (e.g., Blood type: A, B, O)

Ordinal: Ordered categories (e.g., Satisfaction: High, Medium, Low)

Univariate: 1 variable (e.g., Student marks)

Bivariate: 2 variables (e.g., Study hours vs. exam score)

Multivariate: 3+ variables (e.g., Family size, income, savings)

Sampling: Meaning

A sample is a smaller group from a population used to analyze or make decisions.

Example: Survey 100 students from a school of 1000 to find average age.

Why Sampling?

Saves Time & Money

Accurate with known error margin

Easier to manage

Practical for large populations

Sampling Frame
List or database from which a sample is chosen.

Examples: Voter list, customer records

Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling:

Simple Random: Equal chance (e.g., Draw names from a bowl)

Systematic: Every k-th member (e.g., Every 5th person)

Stratified: Subgroups (e.g., 60% UG, 40% PG students)

Cluster: Select whole groups (e.g., 3 schools in a city)

Multistage: Combines methods (e.g., States -> Cities -> Homes)

Multiphase: Multi-step selection (e.g., Survey -> Tests -> Interviews)

Non-Probability Sampling:

Convenience: Easy to reach (e.g., Customers in a mall)

Purposive: Specific traits (e.g., Interview retired people)

Quota: Fixed numbers per group (e.g., 200 men, 200 women)

Choosing the Right Sampling Method

National health survey - Stratified Random

Small village study - Census

Quick product feedback - Convenience

City health study - Cluster

Teen social media use - Purposive

Conclusion

Choose sampling based on:

Objective | Population | Resources | Data Type

You might also like