Advanced SQL Server
1. SQL Exercise - Advanced concepts
Exercise 1: Ranking and Window Functions
SELECT
ProductName,
Category,
Price,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY Category ORDER BY Price DESC) AS RowNum,
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Category ORDER BY Price DESC) AS Rank,
DENSE_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY Category ORDER BY Price DESC) AS DenseRank
FROM Products;
Exercise 2: Aggregation with GROUPING SETS, CUBE, and ROLLUP
-- Assume Orders o, OrderDetails od, Customers c, Products p
SELECT
c.Region,
p.Category,
SUM(od.Quantity) AS TotalQuantity
FROM Orders o
JOIN OrderDetails od ON o.OrderID = od.OrderID
JOIN Customers c ON o.CustomerID = c.CustomerID
JOIN Products p ON od.ProductID = p.ProductID
GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (
(c.Region, p.Category),
(c.Region),
(p.Category),
()
);
-- ROLLUP
GROUP BY ROLLUP (s.Region, p.Category);
-- CUBE
GROUP BY CUBE (s.Region, p.Category);
Exercise 3: CTEs and MERGE
a) Recursive CTE for January 2025
WITH Calendar AS (
SELECT CAST('2025-01-01' AS DATE) AS CalendarDate
UNION ALL
SELECT DATEADD(DAY, 1, CalendarDate)
FROM Calendar
WHERE CalendarDate < '2025-01-31'
SELECT * FROM Calendar;
b) MERGE for Product Price Update
MERGE INTO Products AS target
USING StagingProducts AS source
ON target.ProductID = source.ProductID
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET
target.Price = source.Price,
target.LastUpdated = GETDATE()
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN
INSERT (ProductID, ProductName, Category, Price, LastUpdated)
VALUES (source.ProductID, source.ProductName, source.Category, source.Price,
GETDATE());
Exercise 4: PIVOT and UNPIVOT
-- PIVOT
SELECT *
FROM (
SELECT ProductID, MONTH(SaleDate) AS SaleMonth, SalesAmount
FROM Sales
) AS SourceTable
PIVOT (
SUM(SalesAmount)
FOR SaleMonth IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)
) AS PivotTable;
-- UNPIVOT
SELECT ProductID, SaleMonth, SalesAmount
FROM PivotTable
UNPIVOT (
SalesAmount
FOR SaleMonth IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12)
) AS UnpivotTable;
Exercise 5: CTE to Simplify Customer Order Query
WITH OrderCount AS (
SELECT CustomerID, COUNT(*) AS OrderCount
FROM Orders
GROUP BY CustomerID
SELECT CustomerID, OrderCount
FROM OrderCount
WHERE OrderCount > 3;
2. SQL Exercise - Indexing
-- Exercise 1: Non-Clustered Index on ProductName
-- Step 1: Query before index creation
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE ProductName = 'Laptop';
-- Step 2: Create non-clustered index
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX idx_ProductName ON Products(ProductName);
-- Step 3: Query after index creation
SELECT * FROM Products WHERE ProductName = 'Laptop';
-- Exercise 2: Clustered Index on OrderDate
-- DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_OrderID ON Orders;
-- Step 1: Query before index creation
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate = '2023-01-15';
-- Step 2: Create clustered index on OrderDate
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX idx_OrderDate ON Orders(OrderDate);
-- Step 3: Query after index creation
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE OrderDate = '2023-01-15';
-- Exercise 3: Composite Index on CustomerID and OrderDate
-- Step 1: Query before index creation
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE CustomerID = 1 AND OrderDate = '2023-01-15';
-- Step 2: Create composite (multi-column) index
CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX idx_Customer_OrderDate ON Orders(CustomerID,
OrderDate);
-- Step 3: Query after index creation
SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE CustomerID = 1 AND OrderDate = '2023-01-15';
3. Views
-- Employee Management System: SQL Exercises
-- View 1: Basic Employee Info
CREATE VIEW vw_EmployeeBasicInfo AS
SELECT
e.EmployeeID,
e.FirstName,
e.LastName,
d.DepartmentName
FROM Employees e
JOIN Departments d ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID;
-- View 2: Employee Full Name
CREATE VIEW vw_EmployeeFullName AS
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName + ' ' + LastName AS FullName
FROM Employees;
-- View 3: Employee Annual Salary
CREATE VIEW vw_EmployeeAnnualSalary AS
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
LastName,
Salary * 12 AS AnnualSalary
FROM Employees;
-- View 4: Employee Report with Bonus
CREATE VIEW vw_EmployeeReport AS
SELECT
e.EmployeeID,
e.FirstName + ' ' + e.LastName AS FullName,
d.DepartmentName,
e.Salary * 12 AS AnnualSalary,
(e.Salary * 12) * 0.10 AS Bonus
FROM Employees e
JOIN Departments d ON e.DepartmentID = d.DepartmentID;
4. Stored Procedures
-- Exercise 1: Create a Stored Procedure to Insert Employee
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_InsertEmployee
@FirstName VARCHAR(50),
@LastName VARCHAR(50),
@DepartmentID INT,
@Salary DECIMAL(10,2),
@JoinDate DATE
AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO Employees (FirstName, LastName, DepartmentID, Salary, JoinDate)
VALUES (@FirstName, @LastName, @DepartmentID, @Salary, @JoinDate);
END;
-- Exercise 2: Modify a Stored Procedure to Include Salary
ALTER PROCEDURE sp_GetEmployeesByDepartment
@DeptID INT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Salary
FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID = @DeptID;
END;
-- Exercise 3: Delete a Stored Procedure
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS sp_InsertEmployee;
-- Exercise 4: Execute a Stored Procedure (for DepartmentID = 1)
EXEC sp_GetEmployeesByDepartment 1;
-- Exercise 5: Return Employee Count by Department
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_CountEmployeesByDept
@DeptID INT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) AS TotalEmployees
FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID = @DeptID;
END;
-- Exercise 6: Output Parameter for Total Salary
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_TotalSalaryByDept
@DeptID INT,
@TotalSalary DECIMAL(10,2) OUTPUT
AS
BEGIN
SELECT @TotalSalary = SUM(Salary)
FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID = @DeptID;
END;
-- Exercise 7: Update Salary Using Multiple Parameters
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_UpdateEmployeeSalary
@EmpID INT,
@NewSalary DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = @NewSalary
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmpID;
END;
-- Execute Salary Update
EXEC sp_UpdateEmployeeSalary 1, 5500.00;
-- Exercise 8: Conditional Bonus by Department
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_GiveBonus
@DeptID INT,
@BonusAmount DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = Salary + @BonusAmount
WHERE DepartmentID = @DeptID;
END;
-- Execute Bonus Procedure
EXEC sp_GiveBonus 1, 500.00;
-- Exercise 9: Use Transactions in Salary Update
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_TransactionalSalaryUpdate
@EmpID INT,
@NewSalary DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
BEGIN TRY
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = @NewSalary
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmpID;
COMMIT;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
ROLLBACK;
PRINT 'Error: ' + ERROR_MESSAGE();
END CATCH;
END;
-- Exercise 10: Dynamic SQL Filter
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_FilterEmployees
@ColumnName NVARCHAR(50),
@Value NVARCHAR(100)
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @SQL NVARCHAR(MAX);
SET @SQL = 'SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE ' + QUOTENAME(@ColumnName) + '
= @ValueParam';
EXEC sp_executesql @SQL, N'@ValueParam NVARCHAR(100)', @Value;
END;
-- Exercise 11: Error Handling in Stored Procedure
CREATE PROCEDURE sp_SafeSalaryUpdate
@EmpID INT,
@NewSalary DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
IF @NewSalary < 0
THROW 50000, 'Salary must be non-negative.', 1;
UPDATE Employees
SET Salary = @NewSalary
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmpID;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
PRINT 'Custom Error: ' + ERROR_MESSAGE();
END CATCH;
END;
5. Functions
-- Exercise 1: Scalar Function – Calculate Annual Salary
CREATE FUNCTION fn_CalculateAnnualSalary (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN @Salary * 12;
END;
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
LastName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateAnnualSalary(Salary) AS AnnualSalary
FROM Employees;
-- Exercise 2: Table-Valued Function – Employees by Department
CREATE FUNCTION fn_GetEmployeesByDepartment (@DeptID INT)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN (
SELECT *
FROM Employees
WHERE DepartmentID = @DeptID
);
SELECT * FROM dbo.fn_GetEmployeesByDepartment(2);
-- Exercise 3: Scalar Function – Calculate Bonus
CREATE FUNCTION fn_CalculateBonus (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN @Salary * 0.10;
END;
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateBonus(Salary) AS Bonus
FROM Employees;
-- Exercise 4: Modify Bonus Function to 15%
ALTER FUNCTION fn_CalculateBonus (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN @Salary * 0.15;
END;
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateBonus(Salary) AS Bonus
FROM Employees;
-- Exercise 5: Drop Bonus Function
DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS fn_CalculateBonus;
-- Exercise 6: Execute fn_CalculateAnnualSalary
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateAnnualSalary(Salary) AS AnnualSalary
FROM Employees;
-- Exercise 7: Annual Salary of EmployeeID = 1
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateAnnualSalary(Salary) AS AnnualSalary
FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
-- Exercise 8: Table-Valued Function for Finance Department
SELECT * FROM dbo.fn_GetEmployeesByDepartment(3);
-- Exercise 9: Nested Function – Total Compensation
CREATE FUNCTION fn_CalculateBonus (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN @Salary * 0.15;
END;
CREATE FUNCTION fn_CalculateTotalCompensation (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN dbo.fn_CalculateAnnualSalary(@Salary) + dbo.fn_CalculateBonus(@Salary);
END;
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateTotalCompensation(Salary) AS TotalCompensation
FROM Employees;
-- Exercise 10: Modify Total Compensation Function
ALTER FUNCTION fn_CalculateTotalCompensation (@Salary DECIMAL(10,2))
RETURNS DECIMAL(10,2)
AS
BEGIN
RETURN dbo.fn_CalculateAnnualSalary(@Salary) + dbo.fn_CalculateBonus(@Salary);
END;
SELECT
EmployeeID,
FirstName,
Salary,
dbo.fn_CalculateTotalCompensation(Salary) AS TotalCompensation
FROM Employees;
6. Triggers
-- Sample Data Insertion
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName) VALUES
(1, 'HR'),
(2, 'Finance'),
(3, 'IT'),
(4, 'Marketing');
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, DepartmentID, Salary,
JoinDate) VALUES
(1, 'Amit', 'Verma', 1, 5000.00, '2022-01-15'),
(2, 'Priya', 'Sharma', 2, 6000.00, '2021-03-22'),
(3, 'Rahul', 'Patel', 3, 7000.00, '2020-07-30'),
(4, 'Sneha', 'Reddy', 4, 5500.00, '2019-11-05');
-- Exercise 1: AFTER Trigger - Log Salary Changes
CREATE TABLE EmployeeChanges (
ChangeID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY,
EmployeeID INT,
OldSalary DECIMAL(10,2),
NewSalary DECIMAL(10,2),
ChangeDate DATETIME DEFAULT GETDATE()
);
CREATE TRIGGER trg_LogSalaryChange
ON Employees
AFTER UPDATE
AS
BEGIN
INSERT INTO EmployeeChanges (EmployeeID, OldSalary, NewSalary)
SELECT
i.EmployeeID,
d.Salary AS OldSalary,
i.Salary AS NewSalary
FROM inserted i
JOIN deleted d ON i.EmployeeID = d.EmployeeID;
END;
-- Exercise 2: INSTEAD OF DELETE Trigger
CREATE TRIGGER trg_NoDelete
ON Employees
INSTEAD OF DELETE
AS
BEGIN
RAISERROR('Deletion not allowed for Employees table.', 16, 1);
END;
-- Exercise 3: SERVER-LEVEL TRIGGER (LOGON BLOCK)
-- (This requires elevated permissions)
CREATE TRIGGER trg_BlockLogon
ON ALL SERVER
FOR LOGON
AS
BEGIN
IF (DATEPART(HOUR, GETDATE()) BETWEEN 2 AND 3)
BEGIN
RAISERROR('Maintenance Window: Logins are blocked between 2 AM and 3 AM.', 16, 1);
END
END;
-- Exercise 4: Modify Trigger (done through SSMS typically, so no SQL needed here)
-- Exercise 5: DROP Trigger
DROP TRIGGER trg_LogSalaryChange;
-- Exercise 6: Computed Column and Trigger for AnnualSalary
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD AnnualSalary AS Salary * 12;
CREATE TRIGGER trg_UpdateAnnualSalary
ON Employees
AFTER UPDATE
AS
BEGIN
UPDATE Employees
SET AnnualSalary = i.Salary * 12
FROM inserted i
WHERE Employees.EmployeeID = i.EmployeeID;
END;
7. Cursors
-- Sample Data (Indian Names)
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName) VALUES
(1, 'HR'),
(2, 'IT'),
(3, 'Finance');
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, DepartmentID, Salary,
JoinDate) VALUES
(1, 'Ravi', 'Kumar', 1, 5000.00, '2020-01-15'),
(2, 'Anjali', 'Mehta', 2, 6000.00, '2019-03-22'),
(3, 'Vikram', 'Shah', 3, 5500.00, '2021-07-30');
-- Exercise 1: Create a Cursor to Print Employee Details
DECLARE @EmpID INT, @FirstName VARCHAR(50), @LastName VARCHAR(50), @DeptID
INT, @Salary DECIMAL(10,2), @JoinDate DATE;
DECLARE emp_cursor CURSOR FOR
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, DepartmentID, Salary, JoinDate FROM
Employees;
OPEN emp_cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM emp_cursor INTO @EmpID, @FirstName, @LastName, @DeptID,
@Salary, @JoinDate;
WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
BEGIN
PRINT 'ID: ' + CAST(@EmpID AS VARCHAR) + ', Name: ' + @FirstName + ' ' + @LastName
+
', DeptID: ' + CAST(@DeptID AS VARCHAR) +
', Salary: ' + CAST(@Salary AS VARCHAR) +
', JoinDate: ' + CAST(@JoinDate AS VARCHAR);
FETCH NEXT FROM emp_cursor INTO @EmpID, @FirstName, @LastName, @DeptID,
@Salary, @JoinDate;
END
CLOSE emp_cursor;
DEALLOCATE emp_cursor;
-- Exercise 2: Cursor Types
-- Static Cursor
DECLARE static_cursor CURSOR STATIC FOR
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName FROM Employees;
OPEN static_cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM static_cursor;
-- Snapshot; changes in table not visible
-- Dynamic Cursor
DECLARE dynamic_cursor CURSOR DYNAMIC FOR
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName FROM Employees;
OPEN dynamic_cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM dynamic_cursor;
-- Reflects real-time table changes
-- Forward-Only Cursor
DECLARE forward_cursor CURSOR FORWARD_ONLY FOR
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName FROM Employees;
OPEN forward_cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM forward_cursor;
-- Can only move forward
-- Keyset-Driven Cursor
DECLARE keyset_cursor CURSOR KEYSET FOR
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName FROM Employees;
OPEN keyset_cursor;
FETCH NEXT FROM keyset_cursor;
8. Exception Handling
-- Sample Data
INSERT INTO Departments (DepartmentID, DepartmentName) VALUES
(1, 'HR'), (2, 'IT'), (3, 'Finance');
-- Question 1: TRY...CATCH with Error Logging
CREATE PROCEDURE AddEmployee
@FirstName VARCHAR(50),
@LastName VARCHAR(50),
@Email VARCHAR(100),
@Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
@DepartmentID INT
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
IF @Salary <= 0
RAISERROR('Salary must be greater than zero.', 16, 1);
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees),
@FirstName, @LastName, @Email, @Salary, @DepartmentID);
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
INSERT INTO AuditLog (Action, ErrorMessage)
VALUES ('AddEmployee', ERROR_MESSAGE());
END CATCH
END;
-- Question 2: Re-raise Errors using THROW
ALTER PROCEDURE AddEmployee
@FirstName VARCHAR(50),
@LastName VARCHAR(50),
@Email VARCHAR(100),
@Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
@DepartmentID INT
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
IF @Salary <= 0
RAISERROR('Salary must be greater than zero.', 16, 1);
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees),
@FirstName, @LastName, @Email, @Salary, @DepartmentID);
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
INSERT INTO AuditLog (Action, ErrorMessage)
VALUES ('AddEmployee', ERROR_MESSAGE());
THROW;
END CATCH
END;
-- Question 3: Custom Error with RAISERROR already handled above.
-- Question 4: Nested TRY...CATCH with RAISERROR
CREATE PROCEDURE TransferEmployee
@EmployeeID INT,
@NewDepartmentID INT
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM Departments WHERE DepartmentID =
@NewDepartmentID)
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
RAISERROR('Invalid DepartmentID. Department does not exist.', 16, 1);
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
INSERT INTO AuditLog (Action, ErrorMessage)
VALUES ('TransferEmployee', ERROR_MESSAGE());
THROW;
END CATCH
END
UPDATE Employees
SET DepartmentID = @NewDepartmentID
WHERE EmployeeID = @EmployeeID;
COMMIT;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
ROLLBACK;
THROW;
END CATCH
END;
-- Question 5: Logging All Errors in a Transaction
CREATE PROCEDURE BatchInsertEmployees
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
BEGIN TRANSACTION;
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees), 'Rohit',
'Sharma', '
[email protected]', 7000.00, 1);
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees), 'Neha', 'Patel',
'
[email protected]', -1000.00, 2); -- Invalid salary
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees), 'Anil', 'Reddy',
'
[email protected]', 4000.00, 3);
COMMIT;
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
ROLLBACK;
INSERT INTO AuditLog (Action, ErrorMessage)
VALUES ('BatchInsertEmployees', ERROR_MESSAGE());
END CATCH
END;
-- Question 6: Dynamic RAISERROR with Severity and State
ALTER PROCEDURE AddEmployee
@FirstName VARCHAR(50),
@LastName VARCHAR(50),
@Email VARCHAR(100),
@Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
@DepartmentID INT
AS
BEGIN
BEGIN TRY
IF @Salary < 0
RAISERROR('Salary cannot be negative.', 16, 1);
ELSE IF @Salary < 1000
RAISERROR('Salary is too low.', 10, 1);
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, Email, Salary,
DepartmentID)
VALUES ((SELECT ISNULL(MAX(EmployeeID), 0) + 1 FROM Employees),
@FirstName, @LastName, @Email, @Salary, @DepartmentID);
END TRY
BEGIN CATCH
INSERT INTO AuditLog (Action, ErrorMessage)
VALUES ('AddEmployee', ERROR_MESSAGE());
THROW;
END CATCH
END;
