Table of

Contents
01 Basics Of SQL

02 SQL Operators

03 SQL Functions

04 Grouping and Aggregation

05 SQL Joins

06 Subqueries

07 Indexes

08 Views

09 Transactions

10 Common Table Expressions (CTEs)

11 Window Functions

12 Performance Optimization

13 Advanced SQL Concepts

14 Real-World Scenarios

15 Database Design and Security

16 SQL in Cloud Databases & Big Data Systems

17 Behavioral and Conceptual Questions

18 Rapid-Fire Quiz

19 Final Challenges

20 References and Further Learning

BASICS OF SQL
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01 What is SQL? Explain its importance

02 What are the differences between SQL and NoSQL?

Explain the types of SQL commands

03 (DDL, DML, DCL, TCL).

04 What is a database? How is it different from a table?

What are the primary data types in SQL

05 (e.g., INT, VARCHAR, DATE)?

06 What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR?

How do you retrieve all records from a table using a

07 SELECT statement?

08 How do you filter records using the WHERE clause?

What is the use of logical operators (AND, OR, NOT)?

09 Provide examples.
What is the difference between NULL and an empty
10 string?

01
SQL Operators
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What are SQL comparison operators?
01 Provide examples.

02 How do LIKE and ILIKE operators differ?

03 Explain the use of BETWEEN and IN operators.

04 What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?

Explain the difference between the DISTINCT and

05 GROUP BY clauses.

02
SQL Functions
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What are aggregate functions? Explain COUNT, SUM,
01 AVG, MIN, and MAX.

What are scalar functions? Provide examples like LEN,

02 UPPER, LOWER, and SUBSTRING.

03 How do you extract the current date and time in SQL?

04 Explain the COALESCE function with an example.

05 How do you use CASE statements in SQL?

How do you use the ISNULL function, and how is it

06 different from COALESCE?

03
Grouping and
Aggregation
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What is the difference between WHERE and HAVING
01 clauses?

02 How do you use GROUP BY in SQL? Provide an example.

03 Explain the ROLLUP and CUBE operations in SQL.

How can you filter aggregated data using the HAVING

04 clause?

04
SQL Joins
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01 What are joins in SQL? Why are they used?

Explain the differences between INNER JOIN and

02 OUTER JOIN.
What is the difference between LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN,
03 and FULL OUTER JOIN?

04 What is a SELF JOIN? Provide an example use case.

05 Explain the CROSS JOIN and when to use it.

05
Subqueries
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01 What is a subquery in SQL? Where can it be used?

What is the difference between a correlated subquery

02 and a non-correlated subquery?

03 How do you use a subquery in the SELECT clause?

04 Explain how EXISTS and NOT EXISTS work in SQL.

What are some performance considerations for

05 subqueries?

06
Indexes
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01 What is an index in SQL, and why is it important?

Explain the difference between clustered and

02 non-clustered indexes.

03 What are the downsides of using too many indexes?

04 How do you create and drop an index in SQL?

Views
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01 What are views in SQL, and how are they used?

What is the difference between a view and a

02 materialized view?

03 How do you update data through a view?

Can you create an indexed view? Explain with an

04 example.

07
Transactions
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01 What are ACID properties in a database?

How do you start, commit, and rollback a transaction

02 in SQL?

Explain the difference between SAVEPOINT and

03 ROLLBACK.
What is transaction isolation, and what are the different
04 levels?

05 Provide an example of a deadlock situation in SQL.

08
Common Table
Expressions (CTEs)
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01 What is a CTE in SQL? Provide an example.

02 How do recursive CTEs work? Provide a use case.

What are the advantages of using CTEs over

03 subqueries?

Window Functions

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01 What are window functions in SQL? Provide examples.

Explain ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK()

02 functions.
What is the difference between PARTITION BY and
03 GROUP BY?

04 How do LEAD and LAG functions work in SQL?

09
Performance
Optimization
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What are some common SQL query optimization
01 techniques?

02 How do you analyze a query execution plan?

What are the pros and cons of using indexes for

03 performance?
How can you reduce the performance overhead of
04 joins?
What are table partitions, and how do they improve
05 performance?

10
Advanced SQL
Concepts
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What are stored procedures, and how do they differ
01 from functions?

02 How do you pass parameters to a stored procedure?

Explain the difference between an IN parameter and

03 an OUT parameter in stored procedures.

What are stored functions, and how do they differ

04 from stored procedures?

05 How do you call a stored function in a query?

06 Explain triggers in SQL and their use cases.

What is the difference between BEFORE and AFTER

07 triggers?

08 How do you handle errors in stored procedures?

Explain the concept of database normalization. What

09 are the normal forms?

10 What is denormalization, and when should it be used?

11
Real-World
Scenarios
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01 Write a query to find duplicate records in a table.

How do you delete duplicate records while retaining

02 one?

Write a query to find the second-highest salary in a

03 table.
Write a query to find employees who earn more than
04 their managers

05 How do you fetch the top-N rows from a table?

12
Database Design
and Security
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01 What are primary keys and foreign keys?

What are unique constraints, and how do they differ

02 from primary keys?

03 What is a composite key? Provide an example.

How do you ensure database security through user

04 roles and permissions?

05 What is SQL injection, and how can it be prevented?

13
SQL in Cloud
Databases &
Big Data Systems
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How does SQL differ in cloud databases like AWS RDS
01 or Azure SQL?

What is the difference between SQL and HiveQL in Big

02 Data systems?

03 Explain how Spark SQL is used for Big Data processing.

Behavioral and
Conceptual Questions
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01 Have you ever optimized a slow SQL query? How?

What challenges have you faced with SQL in a

02 real-world project?
How do you approach debugging a complex SQL
03 query?

14
Rapid-Fire Quiz
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01 What is the default sorting order in SQL?

Can you use an aggregate function in the WHERE

02 clause?

03 How do you retrieve unique rows from a table?

04 Can a table have multiple primary keys?

What is the difference between DELETE and

05 TRUNCATE?

06 How do you rename a table in SQL?

What is the purpose of the AUTO_INCREMENT

07 property?

What is the difference between CROSS JOIN and FULL

07
08 OUTER JOIN?

09 Can you perform a join on multiple tables? How?

10 How do you calculate the running total in SQL?

11 What is the purpose of the SQL LIMIT clause?

12 Explain the purpose of the DEFAULT constraint in SQL.

15
Final Challenges
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Write a query to find the most frequently occurring
01 value in a column.

02 Write a query to pivot data from rows to columns.

Write a query to calculate the difference between

03 consecutive rows.

Write a query to rank products by sales within each

04 region.
Write a query to merge data from two tables with
05 matching and non-matching rows.

Write a query to calculate the cumulative percentage

06 of sales by product.

16
References and
Further Learning
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01 Official SQL Documentations

02 Interactive SQL Learning Platforms

03 SQL Performance Optimization

04 SQL Interview Preparation

05 Big Data SQL & Cloud Databases

17
Thank you
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