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Uses of Simple Microscope

Following are the important uses of simple microscope:
1. The simple microscope is commonly used by watch makers to see the
magniied view of small parts of a watch.

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2. It is also used by the jewelers to see the magniied view of the ine parts
of jewellery.

3. Simple microscope is used to see the enlarged image of letters of a book,

textures of ibers or threads of a cloth.

4. Simple microscope is used to see the magniied view of different

particles of different types of soils.

5. It is used by palmists to see enlarged view of the lines of our hand.

6. Simple microscope is used by skin specialists to ind out various

diseases of skin.

7. It is also used to see the details of stamp and engravings.

Magniication of Simple Microscope

The magnifying power of a simple microscope is given by:

m = 1 +
Where, D = least distance of distinct vision
F = focal length of the convex lens
It should be noted that the focal length of the convex lens should be
small because smaller the focal length of the lens, greater will be its
magnifying power. Also the maximum magniication of a simple microscope
is about 10, which means that the object will appear 10 times larger by
using the simple microscope of maximum magniication.

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COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

A compound microscope is an optical instrument consisting of two convex

lenses of short focal lengths which is used for observing the highly
magniied images of tiny objects. The compound microscope can magnify
the image of a tiny object up to 1000.

Principle of compound microscope

A compound microscope works on the principle that when a tiny object

to be magniied is placed just beyond the focus of its objective lens, a
virtual, inverted and highly magniied image of the object is formed at the
least distance of distinct vision from the eye held close to the eye piece.

Construction of compound microscope

A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses: an objective lens
O of small aperture and an eye piece E of large aperture. The lens which is
placed towards the object is called objective lens, while the lens which is

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towards our eye is called eye piece. These two convex lenses i.e. the
objective and the eye piece have short focal length and are itted at the free
ends of two sliding tubes at a suitable distance from each other. Although
the focal length of both the objective lens and eye piece is short, but the
focal length of the objective lens O is a little shorter than that of the eye
piece E.
The reason for using the eye piece of large focal length and large
aperture in a compound microscope is, so that it may receive more light
rays from the object to be magniied and form a bright image.
Working of compound microscope

The ray diagram to show the working of compound microscope is

shown in igure. A tiny object AB to be magniied is placed in front of the
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objective lens just beyond its principal focus fo’. In this case, the objective
lens O of the compound microscope forms a real, inverted and enlarged
image A’B’ of the object.
Now A’B’ acts as an object for the eye piece E, whose position is adjusted
so that A’B’ lies between optical centre C2 and the focus fe’ of eye piece.
Now the eye piece forms a inal virtual, inverted and highly magniied
image A”B”. this inal image A”B” is seen by our eye hold close to eye piece,
after adjusting the inal image A”B” at the least distance of distinct vision of
25 cm from the eye.

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Magniication of compound microscope

The magniication of compound microscope is given by:

m =

where, D = Least distance of distinct vision (25 cm)

L = Length of the microscope tube fo = Focal
length of the objective lens fe = Focal length
of the eye-piece lens

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ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE

A telescope is an optical instrument which is used to see the distant

objects. Telescopes are of two types:
1. Astronomical telescope

2. Galilean telescope or Terrestrial telescope

Astronomical Telescope
An astronomical telescope is an optical instrument which is used to see
the magniied image of distant heavenly bodies like stars, planets, satellites
and galaxies etc.

The inal image formed by an astronomical telescope is always virtual,

inverted and magniied.

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Principle of Astronomical Telescope

An astronomical telescope works on the principle that when an object to

be magniied is placed at a large distance from the objective lens of
telescope, a virtual, inverted and magniied image of the object is formed at
the least distance of distinct vision from the eye held close to the eye piece.

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Construction of Astronomical Telescope

An astronomical telescope consists of two convex lenses : an objective
lens O and an eye piece E. the focal length fo of the objective lens of
astronomical telescope is large as compared to the focal length fe of the eye
piece. And the aperture of objective lens O is large as compared to that of
eye piece, so that it can receive more light from the distant object and form
a bright image of the distant object. Both the objective lens and the eye
piece are itted at the free ends of two sliding tubes, at a suitable distance
from each other.

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Working of Astronomical telescope

The ray diagram to show the working of the astronomical telescope is
shown in igure. A parallel beam of light from a heavenly body such as stars,
planets or satellites fall on the objective lens of the telescope. The objective
lens forms a real, inverted and diminished image A’B’ of the heavenly body.
This image (A’B’) now acts as an object for the eye piece E, whose position
is adjusted so that the image lies between the focus fe’ and the optical
centre C2 of the eye piece. Now the eye piece forms a virtual, inverted and
highly magniied image of object at ininity. When the inal image of an
object is formed at ininity, the telescope is said to be in ‘normal
adjustment’.
It should be noted that, the inal image of object (such as stars, planets
or satellites) formed by an astronomical telescope is always inverted with
respect to the object. But it does not matter whether the image formed by
an astronomical telescope is inverted or not, as all the heavenly bodies are
usually spherical is shape.
Magnifying Power of an Astronomical Telescope
The Magnifying Power of a telescope is given by:

m =

Where, fo = Focal length of the objective lens

fe = Focal length of the eye-piece lens
And the length (L) of the tube of telescope is equal to the sum of the
focal lengths of the objective lens and the eye piece. Thus,
L = fo + fe

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REFLECTING TELESCOPES
The principal optical element, or objective, of a relecting telescope is a
mirror. The mirror forms an image of a celestial object (Fig. 3) which is then
examined with an eyepiece, photographed, or studied in some other
manner.

Viewing a star with a relecting telescope. In this coniguration, the

observer may block the mirror unless it is a very large telescope.

Relecting telescopes generally do not suffer from the size limitations of

refracting telescopes. The mirrors in these telescopes can be as thick as
necessary and can be supported by mechanisms that prevent sagging and
thus inhibit excessive distortion. In addition, mirror materials having
vanishingly small expansion coeficients, together with ribbing techniques
that allow rapid equalization of thermal gradients in a mirror, have
eliminated the major thermal problems plaguing telescope mirrors. Some
advanced relecting telescopes use segmented mirrors, composed of many
separate pieces.

By using a second mirror (and even a third one, in some telescopes), the
optical path in a relector can be folded back on itself, permitting a long
focal length to be attained with an instrument housed in a short tube. A

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short tube can be held by a smaller mounting system and can be housed in
a smaller dome than a long-tube refractor.

In refracting telescope, the aperture of objective should be very large to

make the image of a distance object bright. But in lenses of large aperture
and large focal length there arise spherical and chromatic aberrations.
Moreover it is dificult to prepare lenses of large aperture and they are very
costly. That is why in relecting telescope concave mirror of large aperture
is used in place of convex lens. By the use of concave mirror, the defect of
chromatic aberration is completely removed but the defect of spherical
aberration still exists. To remove the spherical aberration too, the
paraboloidal mirror is used in place of objective lens.

Construction : It consists of a concave mirror of large aperture and large

focal length itted at one end of a wide tube. This mirror is called objective.
The other end of tube is open and is directed towards the distant object.
The tube carries a plane mirror M2 which is placed just before the principal
focus of concave mirror and is inclined at an angle 45° to the principal axis
of concave mirror M1 There is a narrow tube arranged in the side of wide
tube. This tube carries a convex lens E of small aperture and small focal
length. This lens E is called eye-piece. The eye-piece may be moved to and
far in the tube.

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Working : Suppose AB is a distant object. The rays starting from AB fall on

concave mirror M1 The relected rays move towards principal focus of M1
but before being focussed they are relected by plane mirror M 2 The rays
relected from mirror M2 form real, diminished image A'B' This image acts
as an object for eye-piece E and its position is adjusted between eyepiece
and its irst principal focus. The eye-piece forms a magniied virtual image
A''B'' Thus the inal image A''B'' formed by telescope is magniied. Fig. (a)
represents Newtonian telescope. Cassegrain modiied Newtonian telescope
by using a convex secondary mirror to focus the rays coming from large
objective mirror. The rays relected from convex mirror pass through a hole
in the objective mirror ig. (b). It is known as cassegrain telescope after its
inventor.

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Magnifying Power : The magnifying power (M) of a telescope is the ratio of

angle (β) subtended by inal image on eye to the angle (α) subtended by
object on eye.

This may be calculated just as for refracting telescope. If f0 is the focal length
of objective concave mirror and fe the focal length of eye-piece and inal
image is formed at distance of distinct vision, then magnifying power

But if the inal image is formed at ininity, then magnifying power,

Modern relecting telescope uses a paraboloidal mirror objective to remove

spherical aberration.

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