Contents

--------------------------SQL Commands DDL----------------------------- ............................................................ 1

-------------------DML (Insert Data into Table)-------------- ........................................................................... 3
-------------------SQL DQL Commands ------------------------ .......................................................................... 3
-------------------------------Keys--------------------------.................................................................................... 7
SQL Subqueries ....................................................................................................................................... 9

--------------------------SQL Commands DDL-----------------------------

Creating Database

This will create database.

CREATE DATABASE databasename;

Deleting Database

This will delete database

DROP DATABASE databasename;

Show Database

This will show all database in server

SHOW DATABASES;

Create Table

This will create new table

CREATE TABLE table_name (

column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);

Show Tables

This will show all tables in database

Show Tables;

Create Table Using Another Table

This will create table using existing table

CREATE TABLE new_table_name AS

SELECT column1, column2,...
FROM existing_table_name
WHERE ....;

Delete Table

This will delete table with structure;

DROP TABLE table_name;

ALTER TABLE - ADD Column

This will add new column to table structure

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN

This will delete table from structure

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name;

ALTER TABLE - RENAME COLUMN

This will rename column name ;

ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE `name` `newname` data_type;

ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY DATATYPE

This will modify the datatype

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
Truncate table

This will delete table content not structure.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

-------------------DML (Insert Data into Table)--------------

This will insert the data in table

INSERT INTO table_name

VALUES (value1, value2, value3, ...);

-------------------SQL DQL Commands ------------------------

Select data from database

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a database.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;

Select distinct

The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to return only distinct (different) values.
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;

where
The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
AND Operator

The WHERE clause can contain one or many AND operators.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condition3 ...;

OR Operator

The WHERE clause can contain one or many OR operators.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...;

NOT Operator

The NOT operator is used in combination with other operators to give the opposite result

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;

Update

The UPDATE statement is used to modify the existing records in a table.

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

Delete

The DELETE statement is used to delete existing records in a table.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Limit
The Limit clause is used to specify the number of records to return.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
LIMIT number;

NULL Value

A field with a NULL value is a field with no value.

SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;

SQL Aggregate Functions

An aggregate function is a function that performs a calculation on a set of values, and returns a single
value.

• MIN() - returns the smallest value within the selected column

• MAX() - returns the largest value within the selected column

• COUNT() - returns the number of rows in a set

• SUM() - returns the total sum of a numerical column

• AVG() - returns the average value of a numerical column

Min

SELECT MIN(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Max

SELECT MAX(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Count
SELECT COUNT(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Sum

SELECT SUM(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Avg

SELECT AVG(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

GROUP BY

Group by is used to grouping the columns based on same values.

The GROUP BY statement is often used with aggregate functions

(COUNT(), MAX(), MIN(), SUM(), AVG()) to group the result-set by one or more columns.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
ORDER BY column_name(s);

HAVING Clause

The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword cannot be used with aggregate
functions.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE condition
GROUP BY column_name(s)
HAVING condition
ORDER BY column_name(s);

LIKE Operator

The LIKE operator is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

There are two wildcards often used in conjunction with the LIKE operator:

• The percent sign % represents zero, one, or multiple characters

• The underscore sign _ represents one, single character

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE columnN LIKE pattern;

IN Operator

The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (value1, value2, ...);

NOT IN

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name NOT IN (value1, value2, ...);

BETWEEN Operator

The BETWEEN operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or
dates.

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

-------------------------------Keys--------------------------

Primary key

The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record in a table.

Primary keys must contain UNIQUE values, and cannot contain NULL values.

A table can have only ONE primary key; and in the table, this primary key can consist of single or
multiple columns (fields).
CREATE TABLE City (
ID int NOT NULL,
City_Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

Create Primary key after creating table

ALTER TABLE Persons

ADD PRIMARY KEY (ID);

Foreign Keys

A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table, that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in
another table.

CREATE TABLE Employee (

Employee_id int NOT NULL,

City_id int NOT NULL,

PRIMARY KEY (id),
FOREIGN KEY (City_id) REFERENCES CIty(id)

ON Delete Cascade

ON Update Cascade
);

Constraints

Define Specific rules for the Table

CREATE TABLE Persons (

Student_ID INT NOT NULL,

Teacher_id INT UNIQUE ,

Age int check(Age >= 18) ,

Salary int DEFAULT 10000

);
Joins
A JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables, based on a related column between
them.

Here are the different types of the JOINs in SQL:

• (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables

• LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from
the right table

• RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from
the left table

• FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table

SQL Subqueries

A query within SQL Query

1) Select
2) From
3) Where

1) SELECT …. (Subquery) as ColumnName from TableName;

 2) SELECT …. From (Subquery) as TableName , TableName;
3) SELECT …. From TableName Where Condition Operator (Subquery)

Views

Virtual tables based on the result set , A view will be automatically updated if table is updated

Create View ViewName as select ColumnNames… from TableName

Date And time

MySQL :: MySQL 8.4 Reference Manual :: 14.7 Date and Time Functions