Chapter -6

Array
Introduction
In C programming, one of the frequently problem is to handle similar types of data. For example: if the user
wants to store marks of 500 students, this can be done by creating 500 variables individually but, this is rather
tedious and impracticable. These types of problem can be handled in C programming using arrays.

Array is the collection of similar data types that can be represent by a single variable name. The individual data
items in an array are called elements. A data items is stored in memory in one or more adjacent storage location
dependent upon its type. The data types may be any valid data types like char, int or float. The element of array
share same variable name but each element has a different index of number known as subscript. In c subscript
starts from zero, here if age [10] is the variable name so the first element will be age [0] and second age [1] and
so on. Array can be single dimensional or multidimensional the array of subscript determines the dimension of
array. One dimensional has one subscript and two dimensional has two subscript and so on.
An array in C Programming can be defined as number of memory locations, each of which can store the same
data type and which can be references through the same variable name. It is a collective name given to a group
of similar quantities. These similar quantities could be marks of 500 students, number of chairs in university,
salaries of 300 employees or ages of 250 students. Thus we can say array is a sequence of data item of
homogeneous values (same type). These values could be all integers, floats or characters etc.
Example:
int marks[5] = {68, 85, 95, 63, 81};

Types of Array
We have two types of arrays:
1. One-dimensional arrays
2. Multidimensional arrays

1. One- dimensional array

A one-dimensional array is a structured collection of components (often called array elements) that can be
accessed individually by specifying the position of a component with a single index value. Arrays must be
declared before they can be used in the program. Here is the declaration syntax of one dimensional array:

data_type array_name[array_size];

1
Here the data type may be any elements of c data type set. The array_name is the name of array used to stored
data. The size of array specifies the number of elements that can be stored in the array. The size of the array
should be always positive integer.
int age[10];
float salary[20]
Here the element stored in array variable are age[0],age[1],age[2],age[3],……….. age[8], age[9]
same as the salary are salary[0], salary[1], salary[2], salary[3], salary[04]…………. salary[19].
Elements Accessing 1-D array
Once the array is declared, individual elements are referred. This is done with the subscript or index which is
the integer in brackets followed by the array name. This number referring to an array element this number
specifies the position of the element in the array. Whereas while declaring array the number specifies the size of
the array i.e. number of element in that array. The array index can range from 0 to size-1.
In C programming, arrays can be accessed and treated like variables in C.
For example:
scanf("%d",&age[2]); //statement to insert value in the third element of array age[]
printf("%d",age[2]); //statement to print third element of an array.
Arrays can be accessed and updated using its index.An array of n elements, has indices ranging from 0 to n-1. An element
can be updated simply by assigning
A[i] = x;
A great care must be taken in dealing with arrays. Unlike in Java, where array index out of bounds exception is thrown
when indices go out of the 0..n-1 range, C arrays may not display any warnings if out of bounds indices are accessed.
Instead,compiler may access the elements out of bounds, thus leading to critical run time errors.
In an array if marks [10] then the terms of array are
Lower bound=0
Upper bound =size-1=10-1=9
Size =upper bound+1=10
Processing array element
For processing the arrays we generally use loop and the loop variable is used at the place of subscript. The
initial value of loop variable is taken 0 since array subscript start from zero.
Initialization of one dimensional array
We can explicitly initialize arrays at the time of declaration. The syntax for initialization of an array is
data_type array_name[size]={value1,value2,…………valueN};
Here array_name is the name of the array variable, size is the size of the array and value1, value2,…….valueN
are the constant values which are assigned to the array elements one after another. Initializing of array is very
simple in c programming. The initializing values are enclosed within the curly braces in the declaration and
placed following an equal sign after the array name. Here is an example which declares and initializes an array

2
of five elements of type int. Array can also be initialized after declaration. Look at the following code, which
demonstrate the declaration and initialization of an array.
int age[5]={2,3,4,5,6};
It is not necessary to define the size of arrays during initialization
e.g. int age[]={2,3,4,5,6};
In this case, the compiler determines the size of array by calculating the number of elements of an array.
age[0] age[1] age[2] age[3] age[4]

2 3 4 5 6
Example.
int marks[5]={55,59,78,87,65};
The values of the array elements after this initialization are
marks[0]=55, marks[1]=59, marks[2]=78, marks[3]=87, marks[4]=65
Exercise:
1) Write a program to read 10 numbers from user and display it on the screen.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[10],i;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("Enter elements of array\n");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Displaying array elements\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",arr[i]);
}
getch();
}
2) Write a program to display smallest and largest element from N number of array elements.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[20],i,n,small,large;
clrscr();
printf("How many number of elements are there in array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter elements of array\n");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);

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 }
small=arr[0];
large=arr[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(small>arr[i])
small=arr[i];
if(large<arr[i])
large=arr[i];
}
printf("Smallest element =%d and largest element =%d",small,large);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to search an element from N number of array elements.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[20],search,i,n;
clrscr();
printf("How many number of elements are there in array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter elements of array\n");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("Enter element to be searched\n");
scanf("%d",&search);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(arr[i]==search)
{
printf("Search element found\n");
break;
}
}
if(i==n)
printf("Element not found\n");
getch();
}
4) Write a program to sort N numbers in ascending order (using bubble sort).
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[20],i,j,tem,n;
clrscr();
printf("How many elements are there in an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter elements\n");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}

4
 for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-1-i;j++)
{
if(arr[j]>arr[j+1])
{
tem=arr[j];
arr[j]=arr[j+1];
arr[j+1]=tem;
}
}
}
printf("\nsorted elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",arr[i]);
}
getch();
}
5) Write a program to sort N numbers in ascending order (using selection sort).
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[20],i,j,tem,n;
clrscr();
printf("How many elements are there in an array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter elements\n");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(arr[i]>arr[j])
{
tem=arr[i];
arr[i]=arr[j];
arr[j]=tem;
}
}
}
printf("\nsorted elements are\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\n",arr[i]);
}
getch();
}

5
 /* C program to find the sum marks of n students using arrays */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i,n;
int marks[n];
int sum=0;
printf("Enter number of students: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<=n; i++)
{
printf("Enter marks of student%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&marks[i]); //saving the marks in array
sum+=marks[i];
}
printf("Sum of marks = %d",sum);
return 0;
}

Output :
Enter number of students: (input by user)3
Enter marks of student1: (input by user) 10
Enter marks of student2: (input by user) 29
Enter marks of student3: (input by user) 11
Sum of marks = 50

Important thing to remember in C arrays

Suppose, you declared the array of 10 students. For example: students[10]. You can use array members from
student[0] to student[9]. But, what if you want to use element student[10], student[100] etc. In this case the
compiler may not show error using these elements but, may cause fatal error during program execution.

2. Multidimensional Array

An array having more than one subscript is called multidimensional array. Two dimensional array have two
subscript, three dimensional array have three subscript and so on. C programming language allows the user to
create arrays of arrays known as multidimensional arrays. To access a particular element from the array we have
to use two subscripts one for row number and other for column number. The notation is of the form array [i] [j]
where i stands for row subscripts and j stands for column subscripts. The array holds i*j elements. Suppose
there is a multidimensional array array[i][j][k][m]. Then this array can hold i*j*k*m numbers of data. In the
same way, the array of any dimension can be initialized in C programming.

Two dimensional arrays

The simplest form of multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional array is a list of
one-dimensional arrays. To declare a two-dimensional integer array of size [x][y], you would write something
as follows –
data_type array_name [firstsubscript][secondsubscript];
Here, first subscript represents number of rows in an array and second subscript represents number of columns
in an array.

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Where type can be any valid C data type and arrayName will be a valid C identifier. A two-dimensional array
can be considered as a table which will have x number of rows and y number of columns. A two-dimensional
array a, which contains three rows and four columns can be shown as follows:

Thus, every element in the array a is identified by an element name of the form a[ i ][ j ], where 'a' is the name
of the array, and 'i' and 'j' are the subscripts that uniquely identify each element in 'a'.

Initialization of two dimensional array

Multidimensional arrays may be initialized by specifying bracketed values for each row. Following is an array
with 3 rows and each row has 4 columns.
int a[3][4] = {

{0, 1, 2, 3} , /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */

{4, 5, 6, 7} , /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */

{8, 9, 10, 11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */

};

The nested braces, which indicate the intended row, are optional. The following initialization is equivalent to
the previous example −
int a[3][4] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};

Next example

int a[2][3]={3,5,8,9,4,6};

Which means,

a[0][0]=3, a[0][1]=5, a[0][2]=8, a[1][0]=9, a[1][1]=4, a[1][2]=6.

Processing two dimensional array

For processing 2-D array, we must use nested loop. The outer loop corresponds to the row and the inner loop
corresponds to the column. An element in a two-dimensional array is accessed by using the subscripts, i.e.,
row index and column index of the array.

Example

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#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
/* an array with 5 rows and 2 columns*/
int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};
int i, j;
/* output each array element's value */
for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ ) {
printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );
}
}
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
a[0][0]: 0
a[0][1]: 0
a[1][0]: 1
a[1][1]: 2
a[2][0]: 2
a[2][1]: 4
a[3][0]: 3
a[3][1]: 6
a[4][0]: 4
a[4][1]: 8

Exercise

1. Write a program to read any 2×2 matrix and display it in appropriate format.

8
 #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[2][2],i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf("Enter elements of matrix\n");
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

2. Write a program to display the sum of all elements of any 3×2 matrix.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][2],i,j,sum=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf("Enter elements of matrix\n");
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
sum=sum+a[i][j];
}
}
printf("Sum of all elements of matrix =%d",sum);
getch();
}

3. Write a program to display sum of diagonal elements of any given 3×3 matrix.

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 4. Write a program to display sum of each rows of any given n×m matrix.
5. Write a program to display transpose of any given n×m matrix.
6. Write a program to display sum of each columns of any given n×m matrix.
7. Write a program to display the sum of any given two n×m matrix.
8. Write a program to display the product of any given two n×m matrix.

String
String is an array of characters or alphabets. Each programming language has a set of character to
communicate with computers. These are:
(a) Alphabet: A, B, C,........ X, Y, Z and a, b, c.....x , y , z
(b) Digits: 1, 2, 3 .....9 .
(c) Special Characters: /, * , ( ) , = , ' , B etc .

Some important facts about string:

(i) A finite set of zero or more characters is called – String.
(ii) Length: The number of characters including space is called size or length.
Example:" Hello Word!" – Its length is 11 including blank spaces.
(iii) A string constant is denoted by a characters included in double quotes.
(iv) The string array contains NULL character (‘\0’) to insure own existence to compiler.
Example:
“BIKAS”
“Microsoft Products”
" 521457 "

String Library Functions

There are several library functions used to manipulate strings. The prototypes for these functions are in header file
string.h. We’ll discuss some of them below-

strlen ( )
This function returns the length of the string i.e. the number of characters in the string excluding the terminating
null character. It accepts a single argument, which is pointer to the first character of the string. For example
strlen(“sobaraj”) returns the value of 7. Similarly if s1 is an array that contains the name “deepa” then strlen(s1)
returns the value 5.
/*Program to understand the work of strlen() function*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
main( )
{
char str[20];
int length;
printf(“Enter the string:\n”);
scanf(“%s”, str);

10
 length = strlen(str);
printf(“Length of the string is : %d\n”, length);
}

Output:
Enter the string : programming
Length of the string is : 11

strcmp ( )
This function is used for comparison of two strings. If the two strings match, strcmp( ) returns a value 0,
otherwise it returns a non-zero value. This function compares the string character by character. The
comparison stops when either the end of string is reached or the corresponding characters in the two
strings are not same. The non zero value returned on mismatch is the difference of the ASCII values of the
non matching characters of the two strings-
strcmp (s1, s2) returns a value-

<0 when s1 < s2

= 0 when s1 == s2
> 0 when s1 > s2
Generally we don’t use the exact non zero value returned in case of mismatch. We only need to know its
sign to compare the alphabetical positions of the two strings. We can use this function to sort the strings
alphabetically.
/* Program to understand the work of strcmp( ) function*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
printf(“Enter the first string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str1);
printf(“Enter the second string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str2);
if((strcmp(str1, str2)) == 0)
printf(“Strings are same\n”);
else
printf(“Strings are not same\n”);
}

Output:
Enter the first string : Nepalgunj

11
 Enter the second string : Gaindakot
Strings are not same

strcpy ( )
This function is used for copying one string to another string, strcpy(srt1, str2) copies str2 to str1. Here str2 is the
source string and str1 is destination string. If str2 = “programming” then this function copies “programming” into
str1. This function takes pointers to two strings as arguments and returns the pointer to first string.
/* Program to understand the work of strcpy( ) function*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
printf(“Enter the first string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str1);
printf(“Enter the second string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str2);
strcpy(str1, str2);
printf(“First string : %s \t\t Second string: %s\n”, str1, str2);
strcpy(str1, “Jomsom”)
strcpy(str2, “Kagbeni”)
printf(“First string : %s \t\t Second string: %s\n”, str1, str2);
}

Output:
Enter the first string : Balaju
Enter the second string : Pokhara
First string : Pokhara Second string : Balaju
First string : Jomsom Second string : Kagbeni
The programmer should take care that the first string has enough space to hold the second string.
The function calls like strcpy(“New”, strl) or strcpy(“New”, “York”) are invalid because “New” is a string constant
which is stored in read only memory and so we can’t overwrite it.
strcpy(“New”, str1); /*Invalid*/
strcpy(“New”, “York”); /*Invalid*/

strcat( )
This function is used for concatenation of two strings. If first string is “King” and second string is “size” then after
using this function the first string becomes “Kingsize”.
strcat(str1, str2); /*concatenates str2 at the end of str1*/

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 The null character from the first string is removed, and the second string is added at the end of first string. The
second string remains unaffected.
This function takes pointer to two strings as arguments and returns a pointer to the first(concatenated) string.
/* Program to understand the work of strcat( ) function*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main( )
{
char str1[20], str2[20];
printf(“Enter the first string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str1);
printf(“Enter the second string:”);
scanf(“%s”, str2);
strcat(str1, str2);
printf(“First string:%s \t Second string: %s\n”, str1, str2);
strcat(str1, “_one”);
printf(“Now first string is : %s\n”, str1);
}

Output:
Enter the first string : data
Enter the second string : base
First string : database Second string : base
Now first string is : database_one
strrev( )
This function takes string as an argument and returns the string in reverse order.
strrev(string)
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("%s",strrev(str));
getch();
}

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strupr( )
This function converts lowercase string to uppercase string. If any of the character, already in uppercase
then the function skips that character and converts the remaining character which is in lowercase.
strupr(string)
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("%s",strupr(str));
getch();
}

strlwr( )
This function converts uppercase string to lowercase string. If any of the character, already in lowercase
then the function skips that character and converts the other remaining character which is in uppercase.
strlwr(string)
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string\n");
scanf("%s",str);
printf("%s",strlwr(str));
getch();
}

Exercise

1. Write a program to read N students name and display them in alphabetical order.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char name[100][15],temp[15];
int i,j,n;
clrscr();
printf("How many students are there\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{

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 printf("Enter name of student\n");
scanf("%s",name[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(strcmp(name[i],name[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,name[i]);
strcpy(name[i],name[j]);
strcpy(name[j],temp);
}
}
}
printf("Names in alphabetical order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%s\n",name[i]);
}
getch();
}

2. Write program to read a line of text and count no of vowel, no of consonant, no of digits and no of
spaces.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[100];
int spaces=0,vowel=0,digits=0,consonant=0,i;
clrscr();
puts("Enter a text\n");
gets(str);
strlwr(str);
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if(str[i]>='a'&&str[i]<='z')
{
if(str[i]=='a'||str[i]=='e'||str[i]=='i'||str[i]=='o'||str[i]=='u')
vowel++;
else
consonant++;
}
if(str[i]>='0'&&str[i]<='9')
digits++;
if(str[i]==32)
spaces++;
}
printf("vowels
=%d\nconsonant=%d\ndigits=%d\nSpaces=%d",vowel,consonant,digits,spaces);
getch();
}

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3. Write a program to check whether a given string is palindrome or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[15],s2[15];
clrscr();
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s",s1);
strcpy(s2,s1);
strrev(s2);
if(strcmp(s1,s2)==0)
printf("%s is palindrome",s1);
else
printf("%s is not palindrome",s1);
getch();
}

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