UNIT 3

Abhipsa Mahala
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
C.V. Raman Global University
IoT communication model:-
 Request-response model
 Publish-subscribe model
 Push-pull model
 Exclusive pair model
Request-Response communication model
• Request-Response is a
communication model in
which the client sends
requests to the server and
the server responds to the
requests.

• When the server receives a

request, it decides how to
respond, fetches the data,
retrieves resource
representations,prepares
the response, and then
sends the response to the
client.
 Publish-Subscribe communication model
• Publish-Subscribe is a
communication model that
involves publishers, brokers
and consumers.
• Publishers are the source of
data. Publishers send the
data to the topics which are
managed by the broker.
Publishers are not aware of
the consumers.
• Consumers subscribe to the
topics which are managed by
the broker.
• When the broker receives data
for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the
subscribed consumers.
Push-Pull communication model

• Push-Pull is a
communication model in
which the data producers
push the data to queues
and the consumers pull the
data from the queues.
Producers do not need to be
aware of the consumers.
Exclusive Pair communication model

• Exclusive Pair is a
bidirectional, fully duplex
communication model
that uses a persistent
connection between the
client and server.
• Once the connection is
setup it remains open
until the client sends a
request to close the
connection.
• Client and server can
send messages to each
other after connection
setup.
REST-based Communication APIs

• Representational State
Transfer (REST) is a set of
architectural principles by
which you can design web
services and web APIs that
focus on a system’s resources
and how resource states are
addressed and transferred.
• REST APIs follow the
request- response
communication model.
• The REST architectural
constraints apply to the
components, connectors, and
data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia
system.
WebSocket-based Communication APIs

• WebSocket APIs allow

bi- directional, full
duplex communication
between clients and
servers.
• WebSocket APIs follow
the exclusive pair
communication model
Difference between REST and
WEBSOCKET:-
• REST based API • WEB SOCKET based API
• Stateless • Stateful
• Request response • Bidirectional ,full duplex
communication model • Exclusive pair communication
• Each time new TCP connection model
set. • Single TCP connection set
• Not applicable for RTA. • Applicable for RTA.
• Ex:- smart security camera, smart • Ex:- live chats on support
motion sensor. website, messaging apps, real
time games.
IoT protocols and application:-
• protocols are used to establish communication between a node
device and a server over the internet.
• It helps to send commands to an IoT device and receive data
from an IoT device over the internet.
• we use different types of protocols that are present on both the
server and client-side and these protocols are managed by
application, transport, network, and link layer.
Link layer:-
• Link-layer protocols are used to send data over the network's physical
layer. it also determines how the packets are coded and signaled by
the devices.
Ethernet
• It is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. it
defines the physical layer and the medium access control for wired ethernet
networks.

WIFI
• It is a set of LAN protocols and specifies the set of media access
control and physical layer protocols for implementing wireless local
area networks.
Link layer:-
Wi-Max
• For larger area than WIFI we use Wi-Max(wireless metropolitan area
network)
• It has faster speed than WIFI.
LR-WPAN
• It stands for low rate wireless personal area network which used in IoT
device.
• It use for small storage and low cost , low speed communication model.
2G/3G/4G-mobile communication
• These are different types of telecommunication generation.
• So it’s a n/w use for communication purpose between 2 device.
Network layer:-
This layer is used to send data from the source network to the destination
network. we use IPv4 and IPv6 protocols as host identification that transfers data in
packets.
IPv4
This is a protocol address that is a unique and numerical label assigned to each
device connected to the network. an IP address performs two main functions host
and location addressing. IPv4 is an IP address that is 32-bit long.
IPv6
It is a successor of IPv4 that uses 128 bits for an IP address. it is developed by the
IETF task force to deal with long-anticipated problems.
6LoWPAN
The 6LoWPAN protocol refers to IPv6 Low Power Personal Area Network which uses
a lightweight IP-based communication to travel over low data rate networks. It has
limited processing ability to transfer information wirelessly using an internet
protocol. So, it is mainly used for home and building automation. The 6LoWPAN
protocol operates only within the 2.4 GHz frequency range with 250 kbps transfer
rate.
Transport layer:-
This layer is used to control the flow of data segments and handle
the error control. also, these layer protocols provide end-to-end
message transfer capability independent of the underlying network.
TCP
• The transmission control protocol is a protocol that defines how to
establish and maintain a network that can exchange data in a proper
manner using the internet protocol.
UDP
• a user datagram protocol is a part of an internet protocol called the
connectionless protocol. this protocol is not required to establish the
connection to transfer data.
 Application layer:-
In this layer, protocols define how the data can be sent over the network with the lower layer
protocols using the application interface. these protocols include HTTP, WebSocket, XMPP,
MQTT, DDS, and AMQP protocols
HTTP
• Hypertext transfer protocol is a protocol that presents in an application layer for transmitting
media documents. it is used to communicate between web browsers and servers. it makes a
request to a server and then waits till it receives a response and in between the request server
does not keep any data between two requests.

WebSocket
• This protocol enables two-way communication between a client and a host that can be run on an
untrusted code in a controlled environment. this protocol is commonly used by web browsers.
Application layer:-
MQTT
• It is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol that was designed as a
publish/subscribe messaging transport. and it is used for remote locations where
a small code footprint is required.
XMPP
• Extensible messaging and presence protocol is a communication protocol for
message oriented middleware based on XML.
DDS
• The Data distribution service is a middleware protocol and API standard for data
centric connectivity from the object management group.
• In this system a middleware is a s/w layer that lies between OS and application.
Application layer:-

AMQP:-
• Advanced message queuing protocol is an open source application layer
protocol for message oriented middleware..
• Some Features are message orientation, queuing, reliability and security.
CoAP
• Constrained application protocol used for M2M application such as smart
energy and building automation.
• It enables device to communicate over internet.
• This protocol is used in very simple h/w so its power consumption is very
low.
Remote monitoring and sensing:-
• Remote monitoring and sensing in IoT involves the use of
sensor to gather information about physical world , transmit the
data and finally processing and analysis it.
• Remote Monitoring of IoT Devices creates ,remote monitoring
for IoT device data transmission or data validity.
• Remote Monitoring of IoT Devices ingests(take) real-time
device data from IoT devices to assess the state of each IoT
device and send you notifications if there are data transmission
issues or out of range data.
Remote monitoring:-
• The devices are controlled remotely with the presence and
absence of human beings.
• The devices can be controlled from anywhere through the
mobile application. It is working satisfactorily and energy
conservation is also possible due to automation.
• Example:- Additionally, the speed control of the fan is achieved
as per the atmospheric conditions like humidity and temperature
automatically through sensor. Controlling and monitoring the
electric devices gets easier when connected to IoT.
Remote mobile health monitoring system:-
• User-friendly
• Easy information sharing
between patients and doctors
• Real-time response for abnormal
situation
Remote monitoring in case of irrigation :-
• Remote monitoring in irrigation refers to the use of technology
to monitor and control irrigation system from a remote location.
• By monitoring the soil moisture level, weather condition and
other environment factor farmers can adjust irrigation schedule
to ensure the crop receive right amount of water at right time.
• Wireless monitoring of field irrigation system reduces human
intervention and allows remote monitoring and controlling by
android phone.
Remote monitoring in case of environment:-
• monitor temperature, humidity,
air quality , water quality and
other factor in real-time.
• This information can be used by
the organization to improve the
safety of environment and
human being.
Remote monitoring in other field:-
• Used in industry such as production rate , power generation and
other machinery.
• By collecting data from sensor it can help companies to optimize the
operation, reduce cost, increase efficiency.

• IoT device can monitor traffic patterns, road condition and other
transportation related factor to improve safety and efficiency.
Remote controlling:-
• Remote controlling in IoT can control the devices from a remote
location using a network connection.
• Without human interaction user can monitor, manage IoT devices
from a remote area.
• Remote controlling in IoT is possible by various communication
protocol such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth , cellular network.
Examples of remote controlling :-
• Smart home automation:- smart light, fan, security camera can be
controlled remotely from mobile app or web.
• Healthcare:- doctor can remotely monitor the patient and control the
medical device such as pacemaker which reduce the need for hospital
visits.
• Agriculture:- remote controlling of irrigation system, soil moisture
sensor , climate control system can improve crop yield.
IoT Layered Architecture:-
3-Layered Architecture of IoT:-
Perception layer:-

• It is the physical layer which has sensor for sensing and gathering
information about the environment.
• It senses some physical parameters or identifies other smart objects
in the environment.
Network layer:-
• It is responsible for connecting to the other smart things, network
devices and servers.
• Its features also used for transmitting and processing sensor data.
• Ex:-smart camera
Application layer:-
• This layer is responsible for delivering applications specific services to
the user.
• It defines various applications in which the IoT can be deployed, like
smart homes, smart cities and smart health.
5 Layered architecture of IoT:-
Middleware layer:-
• It is also known as processing layer.
• It stores, analyses and process huge amount of data that comes from
network layer.
• It contain many technologies such as database, cloud computing etc.
Business layer:-
• It manages the whole IoT system including applications, business and
profit models.
• So the business layer in IoT responsible for managing and processing
the data generated by IoT devices, and for enabling business
operation and decision making based on that data.
• This layer also managing device connectivity , security and device
management.
Difference :-
3 layered architecture 5 layered architecture
• Smart home:- • Smart city
Perception layer consist of sensor, the • Industrial internet of things-
network layer provide connectivity Physical layer consist sensor ,n/w
between devices and application layer layer provide connectivity ,
allow owner to monitor data. middleware handle data processing ,
• Smart agriculture storage ,application layer monitor
and control industrial process ,
business layer define rules and policy
that governs the operation of the
system.
IoT communication pattern
• Way of exchange data and communication between devices
Device to Device:-
• Communication between 2 devices directly.
• Also known as M2M communication.
• Ex:- home automation system like smart lighting, healthcare.
Device to Gateway:-
• Communication between IoT devices with gateway that acts as a
central point for data aggregation and management.
• Gateway connects sensors and smart devices to the cloud.
IoT communication pattern

Gateway-to-Cloud:-
• Communication between gateway and cloud platform which provide
storage , processing and analysis of collected data through sensor.
Cloud-to-Device:-
• Whenever cloud give any instruction or command to the device
known as C2D.
• Cloud enables the user to obtain remote access to their devices i.e.
via smart phone or web interface.
IoT communication pattern
Peer-to-Peer:-
• Communication between 2 IoT devices without need of any other
platform.
• A client device such as smartphone or laptop and IoT device such as
surveillance camera, smart door lock , alarm system etc.
IoT Protocol Architecture:-
• It enable device to communicate and exchange data in IoT system.
• Physical layer –sensor, actuators to collect data and interact with
environment.
• Network layer – communication between IoT devices through Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth .
• Transport layer:- data delivery between devices which include TCP
,UDP.
• Application layer:-exchange data between IoT devices .
• Cloud service layer:- storage services , analytics and processing.
Zigbee
• It is a wireless communication protocol used in IoT.
• It is used for low power, low data and low cost applications.
• Ex:- smart home and industrial automation application.
• Zigbee use mesh network topology, allowing device to communicate
with each other .
• Low power consumption allow devices to operate for months or even
years on a single battery.
• Zigbee has a range up to 100 meters.
• The protocol also provide strong security features to protect against
unauthorized access .
Zigbee:-
6LoWPAN
• It’s extended from is IPv6 over Low Power wireless Personal Area
Network.
• It allows communication using IPv6 protocol.
• IPv6 is internet protocol version 6 is a network layer protocol that
allows communication to take place over the network.
• 6LoWPAN allows for smaller devices with very limited processing
ability to communicating using one of the internet protocol i.e., IPv6.
• It has low cost, short range, low memory .
6LoWPAN
• Smallest IoT device can now be part of the network and the
information can be transmitted to the outside world as well.
Advantages of 6LoWPAN:-
• It’s a mesh topology.
• Low cost and secure communication in IoT devices.
Disadvantages of 6LoWPAN:-
• Less secure than zigbee
• Without mesh topology it supports a short range.
6LoWPAN
Application:-
• It is a wireless sensor network.
• It uses in home automation.
• It used in smart agriculture, industry monitoring.6