1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that

makes it easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The
major features of this framework such as declarative templates,
dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other
features are used to ease the development. questions

2.
3. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in

which an application is a tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

4. AngularJS 5. Angular
6. It is based on MVC 7. This is based on
architecture Service/Controller
8. This uses use JavaScript to 9. Introduced the typescript to
build the application write the application
10. Based on controllers 11. This is a component
concept based UI approach
12. Not a mobile friendly 13. Developed
framework considering mobile platform
14. Difficulty in SEO 15. Ease to create SEO
friendly application friendly applications
development
16.
What is TypeScript?

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that

adds optional types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and
compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript and used
as a primary language. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

17. document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

18.
19. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the

below diagram
 20.
21. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

1. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular

application to control HTML views.
2. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building
blocks like component, directives, services etc. An application
is divided into logical pieces and each piece of code is called as
"module" which perform a single task.
3. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
4. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared
across the entire application.
5. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular
class.
22.

What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing

component instance.
import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
23. }

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow

background as below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

24.

What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which
formed a tree of Angular components. These components are subset of
directives. Unlike directives, components always have a template and only
one component can be instantiated per an element in a template. Let's see
a simple example of Angular component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})
export class AppComponent {
title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
25. }

26.
27. What are the differences between Component and
Directive?

In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-

template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

28. Component 29. Directive

30. To register a component 31. To register
we use @Component meta- directives we use
data annotation @Directive meta-data
annotation
32. Components are typically 33. Directive is used
used to create UI widgets to add behavior to an
existing DOM element
34. Component is used to 35. Directive is use to
break up the application into design re-usable
smaller components components
36. Only one component can 37. Many directives
be present per DOM element can be used per DOM
element
38. @View decorator or 39. Directive doesn't
templateurl/template are use View
mandatory
40.
What is a template?

A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls
to properties of an Angular component. You can store your component's
template in one of two places. You can define it inline using the template
property, or you can define the template in a separate HTML file and link to
it in the component metadata using the @Component decorator's
templateUrl property. Using inline template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

 title: string = 'Hello World';
41. }

42.

What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is

divided into separate modules to separate the functionality of your
application. Lets take an example of app.module.ts root module declared
with @NgModule decorator as below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
43. export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has three options

1. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules.

The BrowserModule is required by default for any web based
angular application
2. The declarations option is used to define components in the
respective module
3. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to
bootstrap in the application
44.
45. What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a

 lifecycle right from its initiation to the end of the application. The
representation of lifecycle in pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

1. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property

changes, then this method is called.
2. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the
directive/component after Angular first displays the data-bound
properties happens.
3. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes
that Angular can't or won't detect on its own.
4. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular
projects external content into the component's view.
5. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after
Angular checks the content projected into the component.
6. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular
initializes the component's views and child views.
7. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular
checks the component's views and child views.
8. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular
destroys the directive/component.
46.
47. What is a data binding?
 Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define
communication between a component and the DOM, making it very
easy to define interactive applications without worrying about pushing
and pulling data. There are four forms of data binding(divided as 3
categories) which differ in the way the data is flowing.

1. From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}:

Adds the value of a property from the component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

48. <li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the

component to the specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

1. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding:

(event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens (eg.:
click, change, keyup), call the specified method in the
component
49. <button (click)="logout()"></button>

1. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding:

[(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way data binding allows to have the
data flow both ways. For example, in the below code snippet,
both the email DOM input and component email property are in
sync
50. <input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

51.
52. What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the

expected behavior of the class. The metadata is represented by
 decorators

1. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}

@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
53. }

1. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g.

@Input and @Output

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@Input()
title: string;
54. }

1. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g.

@HostListener

import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, `event` available
}
55. }

1. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class

constructors, e.g. @Inject

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
 56. }

57.

What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to

scaffold and build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules.
You need to install using below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

58.

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while
creating angular projects

1. Creating New Project: ng new

2. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng
generate/g The different types of commands would be,
3. ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your
application
4. ng generate component my-new-component: add a component
to your application
5. ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your
application
6. ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your
application
7. ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your
application
8. ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
9. ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your
application
10. Running the Project: ng serve
59.
What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?

TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is

normally used for the initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is
specific to Angular, especially used to define Angular bindings. Even
though constructor getting called first, it is preferred to move all of your
Angular bindings to ngOnInit method. In order to use ngOnInit, you need to
implement OnInit interface as below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges()
}
60. }

61.

What is a service?

A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to

various modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your
application and better modularity by allowing you to extract common
functionality out of components. Let's create a repoService which can be
used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency

injection to work
// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
 providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app
(AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
62. }

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

63.
64. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern

in which a class asks for dependencies from external sources rather
than creating them itself. Angular comes with its own dependency
injection framework for resolving dependencies( services or objects
that a class needs to perform its function).So you can have your
services depend on other services throughout your application.

65.
66. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

67.

What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the

latest value it has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the
component to be checked for changes. Let's take a time observable which
continuously updates the view for every 2 seconds with the current time.
 @Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
68. }

69.

What is the option to choose between inline and external template

file?

You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can
define it inline using the template property, or you can define the template
in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using the
@Component decorator's templateUrl property. The choice between
inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances, and
organization policy. But normally we use inline template for small portion of
code and external template file for bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI
generates components with a template file. But you can override that with
the below command,

ng generate component hero -it

70.

71.

What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the
list. For example, here we iterate over list of users,
<li *ngFor="let user of users">
{{ user }}
72. </li>

The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a

template input variable

73.
74. What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view

only under specific circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts
or removes an element based on a truthy/falsy condition. Let's take
an example to display a message if the user age is more than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and
removing the paragraph element from the DOM. That improves
performance, especially in the larger projects with many data
bindings.

75.

What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it,

which removes the <script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text
content of the <script> tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection
attacks. If you still use it then it will be ignored and a warning appears in the
browser console. Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding
which causes XSS vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
 htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>';
76. }

77.

What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property

binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented
by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name
of a component property. Angular replaces that name with the string value
of the corresponding component property. Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
78. </h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties
and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then
a URL.

79.
80. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript

expression. Angular executes the expression and assigns it to a
property of a binding target; the target might be an HTML element, a
component, or a directive. In the property binding, a template
expression appears in quotes to the right of the = symbol as in
[property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the template
expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in the
below interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

 The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template
expression

1. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

2. new
3. chaining expressions with ; or ,
4. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
81.

82.
83. What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target

such as an element, component, or directive. The template
statements appear in quotes to the right of the = symbol like
(event)="statement". Let's take an example of button click event's
statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The

below JavaScript syntax expressions are not allowed.

1. new
2. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
3. operator assignment, such as += and -=
4. the bitwise operators | and &
5. the template expression operators
84.

85.
86. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by

the direction of data flow. They are listed as below,
 1. From the source-to-view
2. From view-to-source
3. View-to-source-to-view
87. The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

88. Dat 89. Syntax 90. Type

a
direction
91. Fro 92. 1. {{expression}} 2. 93. Interpol
m the [target]="expression" 3. ation,
source-to- bind-target="expression" Property,
view(One- Attribute,
way) Class, Style
94. Fro 95. 1. 96. Event
m view-to- (target)="statement" 2.
source(O on-target="statement"
ne-way)
97. Vie 98. 1. 99. Two-
w-to- [(target)]="expression" 2. way
source-to- bindon-
view(Two- target="expression"
way)
100.

What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For

example, let us take a pipe to transform a component's birthday property
into a human-friendly date using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
101. }

102.

What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its

output. The parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name
with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple
parameters, separate the values with colons. Let's take a birthday example
with a particular format(dd/mm/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/mm/yyyy'}}</p>` //
18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
103. }

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression,

such as a string literal or a component property.

104.

How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the
needs. Let's take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with
parameter) and uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' | uppercase}}
</p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}
105.

106.
107. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with
the below key characteristics,

1. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe

decorator, which you import from the core Angular library For
example,
108. @Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

1. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's

transform method that accepts an input value followed by
optional parameters and returns the transformed value. The
structure of pipeTransform would be as below,

interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
109. }
 1. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that
you'll use within template expressions. It must be a valid
JavaScript identifier.
110. template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe:
someOtherValue}}`

111.

Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing
value. For example, let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based
on an extension,

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
112. `

113.
114. What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the

value or the parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes
to a primitive input value (String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a
 changed object reference (Date, Array, Function, Object). An impure
pipe is called for every change detection cycle no matter whether the
value or parameters changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called often, as
often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

115.

What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that
you bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It
is commonly known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule
generated by AngularCLI would be as follows,

/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
116. export class AppModule { }

117.
118. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing

messages between publishers and subscribers in your application.
They are mainly used for event handling, asynchronous
programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define a
function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer
subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications
until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

119.
120. What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend

services over HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface
or the fetch() API. Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API
known as HttpClient which is based on top of XMLHttpRequest
interface. This client is avaialble from @angular/common/http
package. You can import in your root module as below,

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

1. Contains testability features

2. Provides typed request and response objects
3. Intercept request and response
4. Supports Observalbe APIs
5. Supports streamlined error handling
121.
122. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?
 Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.

1. Import HttpClient into root module:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
123. export class AppModule {}

1. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also
defines get method of HttpClient

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';

@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }
}

getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
124. }

1. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a

component called
 UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject
UserProfileService and invokes the service method,

fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
125. }

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs

to be subscribed in the component.

126.

How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because
sometimes servers also return special headers or status code which which
are important for the application workflow. Inorder to get full response, you
should use observe option from HttpClient,

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
127. }

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed

HttpResponse rather than just the JSON data.

128.

How do you perform Error handling?

 If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to
network issues then HttpClient will return an error object instead of a
successful reponse. In this case, you need to handle in the component by
passing error object as a second callback to subscribe() method. Let's see
how it can be handled in the component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
129. }

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback

instead of displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient.

130.

What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in

a functional, reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as
HttpClient produce and consume RxJS Observables and also uses
operators for processing observables. For example, you can import
observables and operators for using HttpClient as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

131. import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

132.

What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone

subscribes to it. So you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe()
method of the instance, passing an observer object to receive the
notifications. Let's take an example of creating and subscribing to a simple
observable, with an observer that logs the received message to the
console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
133. // => Observer got a complete notification

134.

What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help

manage async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language
so we need to rely on a popular Observable library called RxJS. The
observables are created using new keyword. Let see the simple example of
observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {
setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
135. });

136.

What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications

delivered by an Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
137. }

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving

observable notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable
as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the

observer ignores notifications of that type.

138.
1. What is the difference between promise and observable?

Below are the list of differences between promise and

observable,
 139. Observable 140. Promi
se
141. Declarative: Computation does not 142. Execu
start until subscription so that they can be te
run whenever you need the result immediately
on creation
143. Provide multiple values over time 144. Provid
e only one
145. Subscribe method is used for error 146. Push
handling which makes centralized and errors to the
predictable error handling child
promises
147. Provides chaining and subscription to 148. Uses
handle complex applications only .then()
clause
1.

What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers

in a single execution. Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

149. // This is, under the hood, `s

150.

How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer

instead of relying on try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous
environment. For example, you can define error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
151. });

152.

What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for
next, error, and complete handlers is known as short hand notation or
Subscribe method with positional arguments. For example, you can define
subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
153. );

154.
155. What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and
 working with observables.

1. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

2. Iterating through the values in a stream
3. Mapping values to different types
4. Filtering streams
5. Composing multiple streams
156.
157. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating

observables from things such as promises, events, timers and Ajax
requests. Let us explain each of them with an example,

1. Create an observable from a promise

import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function

const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
158. });

1. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
159. apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status,
res.response));

1. Create an observable from a counter

import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
 160. console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

1. Create an observable from an event

import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
161. });

162.
163. What will happen if you do not supply handler for
observer?

Normally an observer object can define any combination of next,

error and complete notification type handlers. If you don't supply a
handler for a notification type, the observer just ignores notifications
of that type.

164.
165. What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom

elements(a web standard for defining new HTML elements in a
framework-agnostic way). Angular Elements hosts an Angular
component, providing a bridge between the data and logic defined in
the component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to use
Angular components in non-Angular environments.

166.
167. What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the

browser support of angular elements is same as custom elements
support. This feature is is currently supported natively in a number of
 browsers and pending for other browsers.

168. 169. Angular Element Support

Bro
w
s
e
r
170. 171. Natively supported
Chr
o
m
e
172. 173. Natively supported
Op
e
r
a
174. 175. Natively supported
Saf
a
ri
176. 177. Natively supported from 63 version onwards.
Fire You need to enable dom.webcomponents.enabled and
f dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in
o older browsers
x
178. 179. Currently it is in progress
Edg
e
180.
181. What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature

which extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is
created and controlled by JavaScript code. The browser maintains a
CustomElementRegistry of defined custom elements, which maps an
instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is
supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in
other browsers through polyfills.

182.
183. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are
added to the DOM, and are automatically destroyed when removed
from the DOM. Once a custom element is added to the DOM for any
page, it looks and behaves like any other HTML element, and does
not require any special knowledge of Angular.

184.
185. Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

1. App registers custom element with browser: Use the

createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a
class that can be registered with the browser as a custom
element.
2. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just
like a built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
3. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser
creates an instance of the registered class and adds it to the
DOM.
4. Instance provides content with data binding and change
detection: The content with in template is rendered using the
 component and DOM data. The flow chart of the custom
elements functionality would be as follows,

186.
187. How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major

steps,

1. Build custom element class: Angular provides the

createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular
component (along with its dependencies) to a custom element.
The conversion process implements NgElementConstructor
interface, and creates a constructor class which is used to
produce a self-bootstrapping instance of Angular component.
2. Register element class with browser: It uses
customElements.define() JS function, to register the configured
constructor and its associated custom-element tag with the
browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser
encounters the tag for the registered element, it uses the
constructor to create a custom-element instance. The detailed
 structure would be as follows,

188.
189. What are the mapping rules between Angular component
and custom element?

The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML

attributes and the browser's event system. Let us describe them in
two steps,

1. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input

properties with corresponding attributes for the custom element.
For example, component @Input('myInputProp') converted as
custom element attribute my-input-prop.
2. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom
Events, with the name of the custom event matching the output
name. For example, component @Output() valueChanged =
new EventEmitter() converted as custom element with dispatch
event as "valueChanged".
190.
How do you define typings for custom elements?

You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements. Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with
Angular component, The simple container with input property would be as
below,

@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}

After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,

const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement

& WithProperties<{message: string}>;
container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be
a string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no
`greet` property on `container`.
191.

192.
193. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components

location in the application is not defined at build time.i.e, They are not
used in any angular template. But the component is instantiated and
placed in the application at runtime.

194.
195. What are the various kinds of directives?
 There are mainly three kinds of directives.

1. Components — These are directives with a template.

2. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM
layout by adding and removing DOM elements.
3. Attribute directives — These directives change the
appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another
directive.
196.
197. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the

directive class file. It creates the source
file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective
test file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.

198.
199. Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for

DOM element. You can create and apply the attribute directive using
below steps,

1. Create HighlightDirective class with the file name

src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In this file, we need to import
Directive from core library to apply the metadata and
ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a reference
to the host DOM element ,

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
 el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
200. }

1. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host

element(for example,
)
201. <p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

1. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph

element
202. ng serve

203.
204. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from

one view to the next as users perform application tasks. It borrows
the concepts or model of browser's application navigation.

205.
206. What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the

first child in the tag inorder to indicate how to compose navigation
URLs. If app folder is the application root then you can set the href
value as below

<base href="/">

207.
208. What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view

for a given URL is not part of Angular Core. It is available in library
named @angular/router to import required router components. For
 example, we import them in app module as below,

import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

209.

What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a

placeholder that marks the spot in the template where the router should
display the components for that outlet. Router outlet is used like a
component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
210. <!-- Routed components go here -->

211.

What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control
over those elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign
string values to router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
212. <router-outlet></router-outlet>

213.

What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active

RouterLink bindings based on the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will
add CSS classes when this link is active and and remove when the link is
inactive. For example, you can add them to RouterLinks as below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed
todos</a>
</nav>
214. <router-outlet></router-outlet>

215.

What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows

about the "consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the
resolved data. You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in
the application using the Router service and the routerState property.

@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
216. }

217.
218. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through

 the Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the
route. The sequence of router events is as below,

1. NavigationStart,
2. RouteConfigLoadStart,
3. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
4. RoutesRecognized,
5. GuardsCheckStart,
6. ChildActivationStart,
7. ActivationStart,
8. GuardsCheckEnd,
9. ResolveStart,
10. ResolveEnd,
11. ActivationEnd
12. ChildActivationEnd
13. NavigationEnd,
14. NavigationCancel,
15. NavigationError
16. Scroll
219.

What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a

component loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router
state tree. The ActivatedRoute will be injected as a router service to access
the information. In the below example, you can access route path and
parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
 // route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
220. }

221.

How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures

the router with routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the
result to the AppModule's imports array.

const appRoutes: Routes = [

{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
 ...
})
222. export class AppModule { }

223.
224. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the
router to throw an error and crash the app. In this case, you can use
wildcard route. A wildcard route has a path consisting of two asterisks
to match every URL. For example, you can define
PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

225.
226. Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing
Module (for example, AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is
simple and merge the routing configuration directly into the
companion module (for example, AppModule). But it is recommended
when the configuration is complex and includes specialized guard
and resolver services.

227.
228. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular

applications in various scenarios. This is a community driven project
and available under @angular/platform-server package. Recently
Angular Universal is integrated with Angular CLI.

229.
230. What are different types of compilation in Angular?
 Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

1. Just-in-Time (JIT)
2. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)
231.

What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the

browser at runtime. JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build
(build only) or ng serve (build and serve locally) CLI commands. i.e, the
below commands used for JIT compilation,

ng build
232. ng serve

233.

What is AOT?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at

build time. For AOT compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or
ng serve command as below,

ng build --aot
234. ng serve --aot

Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --
prod) compiles with AOT by default.

235.
236. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by

the browser directly. Due to that Angular applications require a
compilation process before they can run in a browser. For example,
 In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML and TypeScript code
converted into efficient JavaScript code during the build phase before
browser runs it.

237.
238. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

1. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled

version of the application. So it can render the application
immediately without compiling the app.
2. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML
templates and CSS style sheets within the application javascript
which eliminates separate ajax requests.
3. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require
downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically
reduces the application payload.
4. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template
binding errors during the build step itself
5. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components
into JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.
239.
240. What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways

1. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

2. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators
241.
242. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general

constraints,
 1. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of
javascript features
2. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
3. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
4. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.
243.
244. What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

1. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the

source
2. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as
places restrictions on what it interprets.
3. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses
the TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in
templates.
245.

Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to

the decorator properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}
@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
246. })

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of

the function. When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports
an error to turn the arrow function into an exported function. Note:
From Angular5 onwards, the compiler automatically performs this
rewriting while emitting the .js file.

247.
248. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall

structure of a decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract
syntax tree(AST). During the analysis phase, the AOT collector scan
the metadata recorded in the Angular decorators and outputs
metadata information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts file.

249.
250. Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax in
AOT?

No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript

features. If an expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector
writes an error node to the .metadata.json file. Later point of time, the
compiler reports an error if it needs that piece of metadata to
generate the application code.

251.

What is folding?
 The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the
metadata. Where as some of the non-exported members are folded while
generating the code. i.e Folding is a process in which the collector evaluate
an expression during collection and record the result in the .metadata.json
instead of the original expression. For example, the compiler couldn't refer
selector reference because it is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
252. })

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example,

spread operator on arrays, objects created using new keywords and
function calls.

253.

What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static

methods that return an expression in a single return expression. For
example, let us take a below macro function,

export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {

return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

 @NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
254. export class TypicalModule {}

255.
256. Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside

of the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can
produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
1. export class User { ... }
const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
1. 2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket
notation is not valid in metadata

** Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol:** The compiler encountered

a referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't exported or
wasn't initialized. Let's take example of this error,
// ERROR
let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
 template: ... ,
providers: [
{ provide: User, useValue: username }
]
})
export class MyComponent {}
You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,
export let username: string; // exported
(or)
2. let username = 'John'; // initialized

Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently
support function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you cannot
set a provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow function as
below.
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]
You can fix this with exported function
export function myStrategy() { ... }
export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
3. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does

not support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For
example, you cannot write something like this:
import { user } from './user';

// destructured assignment to name and age

const {name, age} = user;
... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: name},
{provide: Age, useValue: age},
]
You can fix this by non-destructured values
import { user } from './user';
... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]
4.

257.
258. What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the

expression initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue,
useFactory, and data into an exported variable, which replaces the
expression. Remember that the compiler does this rewriting during
the emit of the .js file but not in definition files( .d.ts file).

259.

How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in

the tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from
the base file(for example, tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then
overridden by those in the inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
 ...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
260. }

261.

How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of the

angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will
be specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
262. }

263.

How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the

compiler option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions"
of the project's tsconfig.json. It produces error messages when a type error
is detected in a template binding expression. For example, consider the
following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
264. }

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does

not exist on type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?

265.
266. What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type
cast function(by surrounding the expression). In the following
example, the error Property contacts does not exist is suppressed by
casting user to the any type.

template: '{{$any(user).contacts.email}}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to
undeclared members of the component.

template: '{{$any(this).contacts.email}}'

267.

What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is
possibly 'undefined' error. In the following example, the user and contact
properties are always set together, implying that contact is always non-null
if user is non-null. The error is suppressed in the example by using
contact!.email.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through
{{contact!.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;

setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
268. }

269.

What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in

the Angular template compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf
allows the typeScript compiler to infer that the data used in the binding
expression will never be undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
 270. }

271.
272. How do you describe various dependencies in angular
application?

The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular

application can be divided as follow,

1. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their

package names begin @angular/.
2. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present
for Angular apps to run.
3. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript
implementation.
273.
274. What is zone?

A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks.

Angular relies on zone.js to run Angular's change detection
processes when native JavaScript operations raise events

275.
276. What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by

@angular/common module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is
available under @angular/common/http.

277.
1. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular
TypeScript projects. ou can run the static code analyzer over web apps,
NativeScript, Ionic etc. Angular CLI has support for this and it can be use
as below,
```javascript
ng new codelyzer
ng lint
```
278.

1.
279. What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to

animate any property that the browser considers animatable. These
properties includes positions, sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc.
The Angular modules for animations are @angular/animations and
@angular/platform-browser and these dependencies are
automatically added to your project when you create a project using
Angular CLI.

280.
281. What are the steps to use animation module?

You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your

angular project,

1. Enabling the animations module: Import

BrowserAnimationsModule to add animation capabilities into
your Angular root application module(for example,
src/app/app.module.ts).

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from
'@angular/platform-browser/animations';

@NgModule({
 imports: [
BrowserModule,
BrowserAnimationsModule
],
declarations: [ ],
bootstrap: [ ]
})
282. export class AppModule { }

1. Importing animation functions into component files: Import

required animation functions from @angular/animations in
component files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts).

import {
trigger,
state,
style,
animate,
transition,
// ...
283. } from '@angular/animations';

1. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata

property called animations: within the @Component() decorator
in component files(for example, src/app/app.component.ts)

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
animations: [
// animation triggers go here
]
284. })

285.
What is State function?

Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end
of each transition. This function takes two arguments: a unique name like
open or closed and a style() function. For example, you can write a open
state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
286. })),

287.

What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given
state name. You need to use it along with state() function to set CSS style
attributes. For example, in the close state, the button has a height of 100
pixels, an opacity of 0.8, and a background color of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
288. })),

Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase

289.

What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and

compelling animations for your Angular single page web application.
 import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';
import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from
'@angular/animations';

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-
auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {

@Input() currentState;
 constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}
290.

291.

What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur
between one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two
arguments: the first argument accepts an expression that defines the
direction between two transition states, and the second argument accepts
an animate() function. Let's take an example state transition from open to
closed with an half second transition between states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
292. ]),

293.

How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>");
}
294.

295.
296. What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and

manages caching for an application. Starting from 5.0.0 version,
Angular ships with a service worker implementation. Angular service
worker is designed to optimize the end user experience of using an
application over a slow or unreliable network connection, while also
minimizing the risks of serving outdated content.

297.
298. What are the design goals of service workers?

Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,

1. It caches an application just like installing a native application

2. A running application continues to run with the same version of
all files without any incompatible files
3. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached
version
4. When changes are published then it immediately updates in the
background
5. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the
resources only when they changed.
299.

What are the differences between AngularJS and Angular with respect
to dependency injection?
 Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS and
Angular, but there are some key differences between the two frameworks
in how it actually works. | AngularJS | Angular | |---- | --------- | Dependency
injection tokens are always strings | Tokens can have different types. They
are often classes and sometimes can be strings. | | There is exactly one
injector even though it is a multi-module applications | There is a tree
hierarchy of injectors, with a root injector and an additional injector for each
component. |