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JavaScript

JavaScript is a crucial programming language for web development, enabling dynamic and interactive web pages by manipulating HTML and CSS. It has evolved since its creation in 1995, becoming standardized as ECMAScript, and offers various functionalities such as changing HTML content, styles, and handling events. Understanding JavaScript's syntax, variables, and data types is essential for effective programming, with modern practices favoring 'let' and 'const' for variable declarations.

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6 views3 pages

JavaScript

JavaScript is a crucial programming language for web development, enabling dynamic and interactive web pages by manipulating HTML and CSS. It has evolved since its creation in 1995, becoming standardized as ECMAScript, and offers various functionalities such as changing HTML content, styles, and handling events. Understanding JavaScript's syntax, variables, and data types is essential for effective programming, with modern practices favoring 'let' and 'const' for variable declarations.

Uploaded by

shamshcomputertrainingcentre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding JavaScript: The Language of the Web
JavaScript is a versatile programming language essential for web development. It enables
dynamic and interactive behavior on web pages by interacting with HTML and CSS.
Why Study JavaScript?
JavaScript is one of the three core languages every web developer needs to master:
* HTML: Defines the content and structure of web pages.
* CSS: Specifies the layout and visual presentation of web pages.
* JavaScript: Programs the interactive behavior and functionality of web pages.
What Can JavaScript Do?
JavaScript provides powerful capabilities to manipulate web page elements:
* Change HTML Content: It can modify the text or content within HTML elements using methods
like document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript";.
* Change HTML Attribute Values: JavaScript can alter the values of HTML attributes, such as
changing the src attribute of an <img> tag to switch images (e.g., a light bulb turning on/off).
* Change HTML Styles (CSS): You can dynamically modify CSS properties of HTML elements, for
instance, changing font sizes (document.getElementById("demo").style.fontSize = "35px";).
* Hide/Show HTML Elements: JavaScript can control the visibility of HTML elements by
manipulating their display style property (document.getElementById("demo").style.display =
"none";).
A Brief History of JavaScript
* Invention: Created by Brendan Eich in 1995.
* Standardization: Became an ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) standard
in 1997.
* Official Name: ECMAScript is the official name for the language.
* Versioning:
* From 1997 to 2015, versions were abbreviated by numbers (ES1, ES2, ES3, ES5, ES6).
* Since 2016, versions are named by year (e.g., ECMAScript 2016, 2017).
How to Apply JavaScript in HTML
JavaScript code is embedded within HTML documents using the <script> and </script> tags. The
type="text/javascript" attribute is no longer required as JavaScript is the default scripting
language.
Placement of Scripts
JavaScript code can be placed:
* In the <head> section: Useful for functions that need to be defined before the <body> content
is loaded, though it can slow down initial page display.
* In the <body> section: Placing scripts at the bottom of the <body> element is generally
recommended as it improves display speed by allowing the HTML content to render before script
interpretation.
JavaScript Functions and Events
* A JavaScript function is a reusable block of code that can be executed when "called."
* Functions are often triggered by events, such as a user clicking a button.
External JavaScript
* JavaScript code can be stored in separate files with a .js extension.
* Advantages:
* Separates HTML and code, making both easier to read and maintain.
* Cached JavaScript files can speed up page loads.
* Usage: Link an external script using the src attribute in the <script> tag: <script
src="myScript.js"></script>.
* External scripts can be referenced with a full URL, a file path, or no path.
* Multiple external script files can be added to a single page using multiple <script> tags.
JavaScript Display Possibilities
JavaScript offers several ways to display data:
* innerHTML or innerText: Writes data directly into an HTML element (e.g.,
document.getElementById("id").innerHTML = "text";).
* document.write(): Writes directly into the HTML output. (Use with caution as it can overwrite
existing content if called after the page has loaded).
* window.alert(): Displays data in an alert box.
* console.log(): Writes data to the browser's console, useful for debugging.
JavaScript Fundamentals: Statements, Syntax, and Data
JavaScript Statements and Programs
* A computer program is a list of instructions executed by a computer.
* In JavaScript, these instructions are called statements.
* A JavaScript program is a list of programming statements executed by the web browser in the
order they are written.
* Semicolons (;): Used to separate JavaScript statements. While not always strictly required, they
are highly recommended for clarity and to prevent potential issues.
* Code Blocks: Statements can be grouped together in code blocks using curly brackets ({}). This
is commonly seen in functions to define statements that should be executed together.
JavaScript Syntax
JavaScript syntax defines the rules for constructing programs. It governs how values, variables,
operators, expressions, keywords, and comments are used.
* Fixed Values (Literals):
* Numbers: Written with or without decimals (e.g., 10.50, 1001).
* Strings: Text enclosed within double or single quotes (e.g., "John Doe", 'John Doe').
* Variable Values (Variables): Used to store data values.
JavaScript Operators
* Arithmetic Operators (+, -, *, /): Used to perform calculations.
* Assignment Operator (=): Used to assign values to variables (e.g., x = 5;). Note that = is an
assignment, not an "equal to" comparison.
JavaScript Expressions
An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators that computes to a single
value. For example, 5 * 10 evaluates to 50.
JavaScript Keywords
Keywords are reserved words that perform specific actions (e.g., let, var, const).
JavaScript Comments
Comments are ignored by JavaScript and are used to explain code:
* Single-line comments: Start with //.
* Multi-line comments: Start with /* and end with */.
JavaScript Identifiers / Names
* Identifiers are names given to variables, functions, and keywords.
* Rules for naming:
* Must begin with a letter (A-Z or a-z), a dollar sign ($), or an underscore (_).
* Subsequent characters can be letters, digits, underscores, or dollar signs.
* Case Sensitivity: JavaScript is case-sensitive (e.g., lastName and lastname are different
variables).
JavaScript Variables: Containers for Data
Variables are used to store data. They can be declared in four ways:
* Automatically: If a variable is assigned a value without prior declaration, it is automatically
declared (though this is generally discouraged).
* Using var: The traditional way to declare variables (used from 1995 to 2015).
* Using let: Introduced in ES6 (2015), offers block scope and cannot be redeclared in the same
scope.
* Using const: Introduced in ES6 (2015), also offers block scope and is used for constant values
that should not be reassigned.
When to Use var, let, or const?
Here's a general guideline for modern JavaScript development:
* Always declare variables.
* Use const: If the value should not be changed, or if the type (for arrays and objects) should not
be changed.
* Use let: Only if you cannot use const (i.e., if the variable's value needs to be reassigned).
* Use var: Only if you absolutely MUST support very old browsers.
let vs. var - Key Differences
| Feature | let | var |
|---|---|---|
| Scope | Block Scope | Global or Function Scope |
| Redeclaration | Cannot be redeclared in the same scope | Can be redeclared anywhere |
| Declaration | Must be declared before use | Does not have to be declared (hoisted and
initialized) |
| Hoisting Behavior | Hoisted to the top of the block, but not initialized. Using before declaration
results in ReferenceError. | Hoisted to the top and initialized with undefined. Can be used before
declaration without error. |
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript variables can hold various types of data. The most common are:
* Numbers: Numeric values (e.g., 3.14, 100). Written without quotes.
* Strings: Text values (e.g., "John Doe", 'Yes I am!'). Written inside double or single quotes. If a
number is in quotes, it's treated as a string.
This summary should provide a solid understanding of JavaScript based on the information you
provided. Do you have any specific areas of JavaScript you'd like to explore further?

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