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SQL Commands

SQL commands are instructions used to communicate with databases and perform tasks such as creating, modifying, and querying data. There are five types of SQL commands: DDL (Data Definition Language), DML (Data Manipulation Language), DCL (Data Control Language), TCL (Transaction Control Language), and DQL (Data Query Language). Each type serves specific functions, such as altering table structures, modifying data, managing user permissions, controlling transactions, and fetching data.

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8 views7 pages

SQL Commands

SQL commands are instructions used to communicate with databases and perform tasks such as creating, modifying, and querying data. There are five types of SQL commands: DDL (Data Definition Language), DML (Data Manipulation Language), DCL (Data Control Language), TCL (Transaction Control Language), and DQL (Data Query Language). Each type serves specific functions, such as altering table structures, modifying data, managing user permissions, controlling transactions, and fetching data.

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prasanthrockca66
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SQL COMMANDS

o SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also
used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
o SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table,
modify the table, set permission for users.

Types of SQL Commands

There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.
1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
o DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
o All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the
changes in the database.

Here are some commands that come under DDL:

o CREATE
o ALTER
o DROP
o TRUNCATE

Syntax:

a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.

CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);

Example:

CREATE TABLE STUDENT(SName VARCHAR2(20), SID VARCHAR2(10), DOB DAT


E);
SName SID DOB

b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.

Syntax

DROP TABLE ;

Example

DROP TABLE STUDENT;;


c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to modify
the characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.

Syntax:

To add a new column in the table

ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;

To modify existing column in the table:

ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMN DEFINITION....);

EXAMPLE

ALTER TABLE STUDENT ADD(ADDRESS VARCHAR2(20));


SName SID DOB ADDRESS
ALTER TABLE STUDENT MODIFY (DOB VARCHAR2(20));

d. TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the rows from the table and free the space containing the
table.

Syntax:

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:

TRUNCATE TABLE STUDENT;


2. Data Manipulation Language
o DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of
changes in the database.
o The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all
the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Here are some commands that come under DML:

o INSERT
o UPDATE
o DELETE

a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a
table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME(col1, col2, col3,.... col N) VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... val
ueN);

Or

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);

For example:

INSERT INTO STUDENT (SName,SID,DOB) VALUES("RAM", "A001",”23/8/2000”);


INSERT INTO
STUDENt(SName,SID,DOB,ADDRESS)VALUES("RAM","A001",”8/8/2000”,"RAM
NAGAR");
Sname SID DOB ADDRESS

RAM 1 23/8/2000 RAM NAGAR


RAY 2 8/7/2000 ANNA STREET
SAY 3 7/7/2000 ANNA NAGAR

b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.

Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE CON
DITION]

For example:

UPDATE STUDENT SET User_Name = 'SAM' WHERE Student_Id = '3'


Sname SID DOB ADDRESS

RAM 1 23/8/2000 RAM NAGAR


RAY 2 8/7/2000 ANNA STREET
SAM 3 7/7/2000 ANNA NAGAR

c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition];

For example:

DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SName="SAM";

Sname SID DOB ADDRESS

RAM 1 23/8/2000 RAM NAGAR


RAY 2 8/7/2000 ANNA STREET

3. DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE


DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Here are some commands that come under DCL:

o Grant
o Revoke

a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.

Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;

b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.

Example

REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;

4. TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE


TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.

These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be
used while creating tables or dropping them.

Here are some commands that come under TCL:

o COMMIT
o ROLLBACK
o SAVEPOINT

a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.

Syntax:

COMMIT;

Example:

DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SID = 3; COMMIT;

b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been
saved to the database.

Syntax:

ROLLBACK;

Example:

DELETE FROM STUDENT WHERE SID = 2; ROLLBACK;

c. SAVEPOINT: It is used to roll the transaction back to a certain point without rolling back
the entire transaction.
Syntax:

SAVEPOINT SAVEPOINT_NAME;

5. DATA QUERY LANGUAGE


DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.It uses only one command:

o SELECT

a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of relational algebra. It is used to
select the attribute based on the condition described by WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT expressions FROM TABLES WHERE conditions;

For example:

SELECT SName FROM STUDENT WHERE SID > 5;


SELECT * FROM STUDENT;

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