UNIT V TEST AUTOMATION AND TOOLS

Automated Software Testing, Automate Testing of Web Applications,

Selenium: Introducing Web Driver and Web Elements, Locating Web
Elements, Actions on Web Elements, Different Web Drivers,
Understanding Web Driver Events, Testing: Understanding
Testing.xml, Adding Classes, Packages, Methods to Test, Test Reports.

5.1Automated Software Testing

Automated software testing is a process of using software tools and scripts
to automate the execution of tests on a software application. It involves writing and
running scripts that simulate user interactions, validate expected outcomes and
check the behaviour and functionality of the software under test.
Automated testing is a valuable approach in software development and
quality assurance because it offers several benefits, including increased test
coverage, faster test execution, improved accuracy and reduced manual effort. Here
are some key aspects to consider when discussing automated software testing in
detail

1. Test automation tools: Various tools and frameworks are available to facilitate
automated software testing. These tools provide features such as test script creation,
test case management, test execution, reporting. and integration with other software
development tools. Examples of popular test automation tools include Selenium,
Appium, TestComplete, JUnit, NUnit and Cucumber.

2. Test scripting: Automated tests are typically written as scripts or code that
interacts with the software being tested. Test scripts can be created using different
programming languages, such as Java, Python, C# or. JavaScript, depending on the
chosen test automation tool or framework. The scripts simulate user actions like
clicking buttons, entering data, navigating through screens and verifying expected
results.

3. Test coverage and efficiency: Automated testing allows for a broader and more
comprehensive test coverage compared to manual testing. It enables the execution
of a large number of test cases and scenarios that may be time-consuming or
impractical to perform manually. Automated tests can be executed repeatedly,
ensuring consistent and reliable results. This efficiency enables faster feedback
cycles and facilitates quicker identification and resolution of software defects.

4. Regression testing: Regression testing is a critical aspect of software

development
where automated testing excels. As changes are made to software over time, it's
important to ensure that existing functionality continues to work as intended.
Automated tests can be run on a regular basis to quickly identify any regression.
bugs that may have been introduced during development or code changes.

5. Continuous Integration and Delivery (CI/CD): Automated testing plays a

crucial role in CV/CD pipelines. CV/CD is an approach to software development
that emphasizes frequent integration and delivery of code changes. Automated tests
are integrated into the CVCD pipeline to validate each code change and provide
feedback to the development team. This helps in maintaining the stability and
quality of the software throughout the development process.

6. Test maintenance: While automated testing offers numerous advantages, it also

requires ongoing maintenance. As the software evolves, test scripts need to be
updated to accommodate changes in the user interface, functionality or underlying
technology.
Test maintenance is essential to keep the automated tests aligned with the
current state of the software and ensure their continued effectiveness.

7. Limitations of automated testing: While automated testing is highly beneficial,

it is not a solution for all testing needs. Certain types of testing, such as usability
testing or exploratory testing, still require manual intervention. Additionally,
automated tests can only validate against predefined scenarios and they may miss
certain types of issues that can be caught by human testers. Therefore, a balanced
approach combining both automated and manual testing is often recommended for
comprehensive software quality assurance.

There are many different types of automated software tests, including:

 Unit testing: Unit tests are small, self-contained tests that test individual
units of code.
 Integration testing: Integration tests test how different units of code
interact with each other.
 Functional testing: Functional tests test the functionality-of the software as
a whole.
 Regression testing: Regression tests are used to check that new changes to
the software have not introduced any bugs.

Here are some of the benefits of automated software testing:

Increased speed: Automated tests can be run much faster than manual tests, which
can save a lot of time.
Reduced cost: Automated tests can help to reduce the cost of software testing by
freeing up manual testers to focus on other tasks.
Improved quality: Automated tests can help to improve the quality of software by
catching bugs that would otherwise be missed.
Increased confidence: Automated tests can help to increase confidence in the
quality of software by providing evidence that the software has been thoroughly
tested.

Here are some of the challenges of automated software testing:

Initial investment: Automated testing can require a significant initial investment in

time and resources.
Maintenance: Automated: tests need to be maintained and updated as the software
changes.
Complexity: Automated testing can be a complex process and it can be difficult to
get right.

Here are some examples of automated tests:

 A unit test that checks that a function returns the correct value.
 An integration test that checks that two modules communicate correctly.
 A functional test that checks that a user can successfully complete a task.
 A regression test that checks that a new change to the software has not
introduced any bugs.

5.2 Automate Testing of Web Applications

What is automated web application testing?

 Automated web application testing is the use of software tools to execute
test cases automatically on web applications. This can save time and money
and can help to improve the quality of web applications by catching bugs
that would otherwise be missed.
 Automated testing of web applications involves using specialized tools and
frameworks to automate the testing process for web-based software. It
focuses on simulating user interactions, validating functionality, and
ensuring the performance and reliability of web applications.

Here are some key points to consider when discussing automated testing of web
applications in detail:
Types of automated tests

Several types of automated tests are commonly performed on web applications:

a. Functional testing: This type of testing verifies that the web application
functions
correctly by. simulating user actions such as clicking buttons, filling out forms and
navigating between pages. It checks if the expected outputs and behaviours are
consistent with the application's requirements.
b. Regression testing: Regression testing ensures that existing features and
functionalities of the web application ‘remain intact after new changes or
enhancements are introduced. By Tunning automated tests, developers can quickly
identify any regressions or unintended side effects caused by code modifications.
c. Cross-browser testing: Web applications need to be compatible with multiple
web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari and Internet Explorer. Automated
cross-browser testing ensures that the application behaves consistently across
different browsers and platforms, identifying any browser-specific issues.
d. Performance testing: Automated performance testing assesses the web
application's responsiveness, scalability and resource usage under various loads. It
measures response times, server performance, database performance and identifies
bottlenecks to ensure optimal performance.
e. Security testing: Automated security testing detects vulnerabilities and potential
security risks in web applications. It includes tests such as SQL injection, cross-site
scripting (XSS), and authentication testing to uncover security flaws and protect
against potential attacks.

Why automate web application testing?

There are many reasons to automate web application testing, including:

Increased speed: Automated tests can be run much faster than manual tests, which
can save a lot of time.
Reduced cost: Automated tests can help to reduce the cost of web application
testing by freeing up manual testers to focus on other tasks.
Improved quality: Automated tests can help to improve the quality of web
applications by catching bugs that would otherwise be missed.
Increased confidence: Automated tests can help to increase confidence in the
quality of web applications by providing evidence that the web applications have
been thoroughly tested.

How to select the right automation tool for web application testing?

Selecting the right automation tool for web application testing depends on
several factors.
Here are some considerations to help it choose the appropriate automation
tool:

Application type and technology: Consider the type of web application it is testing
and the technologies used to develop it. Some automation toois are better suited for
specific types of applications, such as Angular; React or Java-based applications.

Test requirements: Evaluate its testing requirements and the features provided by
different automation tools. Consider whether it needs support for cross-browser
testing, mobile testing, API testing, data-driven testing or performance testing.

Programming language: Determine the programming language it and itr team are
most comfortable with. Some tools are language-specific, so choosing a tool that
supports the programming language it is familiar with can streamline the
automation process.

Learning curve: Consider the leaming curve associated with the automation tool.
Evaluate the case of use, availability of documentation, online resources and
community support. Tools with a large user community often have extensive
resources available.

Integration and extensibility: Assess how well the automation tool integrates with
other tools and frameworks in its testing ecosystem. Determine if it can be easily
integrated with its existing test management systems, continuous integration tools or
defect tracking systems.

Cost and licensing: Consider the cost implications and licensing requirements of
the automation tool. Some tools are open source, while others require a commercial
license. Evaluate whether the tool's cost aligns with itr budget and the value it
provides.

Maintenance and support: Evaluate the availability of technical support, regular

updates, and’ maintenance provided by the tool's’ developers. Determine if the tool
is actively maintained and whether it has a responsive support team.

Team collaboration: Consider the collaboration features offered by the automation

tool. Assess if multiple team members can work simultaneously, share test artifacts
and collaborate effectively.

What are the benefits of automated web application testing

The benefits of automated web application testing include
Increased speed: Automated tests can be run much faster than manual tests, which
can save a lot of time.

Reduced cost: Automated tests can help to reduce the cost of web application
testing by freeing up manual testers to focus on other tasks.

Improved quality: Automated tests can ‘help to improve the quality of web
applications by catching bugs that would otherwise be missed.

Increased confidence: Automated tests can help to increase confidence in the

quality of web applications by providing evidence that the web applications have
been thoroughly tested.

What are the challenges of automated web application testing?

The challenges of automated web application testing include:

Initial investment: Automated testing can require a Significant initial investment in
time and resources.
Maintenance: Automated tests need to be maintained and updated as the web
applications change.
Complexity: Automated testing can be a complex process and it can be difficult to
get right.
Lack of expertise: There is a lack of expertise in automated web application
testing.
which can make it difficult to find qualified testers.

What are the different types of automated web application testing?

There are many different types-of automated web application testing,

including:

Functional testing: Functional testing checks that the web applications meet their
requirements.
Performance testing: Performance testing checks that the web applications can
handle the expected load.
Security testing: Security testing checks that the web applications are secure from
attack.
Usability testing: Usability testing checks that the web applications are easy to use.

What are the steps involved in automating web application testing?

The steps involved in automating web application testing include:

1. Planning: The first step is to plan the automated testing process. This includes
identifying the test cases that need to be automated, and selecting the right tools for
the job.

2. Development: The next step is to develop the automated tests. This involves
writing code that can execute the test cases automatically.
3.Execution: Once the automated tests are developed, they need to be executed.
This can be done manually or automatically.
4. Reporting: The final step is to report on the results of the automated tests. This
includes identifying any bugs that were found, and providing recommendations for
fixing them.

What are the tools available for automating web application testing?

There are many different tools available for automating web application
testing, including:

 Selenium
 Watir
 Appium
 JMeter
 SoapUI
 LoadRunner

Test automation tools:

There are several popular test automation tools and frameworks specifically
designed for web application testing. These tools provide features to interact with
web elements, simulate user actions and perform validations. Some commonly used
tools include:

a. Selenium: Selenium is a widely used open-source framework that supports

various programming languages like Java, Python, C#, and JavaScript. It offers a
robust set of tools and APIs for automating web browsers and interacting with web
elements.

b. Cypress: Cypress is a JavaScript-based end-to-end testing framework designed

specifically, for web applications. It provides a simple and intuitive syntax, along
with features like real-time reloading, automatic waiting and built-in debugging
capabilities.

c. Puppeteer: Puppeteer is a Node.js library that provides a high-level API for

controlling headless Chrome or Chromium browsers. It allows developers to
perform tasks like generating screenshots, interacting with web pages, and
automating form submissions.

d. TestCafe: TestCafe is a JavaScript-based open-source testing framework that

runs tests on any browser and operating system without requiring browser plugins.
It offers built-in waiting and assertion mechanisms and supports parallel test
execution.

5.3 Selenium: Introducing Web Driver and Web Elements

Selenium is a widely used open-source framework for automating web
browsers and conducting automated testing of web applications. It provides a suite
of tools and APIs that allow developers and testers to simulate user interactions,
Validate functionality and perform various testing tasks.

a.Selenium IDE : Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is

primarily a record/run tool. It is an Add-on or an extension available for both
Firefox and Chrome that generates tests quickly through its functionality of record
and playback. It doesn’t need to Jeam any test scripting language for authoring any
functional tests.

b. Selenium RC: In the case of working with Selenium RC (Remote Control), one
must have good knowledge of at least one programming language. This tool allows
it to develop responsive design tests in any scripting language of its choice. Server
and client libraries are the two main components of Selenium RC. Its architecture is
complex and it has its limitations.

c. Selenium WebDriver: Selenium WebDriver is an enhanced version of Selenium

RC. It was introduced in the market to overcome the limitation faced in Selenium
RC. Though it is an advanced version of RC, its architecture is completely different
from that of RC. Just like Selenium RC, Selenium WebDriver too supports multiple
programming platforms to provide wider flexibility and requires knowing any one
programming language.
d. Selenium Grid: Seleniim Grid is a tool that is used for concurrent execution of
test cases Selenium offers several strategies for locating web elements on a page on
different browsers, machines and operating systems simultaneously. This tool
makes ID Locating elements using their unique identifiers. cross-browser
compatibility testing very easy.
There are two versions of the Selenium Grid o Name: Locating elements using their
"name" attribute. the older version is known as Grid 1 and the recent version is
known as Grid 2. 6 Class names: Locating elements based on their CSS class name.

Two key components of Selenium are the WebDriver and web elements.

1. WebDriver: WebDriver serves as the core of Selenium, providing a

programming o XPath Locating elements using XPath expressions that traverse the
HTML structure interface to we users. To user action some interface to control web
browsers. It enables testers to automate browser actions and
2.CSS selector: Locating elements using CSS selectors. interact with web elements
as if they were real users. WebDriver supports various web browsers, including
Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge, and more. It communicates directly a with the
browser using the browser's native support for automation.
3.Clicking: Simulating a user click on the element
4.Entering text: Typing text into input field or text areas.

Key features and capabilities of WebDriver include:

Browser automation: WebDriver allows testers to open browser instances,

Clearing text: Clearing the content of input fields navigate to specific URLs, and
perform actions such as clicking buttons, filling.
Selecting options: Choosing an option from a dropdown list or radio buttons. forms
and submitting data.
Retrieving information: Gathering data from web elements, such as text content,
Cross-browser compatibility: WebDriver offers consistent automation capabilities
attribute values, or element visibility. across. different browsers.

Multilanguage support: WebDriver provides language-specific bindings for © By

leveraging the WebDriver and web element functionalities provided by Selenium,
testers popular programming languages like Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and
JavaScript. This, can automate the interaction with web browsers, perform a wide
range of user actions and enables testers to write automation code in their preferred
language. validate the behaviour and functionality of web applications.

Rich API: WebDriver offers a comprehensive set of methods and commands for
effective automated testing, leading to improved software quality and faster release
cycles.
what is Selenium WebDriver?

Synchronization:
 WebDriver provides synchronization mechanisms, such as waits; popular
tool for web application testing and it can also be used for other tasks such
as web to ensure that the browser and web elements have loaded completely
before. scraping and data extraction.
 WebDriver provides a set of APIs that can be used to interact with web
browsers. These ae of test scripts. APIs allow it to do things like navigate to
web pages, click on buttons, enter text into text.

Cross-platform support: WebDriver can be used on different operating systems,

boxes and select options from drop-down menus. including Windows, macOS, and
Linux, making it highly versatile.
Web elements: Web elements are the various components present within a web
page that that it can use it to automate web browser interactions on Windows, Mac
and Linux users interact with, such as buttons, input fields, dropdowns, checkboxes,
links and more computers.
 Selenium provides methods and APIs to locate, interact with and validate the
behaviour.
 The architecture of Selenium WebDriver is simple and easy to understand.
of these web elements during automated testing.

Selenium test script - Selenium test script is the test code written in any of the
mentioned programming languages that are interpreted by the driver.

JSON wire protocol - JSON wire protocol provides a transport mechanism to

transfer data between a server and a client. JSON wire protocol is the industry
standard for various web services.
Browser drivers - Selenium uses drivers, specific to each browser to establish a
secure connection with the browser.

Browsers - Selenium WebDriver supports multiple web browsers to test and run
applications on.

Features of Selenium WebDriver

Some of the key features of Selenium WebDriver include:

Cross-platform support: Selenium WebDriver supports a variety of web browsers,

including Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari and Internet Explorer. This means that it
can use it to. automate web browser interactions on Windows, Mac and Linux
computers.

APIs for different languages: Selenium WebDriver provides APIs for a variety of
programming languages, including Java, Python, C#, and Ruby. This means that it
can use it to automate web browser interactions in its preferred programming
language.

Support for different frameworks: Selenium WebDriver can be integrated with a

variety of testing frameworks, such as JUnit, TestNG, and Cucumber. This means
that it can use it to automate its test cases in its preferred testing framework.

Easy to use: Selenium WebDriver is relatively easy to use. The APIs are well-
documented, and there are a number of tutorials and resources available online.

How to use Selenium WebDriver?

 To use Selenium WebDriver, it first needs to install the appropriate driver

for its web browser. Once it has installed the driver, it can start writing test
scripts.
 Test scripts are written in a variety of programming languages, such as Java,
Python, C#, and Ruby. The syntax for writing test scripts varies depending
on the programming language that they are using.

5.4 Locating Web Elements

In Selenium, locating web elements is the process of finding the HTML
elements on a web page that it wants to interact with.

There are a variety of ways to locate web elements in Selenium, including:

WD: The ID attribute is a unique identifier for an HTML element. It can use the ID
attribute to locate an element by its ID.
Name: The name attribute.is another unique identifier for an HTML element. It can
use the name attribute to locate an element by its name.
CSS selector: A CSS selector is a way to select an HTML element by its CSS
properties. It can use CSS selectors to locate elements by their tag name, class name
or other CSS properties.
XPath: XPath is a language for locating XML elements. It can use XPath to locate
HTML elements by their XPath expression.

Here are some examples of how to locate web elements in Selenium:

 To locate an element by its ID, it can use the findElementByld() method.

 To locate an element by its name, it can use the findElementByName()
method.
 To locate an element by its CSS selector, it can use the
findElementByCssSelector()
 method.
 To locate an element by its XPath expression, it can use the
findElementByXpath()
 method.
 In Selenium, locating web elements is a crucial step in automating the
interaction with web pages. Selenium provides several strategies to locate
web elements on a web page; allowing testers to precisely identify and
interact with the desired elements.

Here are the commonly used methods for locating web elements in Selenium:

 Locating elements by ID: Elements with a unique "id" attribute can be

located using the findElement(By.idQ)) method. This method takes the
element's ID as a parameter.
 Locating elements by name: Elements with a unique "name" attribute can
be located using the findElement(By.name()) method. This method takes the
element's name as a parameter.
 Locating elements by class name: Elements with a specific CSS class can
be located using the findElement(By.className()) method. This method
takes. the element's class name as a parameter.
 Locating elements by tag name: Elements with a specific HTML tag can
be located using the findElement(By.tagName()) method: This method takes
the element's tag name as a parameter. .
 Locating elements by XPath: XPath is a powerful query language used to
navigate through ‘the HTML structure and identify elements. Selenium
provides the
 findElement(By.xpathQ)) method to locate elements using XPath
expressions. XPath allows for precise and flexible element identification
based on attributes, element hierarchy, and other criteria.
  Locating elements by CSS selector: CSS selectors provide another
powerful mechanism to’ locate elements based on their CSS properties and
attributes. Selenium supports locating elements using CSS selectors with the
findElement(By.cssSelector()) method.

Here's an example of how to locate an element using its ID in Java:

import org.openga.selenium By;

import org.openga.selenium. WebDriver;
import org.openga.selenium, WebElement;
import org.openga.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class ElementLocatorExample {
public static void main(String} args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://example.com’);
WebElement element =. driver findElement(By.id(‘elementla’));
// Perform actions on the'located element
driver.quit();
}
}

5.5 Actions on Web Elements

Selenium actions on web elements are the actions that it can perform on
HTML elements on a web page. There are a variety of actions that it can perform on
web elements in Selenium, including:

Click: Clicks on an element.

Send Keys: Enters text into an element.
Clear: Clears the text in an element.
Select: Selects an option from a drop-down menu.
Mouseover: Moves the mouse pointer over an element.
Right Click: Performs a right-click on an element.
Drag and Drop: Drags an element and drops it on another element.

Here are some examples of how to perform actions on web elements in

Selenium:

 To click on an element, it can use the click() method

 To enter text into an element, it can use the sendKeys() method.
 To clear the text in an element, it can use the clear() method.
 To select an option from a drop-down menu, it can use the select() method.
  To move the mouse pointer over an element, it can use the mouseOver()
method.
 To perform a right-click on an element, it can use the'rightClick() method.

 To drag an element and drop it on another element, it can use the

dragAndDrop() method.

Conclusion
Actions on web elements are an essential part of Selenium automation.
There are a-variety of actions that it can perform on web elements in Selenium and
the best method to use will vary depending on the specific situation.

The Actions class

The Actions class in Selenium provides a way to perform complex actions
on web elements.

The Actions class can be used to perform actions such as:

Clicking and dragging: The Actions class can be used to click and drag an element
to a new location.
Moving the mouse: The Actions class. can be used to move the mouse pointer to a
specific location on the screen.
Keys: The Actions class can be used to simulate keyboard input.

The Actions class is a powerful tool that can be used to perform complex actions on
web elements. However, it is important to note that the Actions class can be slow,
so it should only be used when necessary.

Here are some common actions that can be performed on web elements using
Selenium:

1. Clicking on Elements:
We can simulate a user clicking on a web element using the click() method.
This isbcommonly used for buttons, links, checkboxes, radio buttons and other
clickable elements.
Example (Java):

WebElement element ~ driver findElement(By id("buttonld"));

element. click();

2. Entering Text into Input Fields:

To interact with text input fields, can use the sendKeys() method. to simulate
typing or entering text. This is useful for filling out forms or entering data into input
fields.
Example (Java):

WebElement element = driver:findElement(By.id(’inputla’));

element.sendKeys("Hello, World!");

3. Clearing Text from Input Fields:

If it needs to clear the existing text in an input field before entering new text,
it can use the clear() method.
Example (Java):

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id(‘inputld"));

element.clear();

4.Selecting Options from Dropdowns:

Selenium provides the Select class to interact with dropdowns and select
options. It can create an instance of the Select class, locate the dropdown element
and then use methods like selectByVisibleText(), selectByValue(), or
selectByIndex() to choose the desired option.
Example (Java):

WebElement dropdown = driver.firidElement(By.id('dropdownld"));

Select seléct = new Select(dropdown);
selectselectByVisibleText("Option 1");

5. Retrieving Information from Elements:

It can extract information from web elements using various methods. For
example, it can get the text within an element using the getText() method, retrieve
attribute values using the getAttribute() method, or check if an element is visible or
enabled using the isDisplayed() and isEnabled() methods.
Example (Java):

WebElement element-= driver.findElement(By.id('elementid’));

String text = element.getText();
String value= element. getAttribute("value’);
boolean isDisplayed = element.isDisplayed();
boolean isEnabled = element.isEnabled();

6. Submitting Forms:
To submit a form, it can use the submit() method on the form element. This
triggers the form submission and performs any associated actions.
Example (Java):

WebElement form = driver findElement(By.id("formld"));

form.submit();
5.6 Different Web Drivers

Here are some of the commonly used web drivers in Selenium:

1. ChromeDriver: ChromeDriver is the WebDriver implementation for Google

Chrome. It enables Selenium to automate interactions with the Chrome browser.
ChromeDriver needs to be downloaded and configured to work with Selenium
WebDriver.

2. GeckoDriver: GeckoDriver is the WebDriver implementation for Mozilla

Firefox. It allows Selenium to automate interactions with Firefox. Similar to
ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver needs to be downloaded and set up to work with
Selenium.

3. SafariDriver: SafariDriver is the WebDriver implementation for Apple's Safari

browser. It allows Selenium to automate interactions with Safari. SafariDriver
comes pre-installed with Safari on macOS, but it needs to be enabled manually.

4. Microsoft WebDriver (EdgeDriver): Microsoft. WebDriver, also known as

EdgeDriver, is the WebDriver implementation for Microsoft Edge and Microsoft
Edge Chromium browsers. It enables Selenium to automate interactions with Edge
browsers. The appropriate version of the WebDriver needs to be downloaded and
configured for the specific version of the Edge browser being used.

5. OperaDriver: OperaDriver is the WebDriver implementation for the Opera

browser. It allows Selenium to automate intéractions with Opera. OperaDriver
needs to be downloaded and configured to work with Selenium.

6.InternetExplorerDriver: InternetExplorerDriver is the WebDriver for “Internet

Exploter (IE) browser. It allows Selenium to automate interactions with IE.
However, note that Internet Explorer is an older browser version and its usage is
becoming less common in modem web development.

7. WebDriver for other Browsers: Selenium WebDriver also provides support for
other less commonly used browsers, such as, PhantomJS (a headless browser),
HTMLUnitDriver (a headless Java-based, browser), and more. These drivers allow
Selenium to automate interactions with these specific browsers.

Here are some of the different WebDrivers in Selenium:

ChromeDriver: This is the most popular WebDriver and it is used to automate
Chrome web browsers.
FirefoxDriver: This WebDriver is used to automate Firefox web browsers. .
EdgeDriver: This WebDriver is used to automate Microsoft Edge web browsers.
SafariDriver: This WebDriver is used to automate Apple Safari web browsers.
InternetExplorerDriver: This WebDriver is used to automate Internet Explorer
web
browsers.
HtmlUnitDriver: This WebDriver is a headless WebDriver that can be used to
automate web browsers without a graphical user interface.
RemoteWebDriver: This WebDriver can be used to automate. web browsers on
remote machines.

Here is a table that summarizes the different WebDrivers in Selenium:

5.7 Understanding Web Driver Events

What are WebDriver Events?

WebDriver Events are events that are fired by the WebDriver API. These
events can be used to monitor the state of the browser and to react to changes in the
browser's state.

why are WebDriver Events important?

WebDriver Events can be used to:
Monitor the state of the browser: WebDriver Events can be used to monitor the
state of the browser, such as the page title, the URL and the visibility of elements.
This information can be used to verify that the browser is in the correct state.

React to changes in the browser's state: WebDriver Events can be used to react to
changes in the browser's state. For example; it could use a WebDriver Event to be
notified when a new page is loaded.

Log events: WebDriver Events can be used to log events. This can-be useful for
debugging and for tracking the progress of its automation script.

How to use WebDriver Events?

 To use WebDriver Events, it needs to implement the

WebDriverEventListener interface. This interface defines a number of
methods that are called when certain events occur.

 Once it has implemented the WebDriverEventListener interface, it can

register its listener with the WebDriver. This can be done using the register
() method.

 Once its listener is registered, it will be notified when certain events occur.
The events that are notified depend on the implementation of the
WebDriverEventListener interface.

 WebDriver Events are a powerfill tool that can be used to-monitor the state
of the browser and to react to changes in the browser's state. They can be
used for a variety of purposes, such as verifying that the browser is in the
correct state, reacting to changes in the browser's state and logging events.

 Understanding WebDriver events in Selenium involves being aware of the

various events that occur during test execution and how they can be utilized
to enhance test automation. WebDriver events provide hooks or listeners
that allow testers to observe and interact with different stages of the
automation process.

Here are the key, aspects to understand about WebDriver events in Selenium:

Event listeners:
Selenium WebDriver provides an event-driven architecture that allows the
registration of event listeners. Event listeners are objects that implement specific
interfaces, such as WebDriverEventListener or EventListener, to handle different
types of events during test execution.
Types of WebDriver events:

WebDriver events cover various: stages and actions during test execution.
Some of the commonly used events include:

beforeNavigateTo: Triggered before navigating to a new URL.

afterNavigateTo: Triggered after successfully navigating to anew URL.
beforeNavigateBack: Triggered before navigating back in the browser history.
afterNavigateBack: Triggered after successfully navigating back in the browser
history.
beforeNavigateForward: Triggered before navigating forward in the browser
history.
afterNavigateForward: Triggered after successfully navigating forward in the
browser history.
beforeFindBy: Triggered before locating a web element on the page.
afterFindBy: Triggered after successfully locating a web element on the page.
beforeClickOn: Triggered before clicking on a web element.
afterClickOn: Triggered after successfully clicking on a web element.
beforeChangeValueOf: Triggered before changing the vahue of a web element.
afterChangeValueOf: Triggered after successfully changing the value of a web
element.
beforeScript: Triggered before executing JavaScript code.
afterScript: Triggered after successfully executing JavaScript code.
onException: Triggered when an exception occurs during test execution.

Registering event listeners:

After creating the event listener implementation, it needs to register it with
the WebDriver instance using the register () method. This ensures that the event
listener is actively listening for events during test execution.
Example (Java):

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

EventFiringWebDriver eventDriver = new EventFiringWebDriver(driver);
MyEventListener éventListener = new MyEventListener(); // Custom event listener
implementation
eventDriver register(eventListener);

Customizing event listeners:

Event listeners can be customized to perform specific actions based on the
events they handle. For example, it can take screenshots on onException events, log
messages on beforeNavigateTo and afterNavigateTo events, or validate element
visibility on beforeClickOn and afterClickOn events.
Example (Java):

public class MyEventListener implements WebDriverEventListener {

// Wmplement metheds for desired events
@Override . +
public void beforeClickOn(WebElement. element, WebDriver driver) {
// Perform custom actions before clicking on an element
System.out.println("About to click on element: ' + element);
@Override
public void afterClickOn(WebElement element, WebDriver driver) {
// Perform custom actions after clicking on an elemenit - ©
‘System.out.println("Clicked on element: " + element);

5.8 Testing
Testing in software testing refers to the process of evaluating a software
application or system to identify defects, errors, or issues. It involves executing the
software with various test cases and scenarios to verify its behavior and ensure its
quality.
The purpose of testing is to uncover any bugs, validate the functionality,
assess the performance, and confirm that the software meets the requirements and
expectations of its users. By conducting testing, software development teams can
detect and fix issues early in the development lifecycle, which helps in delivering a
reliable and high-quality product.

There are different types of testing performed during the software testing life
cycle, including:

Unit testing: This type of testing focuses on testing individual components or

modules of the software in isolation. It aims to verify that each unit performs as
intended.

Integration testing: Integration testing involves testing the interactions and

interfaces between different components or modules to ensure they work correctly
together.

System testing: System testing evaluates the entire system as a whole, checking if
all the components are integrated properly and the system meets the specified
requirements.
Acceptance testing: Acceptance testing is performed to validate whether the
software meets the acceptance criteria and satisfies the user's requirements. It can be
done by the end-users or client to determine if the software is ready for deployment.

Performance testing: Performance testing measures and evaluates the software's

performance under various conditions, such as high loads, stress or limited
resources, to ensure it can handle expected workloads.

Security testing: Security’ testing checks for vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the
software to ensure that sensitive data is protected and the software is resilient
against potential security threats.

Regression testing: Regression testing verifies that recent changes or modifications

in the software haven't introduced new defects or caused any existing functionality
to break.

Usability testing: Usability testing focuses on evaluating the software's user-

friendliness, intuitiveness, and ease of use to ensure a positive user experience.

To create a TestNG XML file and execute it, follow these steps:

1.Create a new XML file: Use a text editor or an XML editor to create a new XML
file. Give it a meaningful name, such as "testng.xml",
2. Define XML structure: Define the basic structure of the XML file by adding the
root element. The root element in TestNG XML is typically <suite>.

<suite name="Test Suite">

<!-- Add test configurations and test tags here —>
</suite>

3. Add test configurations: Within the <syite> element, it can add various test
configurations. These configurations may include details such as test parameters,
test
environment setup or other global settings.

<suite name="Test Suite">

<parameter name="browser" value="chrome" />
<!- Add more configurations as needed ->
</suite>
4. Define test tags: Within the <suite> element, it can define one or more <test>
tags. To represent individual tests or test groups. Each <test> tag can have a unique
name and may contain one or more <classes> or <packages> tags to specify the test
classes or packages to be executed.

<suite name="Test Suite">

<test name="Test 1'>
<classes>
<class name="com.exemple tests. TestCasel" />
<class name="com.example.tests.TestCase2'/>
</classes>
</test>
<!-- Add more tests as needed -->
</suite>

5. Save the XML file: Save the testng.xml file with the defined structure and
configurations.

6. Execute TestNG XML file: To execute the TestNG XML file, it can use various
methods depending on its environment and tools.

7. Command line: Open a command prompt or terminal, navigate to the project

directory and use the TestNG command to execute the testng.xml file:

shell
$ testng testng.xml

8. IDE integration: Many integrated development environments (IDEs) provide

built-in support for executing TestNG XML files. In itr IDE, import the project,
right-click on the testng.xml file, and select the option to run or execute it as a
TestNG test.

9. Build automation tools: If it is using build automation tools like Maven or

Gradle, it can configure the build script to execute the TestNG XML file as part of
the build process.

5.9 Understanding Testing.xml

In software testing and design, the term "testing.xml" does not refer to a
standard or widely recognized concept or file format. The term seems to be an
arbitrary name given to an XML file used for testing purposes.
However, in the context of software testing and design, XML (Extensible
Mark-up Language) can be used to define and store various artifacts related to
testing activities. Let's explore some common use cases where XML is utilized in
software testing and design:

1. Test case management: XML can be-used to define and store test cases in a
structured manner. The XML file may contain information such as test case ID,
description, preconditions, test steps, expected results and any additional metadata
related to the test case.

2. Test data management: XML can be employed to store test data sets for
executing test cases. The XML file can define different test data scenarios, input
values, expected outputs and any other relevant data required for testing different
aspects of the software.

3. Test configuration: XML can be utilized to define test configuration settings.

For
example, it can store information related to test environments, system
configurations,
test parameters or other settings required to set up the testing environment correctly.

4, Test suites: XML can be used to define test- suites, which group related test
cases
together. The XML file can include information about the test suite name,
description
and references to the individual test cases that belong to the suite.

5. Test results: XML can be employed to store test results in a structured format.
The
XML file may contain information such as test case status (pass/fail), execution
time,
error messages and any additional details captured during the testing process.

Testing.xml is a configuration file that is used to define test suites and tests
in TestNG. It is an XML file that contains the following elements:

suite: This element defines a test suite. A test suite is a collection of tests that are
run
together.
test: This element defines a test. A test is a single unit of testing that is used to
verify the functionality of a software application.
class: This element defines a class that contains test methods.
method: This element defines a test method. A test method is a Java method that is
annotated with the @Test annotation:

Test Automation and Tools

parameter: This element defines a parameter that can be passed fo a test method.
groups: This element defines a group of tests. Tests can be’ grouped together for
various purposes, such as running them in parallel or filtering. them out.
listeners: This element defines listeners that are used to listen to events during test
execution.

In software testing and design, Testing. xml is used to define the following:
 The test cases that need to. be executed.
 The order in which the tests should be executed.
 The parameters that need to be passed to the tests.
 The groups of tests that need to be run.
 The listeners that need to be notified of test events.

Here are some of the benefits of using Testing.xml in software testing and
design:

Increased test automation: Testing. -xml can be used to automate the testing
process, which can save time and improve the efficiency of the testing team.
Improved test coverage: By defining the tests in an XML file, it can ensure that all
of the important functionality of the software is tested.
Enhanced test reporting: Testing xml can be used to generate detailed test reports,
which can help it to identify and fix any defects in the software.

5.10 Adding Classes

To add classes in a testing xml file, it needs to follow these general steps:

1.Determine the purpose: Understand the purpose of adding classes in the testing
xml file. Is it adding classes for test cases, test data, configuration, or any other
specific use?

2. Define XML structure: Decide on the XML structure or schema for

representing the classes. Determine the elements, attributes and hierarchy that will
be used to define the classes.

3. Open the XML file: Open the testing.xml file using a text editor or an XML
editor.
Make sure it has the necessary permissions to modify the file.

4. Locate the appropriate section: Identify the section in the XML file where it
wants to add the classes. This could be an existing section or a new section
specifically designated for classes.
5. Add XML elements: Add XML elements to represent the classes within the
appropriate section. Use the defined XML structure or schema to ensure consistency
and clarity.

6. Set attributes: If needed, set attributes for the class elements to provide
additional information or metadata about the classes. These attributes could include
class names, identifiers, descriptions or any other relevant details.

7. Specify class properties: Within each class element, specify the properties or
characteristics of the class. This could include details like class names, access
modifiers, methods, variables or any other relevant information.

8. Save the XML file: Once it has added the classes, save the testing.xml file. It's
important to note that the specific steps for adding classes in a testing.xml file can
vary depending on the context and the intended use of the file. The above steps
provide a general guideline, but the actual implementation may differ based on the
XML structure, tool or framework it is using for testing.

Example:
Here are the steps on how to add classes in testing.xml:

1. Create a new XML file and save it as "testing.xml".

2. Open the XML file in a text editor.
3. Add the following code to the XML file.

XML
<suite name="MyTestSuite'> _
<test name="MyTest">
<class name="com.example. MyTestClass1'/>
<class name="com.example MyTestClass2"/>
</test>
</suite>

4.Save the XML file.

5. Run the tests by running the "testing.xml" file from the command line or from an
IDE.

To add more classes to the XML file, it simply needs to add more "class" elements
to the "test" element. For example, to add a class called com.example.
MyTestClass3" to the XML file, it would add the following code :

XML
<class name="com.example. MyTestClass3/>
Here are some additional tips for adding classes to testing xml:

 The name of the class element must match the fully qualified name of the
Java class.
 The order in which the-classes are defined in the XML file determines the
order in which the tests will be executed.
 It can use the "groups" element to group the classes together. This can be
helpful for
 running the tests in parallel or filtering them out.

5.11 Packages
In software testing, packages in XML are used to group together classes and
methods that are related to a specific functionality or feature. This can be helpful for
organizing the tests and for running them in parallel.
To add packages to an XML file for software testing, it can use the <packages>
element. The <packages> element contains a list of <package> elements, each of
which defines a package name. For example, the following XML code defines two
packages:

XML
<packages>
<package name="com. Example. mypackage1"/>
<package name="com.example. mypackage2'/>
</packages>

Once it has added the packages to the XML file, it can run the tests by running the
XML file from the command line or from an IDE.

To define packages in a testing.xml file, it can follow these steps:

1. Determine the organization strategy: Decide on the organization strategy for its
test cases. Identify how it wants to group and categorize them using packages.
Consider factors such as functionality, modules, features or any other meaningful
criteria.

2. Define XML structure: Determine the XML structure or schema for

representing
packages in the testing-xml file. Decide on the appropriate XML elements,
attributes and hierarchy that will be used to define packages.

3. Open the XML file: Open the testing.xml file using a text editor or an XML
editor.
Ensure that it has the necessary permissions to modify the file.
4. Identify the appropriate section: Identify the section in the XML file where it
wants to add the packages. This section could be specifically designated for
packages or any other section suitable for organizing test cases.

5. Add package elements: Within the appropriate section, add XML elements to
represent the packages. Use the defined XML structure or schema to ensure
consistency.

6. Set package attributes: For each package element, set the necessary attributes to
define the package. This could include attributes like package names, identifiers,
descriptions or any other relevant metadata.

7. Nest packages if required: If its organization strategy involves nested or

hierarchical packages, create the necessary nested package elements within the
appropriate parent packages.

8. Associate test cases: Associate the relevant test cases with their respective
packages. It can use XML elements or attributes to reference or include test cases
within the package elements.

9. Save the XML file: Once it has defined the packages and associated test cases,
save the testing.xml file.

When working with a specific testing framework or tool, it's advisable to refer to its
documentation or guidelines to understand the recommended approach for defining.
Packages in the testing.xml file associated with that framework or tool.

Here are some of the benefits of using packages in XML for software testing:

Improved organization: Packages can help to improve the organization of the tests
by grouping together classes and methods that are related to a specific functionality
or feature.
Parallel execution: Packages can be used to run tests in parallel, which can help to
improve the performance of the testing process.
Filtering: Packages can be used to filter out tests that it does not want to run.

5.12 Methods to Test

When it comes to testing XML files, there are several methods it can employ
depending on its specific needs and goals. Here are a few common approaches:
1. Manual inspection: This is the simplest method and involves visually inspecting
the XML file for ensure its structure, content and any defined rules are’ correct. It
can use a text editor or an XML-specific tool to review the file.

2. XML validators: XML validation tools automatically check thé XML file
against a specified schema or Document Type Definition (DTD). This method
ensures that the XML conforms to the defined rules and structure. Examples of
XML validators include XMLSpy, Xerces and XMLStarlet.

3. Unit testing: If it is using XML as part of a larger software system, it can write
unit tests specifically designed to-validate the XML processing logic. These tests
can verify that the XML is parsed correctly, data is extracted properly and any
transformations or manipulations produce the expected results.

4. XML schema testing: If its XML uses a schema definition, it can write test cases
that cover different scenarios based on the schema's rules. These tests can check for
valid and invalid inputs, edge cases and boundary conditions to ensure the XML
behaves. As expected.
5. XPath testing: XPath is a query language used to navigate XML documents. It
can write XPath expressions to select specific elements or attributes within the
XML and validate that the results match its expectations. XPath testing is
particularly useful when it needs to extract data from XML files or verify specific
values.

6. Integration testing: In scenarios where XML files are exchanged between

different systems or services, integration testing can be performed to verify the end-
to-end flow. This involves testing the XML generation, transmission and
consumption by the receiving system, ensuring proper data exchange and handling.

7.Performance testing: If it is dealing with large XML files or high-volume XML

processing, performance testing can help identify bottlenecks, optimize processing
times, and ensure the system can handle the expected load. Performance testing
tools can simulate various workloads and measure XML processing performance.

Suppose it has an XML file that represents a collection of books. Each book has
attributes such as title, author, publication year, and price. Here's a sample XML
file:

<book>
<title>'The Great Gatsby</title>
<author>F, Scat Fitzgerald</author>
<year>1925</year>
<price>10.99</price> r
</book>
<book>
<title>To Kill a Mockingbird </title>
author>Harper Lee</author>
> <year>1960</year>
<price>12.99</price>
</book>
</library>

Now, let's explore how different testing methods can be applied:

1. Manual inspection: It can visually inspect the XML file to ensure it has the
correct
structure and content. Check that the opening and closing tags match, attributes are
properly formatted and data is correctly enclosed within elements.

2. XML validators: Use an XML validator, such as XML Spy or an online

validator, to verify that the XML file conforms to a specified schema or DTD. It can
define a schema that specifies the expected structure and data types for the elements
and attributes in the XML. The validator will flag any validation errors or warnings.

3. Unit testing: Write unit tests that verify the correctness of itr XML processing
logic. For example, it can test if a function extracts the book titles correctly from the
XML file or if the price calculation is accurate. These tests can be automated and
run as part of its development or deployment process.

4. XML schema testing: If it has an XML schema definition (XSD), it can write
test
cases to cover different scenarios based on the schema’s rules. For example, it can
create tests to ensure that all books have a valid publication year or that the price is
within an acceptable range.

5. XPath testing: XPath allows it to navigate and select elements in XML

documents. It can write XPath expressions to extract specific data and then write
tests to verify that the extracted data matches the expected values. For instance, it
can use XPath to select the book with a specific author and then assert that the title
matches the expected value.

6. Integration testing: Suppose its XML file is exchanged between different

systems. In integration testing, it can simulate the entire workflow by generating
XML files, transmitting them, and verifying that the receiving system processes
them correctly. It can create test cases that cover different scenarios, such as
successful processing, error handling, or edge cases.
7.Performance testing: If its XML files or processing operations are expected to
handle a large volume of data, it can perform performance testing. This involves
measuring the processing time of XML operations, such as parsing or
transformation, under different
work

5.13 Test Reports

TestNG generates multiple reports as part of its test execution. These reports
mainly include:

TestNG HTML report: This is the default report that is generated and is the most
commonly used. It provides a detailed overview of the test execution, including the
test cases that were run, their results and any errors or failures that occurred.

TestNG email-able report: This is a formatted version of the HTML report that is
optimized for sending as an email attachment.

TestNG report XML: This is an XML version of the report that can be used for
further processing or analysis.

JUnit report XML: This is an XML version of the report that-is compatible with
JUnit, another popular testing framework, these reports are generated by default in
the test-output folder. The location of the reports can be changed by setting the
output Directory property in the testng.xml file.

The following is an example of a testng.xml file that generates test reports:

Code snippet

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

="My Test Suite">
<test name="My Test'>
<classes>
<class name="com.example.MyTest”/>
</classes>
</test>
</suite>
<suite name>

This file will generate the following reports:

 test-output/index html: The TestNG HTML report.
 test-output/enable-report. html: The TestNG email-able report.
 test-output/report.xml: The TestNG report XML.
  test-output/junitreport.xml: The JUnit report XML.

To view the reports, it can open them in a web browser. The HTML reports will
provide a graphical overview of the test execution, while the XML reports can be
used for further processing or analysis.

<testreport>
<metadata>
<timestamp> 2023-06-27 15:30:00</timestamp>
<tester>John Doe</tester>.
<version>1.0.0</version>
</metadata>
<summary>
<totalTests>10</totalTests>
<passedTests>8</passedTests>
<failedTests>2</failedTests>
<skippedTests>0</skippedTests> -
<duration> 00:15:25 </duration>.
</summary>
<testcases>
<testcase>
<name>LoginTest</name>
<status>passed</status>
<duration> 00:01:05 </duration>
<logs>
<log level="info'> Successfully logged in</log>
<flogs>
</testcase>
<testcase>
<name>RegistrationTest</name>
<status>failed</status>
<duration>00:02;15</duration>
<logs>

Two Marks Questions with Answers

1. What are the benefits of automated software testing?

Increased speed: Automated tests can be run much faster than manual tests, which
can and the overall duration of the test execution.
Reduced cost: Automated tests can help to reduce the cost of software testing by
freeing
2. How to select the right automation tool for web application testing?
To select the right automation tool for web application testing, consider the
following:
 By using this XML structure, it can generate comprehensive test reports that
capture metadata, summary information, individual test case details, logs and error
information, Integration and extensibility. providing valuable insights into the
software testing process. Cost and licensing, Maintenance and support, Team
collaboration features.

3. What are the tools available for automating web application testing?
There are. many different tools available for automating web application
testing, including:

 Selenium
 Watir
 Appium
 JMeter
 SoapUI
 LoadRunner

4. What are the strategies for locating web elements on a page?

Selenium offers several strategies for locating web elements on a page :
ID: Locating elements using their unique identifiers.
Name: Locating elements using their "name" attribute.
Class Name: Locating elements based on their CSS class name.
Tag Name: Locating elements based on their HTML tag.
XPath: Locating elements using XPath expressions that traverse the HTML
structure.
CSS selector: Locating elements using CSS selectors.

5. What are the features of Selenium WebDriver?

The features of Selenium WebDriver include:
Cross-browser compatibility: WebDriver supports testing across multiple web
browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer.
Web element interaction: It allows interacting with web elements on a webpage,
such as clicking buttons, filling forms, selecting dropdowns and verifying element
properties.
Advanced interactions: WebDriver supports advanced user interactions like drag-
and- drop, handling keyboard events, mouse actions and managing multiple
windows and frames.
Page navigation and synchronization: It provides methods for navigating between
pages, refreshing pages and waiting for elements to load or become available.
Assertions and verifications: WebDriver allow verifying expected conditions and
making| assertions to validate the behaviour and content of web pages.

6. Define testing.xml configuration?

 Testing.xml is a configuration file that is used to define test suites and tests
in TestNG. It is an XML file that contains the following elements:

suite: This element defines a test suite. A test suite is a collection of tests that are
run
together.
test: This element defines a test. A test is a single unit of testing that is used to
verify the functionality of a software application.
class: This element defines a class that contains test methods.
method: This element defines a test method. A test method is a Java method that is
annotated with the Test annotation.
parameter: This element defines a parameter that can be passed to a test method.
groups: This element defines a group of tests. Tests can be grouped together for
various purposes, such as running them in parallel or filtering them out.
listeners: This element defines’ listeners that are used to listen to events during test
execution.

7.Why are WebDriver events important?

WebDriver events can be used to :

Monitor the state of the browser: WebDriver events can be used to monitor the
state of the browser, such as the page title, the URL and the visibility of elements:
This information can be used to verify that the browser is in the correct state.

React to changes in the browser's state: WebDriver events can be used to react to
changes in the browser's state. For example, it could use a WebDriver event to be
notified when a new page is loaded.

Log events: WebDriver. events can be used to log events, this can be useful for
debugging and for tracking the progress of its automation script.

8.What are the different locators in Selenium WebDriver?

Selenium WebDriver supports the following locators to identify elements on
a web page:

ID: The id attribute is a unique identifier for an element on a web page. It is the
most
reliable locator but it is not always available.
Name: The name attribute is used to identify an element on a web page, It is not as
reliable as the id attribute but it is more commonly used.
Class name: The class attribute is used to identify an element on a web page by its
class name. It is not as reliable as the id or name attributes but it is more commonly
used.
Link text: The link text is the visible text of a link element. It is 4 reliable locators
but it is only applicable to link elements.
Partial link text: The partial Jink text is a portion of the visible text of a link
element. It is a reliable locator but it is only applicable to link elements.

9. How to handle dynamic web elements?

Dynamic web elements are those elements whose values or attributes change
dynamically, either on every page load or based on some user action, this can make
it difficult to locate and interact with these elements using Selenium WebDriver.

There are a few different ways to handle dynamic web elements in Selenium
WebDriver:
 Use XPath or CSS selectors to locate the element.
 Use a wait statement to wait until the-element is visible.
 Use a JavaScript command to get the element's value or attributes.
 Use a combination of these methods.

10 How to reuse code in automated tests?

Use functions: Functions are a great way to encapsulate code that you want to
reuse.
create functions that perform specific tasks, such as logging in to a website, filling
out a form, or clicking on a button. Once created a function, can call it from any test
case that needs to perform that task.
Use modules: Modules are a way to group related functions together. This can
make
your code more organized and easier to maintain. can create a module for each type
of test, such as login tests, form tests or button tests.
Use frameworks: There are a number of frameworks available that can help to
reuse
code in automated tests. These frameworks provide a common way to structure tests
and to share code between tests.

PART B & C

1.What are the different types of automated software testing? Discuss about the key
factors to be considered in automated software testing?
2. Why automate web application testing? How to select the right automation tool
for web application testing?
3. What is Selenium WebDriver? Discuss in detail about the components of
Selenium?
4. What are the different locators in Selenium WebDriver? How to use locators to
locate web elements?
5. How to add classes, package, and methods to automated tests?
6. How to use test reports to improve the quality of automated tests?
7. What is Testing xml? How to use Testing xml to configure automated tests?
8 How can you generate and analyze test reports using automation frameworks
(e.g., TestNG, ExtentReports)?
9. How can you identify and locate web elements on a web page for automation?
10. How can you simulate user interactions such as clicks, inputs, and selections?