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Java Collections

The document provides an overview of Java Collections, highlighting key interfaces such as List, Set, Map, and Queue, along with their common classes used in automation like ArrayList and HashMap. It discusses their applications in Selenium for managing web elements, test data, and API testing, emphasizing the importance of data structures for efficiency and uniqueness. Additionally, it covers thread safety and concurrency considerations when using collections in multi-threaded environments.

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3 views8 pages

Java Collections

The document provides an overview of Java Collections, highlighting key interfaces such as List, Set, Map, and Queue, along with their common classes used in automation like ArrayList and HashMap. It discusses their applications in Selenium for managing web elements, test data, and API testing, emphasizing the importance of data structures for efficiency and uniqueness. Additionally, it covers thread safety and concurrency considerations when using collections in multi-threaded environments.

Uploaded by

harish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Collections in Java

The Backbone of Test Frameworks


Key collection interfaces?

• List - Ordered collection, allows duplicates


• Set - Unordered, no duplicates
• Map - Key-value pairs
• Queue - FIFO structure

Common classes used in automation?

• Array List - Store Web Elements, input sets


• HashMap - Hold config, headers, key-values
• HashSet - Validate uniqueness (e.g., dropdowns)
• LinkedList - Used in queue-based flows

Why Collections/Arrays utils?

• Collections: sorting, thread-safe wrappers,


min/max
• Arrays: array-to-list conversion, sorting primitives

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Selenium Automation Use Cases
Why prefer ArrayList in Selenium?

• Works with findElements(), stores dynamic


WebElements
• Fast index-based access for loops

How to store elements from findElements()?

• Use List<WebElement> to loop through elements


List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("button"));
for (WebElement btn : elements) {
System.out.println(btn.getText());
}

How to map test steps or locators?

• Use Map<String, By> to map locator keys to


locators

Where is Set used in Selenium?

• For window handles


• To validate uniqueness in dropdowns

How to manage test data in DDT?

• Map<String, String> for a single test row

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• List<Map<String, String>> for all test rows

How to remove duplicates from test data?

• Store values in a Set to auto-remove duplicates

How to remove duplicates from a List?


List<String> unique = new ArrayList<>(new HashSet<>(originalList));

How to maintain insertion order in tests?

• Use LinkedHashSet or LinkedHashMap

When to use Deque in browser tests?

• Simulate browser back/forward actions


Deque<String> navStack = new ArrayDeque<>();

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API Testing with Collections
How to pass headers in API calls?

• Use Map<String, String> to construct headers


• Easily reusable across requests (auth, content-
type)
• Works well with REST Assured .headers() method
Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
headers.put("Authorization", "Bearer token");
headers.put("Content-Type", "application/json");

How to build dynamic JSON payloads?

• Use Map<String, Object> to simulate JSON object


• Useful for user creation, updates, login payloads
• Allows flexible key-value insertions based on test
case
Map<String, Object> user = new HashMap<>();
user.put("id", 101);
user.put("name", "Priya");

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How to represent a JSON array of objects?

• Use List<Map<String, Object>> for multiple user-


like objects
• Simulates payloads like [{...}, {...}]
• Ideal for bulk creation APIs or multi-record
validation
List<Map<String, Object>> users = new ArrayList<>();users.add(user);

How to extract a list from API response?

• Use .getList() with JsonPath for list values


• Handy for validating response IDs, emails, names
• Supports direct assertions or further processing
List<String> ids = response.jsonPath().getList("users.id");

How to validate uniqueness in API results?

• Convert list to Set and compare size

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• Quick way to detect duplicates in ID, email, etc.
• Works well in response validations or assertions
Set<String> unique = new HashSet<>(emails);
assert emails.size() == unique.size();

How to handle multiple API responses?

• Store each response in a Map<String, Response>


• Label by test step or API endpoint
• Helps when chaining token generation → user
access → validations

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Data Mapping & Configuration
How to store config or environment data?
Map<String, String> config = new HashMap<>();
config.put("baseUrl", "https://api.example.com");

Where are Maps commonly used in frameworks?

• Step names, locator mapping, config, headers

How to convert between List, Set, and Map?


Set<T> s = new HashSet<>(list);
List<T> l = new ArrayList<>(set);
List<K> keys = new ArrayList<>(map.keySet());

How to iterate a Map with key-value pairs?


for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey() + ": " + entry.getValue());
}

When to use TreeMap or TreeSet?

• TreeMap - When keys need to be sorted


• TreeSet - When values must be unique and sorted

How HashMap differs from LinkedHashMap?

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• HashMap - Fast, no order guarantee
• LinkedHashMap - Maintains insertion order

Thread Safety & Concurrency


How to make Collections thread-safe?

• Use Collections.synchronizedList()
• Use thread-safe collections for multi-threaded
tests

When to use ConcurrentHashMap in tests?

• When sharing data like tokens across threads

How to use CopyOnWriteArrayList in tests?

• Thread-safe alternative to ArrayList


• Good for read-heavy test scenarios
• Safe to iterate even when modified by other
threads
List<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
list.add("[email protected]");
list.add("[email protected]");

for (String email : list) { System.out.println(email);

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