Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural

languages are used for interaction between people, while programming

languages are designed to allow humans to communicate instructions to
machines.

or,

A programming language is a set of instructions and syntax used to create

software programs. Some of the key features of programming languages
include:

Syntax: The specific rules and structure used to write code in a programming
language.
Data Types: The type of values that can be stored in a program, such as
numbers, strings, and booleans.
Variables: Named memory locations that can store values.
Operators: Symbols used to perform operations on values, such as addition,
subtraction, and comparison.
Control Structures: Statements used to control the flow of a program, such as
if-else statements, loops, and function calls.
Libraries and Frameworks: Collections of pre-written code that can be used to
perform common tasks and speed up development.
Paradigms: The programming style or philosophy used in the language, such
as procedural, object-oriented, or functional.
Examples of popular programming languages include Python, Java, C++,
JavaScript, and Ruby. Each language has its own strengths and weaknesses
and is suited for different types of projects.

A programming language is a formal language that specifies a set of

instructions for a computer to perform specific tasks. It’s used to write software
programs and applications, and to control and manipulate computer systems.
There are many different programming languages, each with its own syntax,
structure, and set of commands. Some of the most commonly used
programming languages include Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, and C#. The
choice of programming language depends on the specific requirements of a
project, including the platform being used, the intended audience, and the
desired outcome. Programming languages continue to evolve and change
over time, with new languages being developed and older ones being updated
to meet changing needs.
Let’s understand these programming languages one by one. As the list is very
large so it is impossible to discuss all of these in details. Here I’m writing the
brief introduction with example for all of these various programming
languages.
1. Compiled Languages
A compiled language is a programming language in which we use a compiler
to compile and execute our code. the compilers are generally translators that
generate machine level code from our written source code.
Example:
• C
• C++
• C#
• ALGOL
• Cobol
• Fortran
• Java
• Visual Basic
• Smalltalk
2. Interpreted Languages
An interpreted language is a programming language in which without
compiling a program into machine-language instructions we can execute
instructions directly and freely. The interpreter executes the program line by
line. In Ruby Interpreted a language gives many additional flexibilities over
compiled implementations like, platform independence, dynamic scoping,
dynamic typing etc.

Example:
• Python
• Ruby
• Perl
• Pascal
• Lisp
• BASIC
• APL
3. Scripting Languages
Scripting languages are programming languages that control an application.
Scripts which can be executed independently over any other application.
They are widely used in the application that they control and are used in
automation.
Example:
• PHP
• VBScript
• Windows PowerShell
• F-Script
• BeanShell
• AutoIt
• R
• Game Maker Language
4. Markup Languages
A markup language is an artificial language that used for annotating a
document so that it is syntactically distinguishable from the text, the text that
define how the text is to be displayed.
Example:
• HTML
• XML
• XHTML
• SGML
• Curl
5. Procedural Languages
Procedural (imperative) programming implies specifying the steps that the
programs should take to reach to an intended state. A procedure is nothing
but a set of instructions that can be referenced through a procedure call. this
help in the reuse of code. This type of programming makes the programs
structured and easily traceable for program flow.
Example:
• HyperTalk
• Go
• PL/C
• PL/I
• Curl
• Mathematical
• MATLAB
6. Functional Languages
Functional programming languages define every computation as a
mathematical evaluation. They focus on the application of functions. Some of
the functional programming languages are pure functional language but
many so-called functional languages are impure, containing imperative
features, they are not pure function languages.
Example:
Pure Functional
• AgdaSAC
• SASL
• Cuneiform
• Curry
• Futhark
• Haskell
7. Impure Functional Languages
• APL
• C++ (since C++11)
• C#
• VB.NET
• Ceylon
• Kotlin
• LISP
• Closure
• Javascript
• PHP
• Python
8. Logic-based Programming Languages
Logic programming is a type of programming paradigm which is largely
based on formal logic. logic -based programming are set of sentences in
logical form, which express facts and rules about a problem domain.
Example:
• Prolog
• ROOP
• ALF
• Alma-0
• Curry
• Fril
• Janus
9. Object-Oriented Languages
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a high-level programming paradigm
based on the concept of “objects”, which may contain data, in the form of
fields, often known as attributes. In OOP, computer programs binds related
data and functions into an object and implements objects and their
associated procedures to create software programs.
Example:
• Scala
• C++
• Java
• Python
• C#
• Ruby
10. Dataflow Languages
Dataflow programming languages rely on representing the flow of data. In a
dataflow language, a stream of data gets passed from instruction to
instruction for execution. The Conditional execution jumps the data and in
procedure calls, it routes the data to a different location.
Examples:
• Analytica
• BMDFM
• Hartmann pipelines
• Lucid
• Max
• Oz
• Prograph
• Pure Data
11. Embeddable Languages
It is mainly dynamic scripting and programming language. it can be also
used as a platform-independent general-purpose programming language.
Embedded languages are of two types:
1. Server Side
2. Client Side
Server-side
• PHP
• VBScript
• SMX
• Tcl
• WebDNA
Client side
• ActionScript
• JavaScript
• VBScript
12. Machine Languages
These languages are directly executable by a compute Central Processing
Unit. Machine languages are typically coded in bit patterns, represented in
octal or hexadecimal forms.
Example:
• ARM
• DEC
• x86
• IBM System/360
• MIPS
• Sun, Oracle SPARC
13. System Languages
These are for low-level languages used in memory management or task
management. A system programming language generally used for system
programming, for example, languages designed for writing system software,
usually require different approaches of development compared to application
software.
Example:
• Ada
• Nim
• Rust
• Swift
• ESPOL
14. Concurrent Languages
These languages are constructed for concurrency in Message passing
languages. For example, Java shows shared-memory concurrency.
Example:
• Go
• Java
• Julia
• Closure
• Scala
15. Multiparadigm Languages
These types of languages support more than one programming languages or
programming paradigm. Multiparadigm languages allow using more than one
programming style. No specific language solves all the problems in the
easiest or efficient that’s why we use Multiparadigm languages.
Example:
• Ada
• APL
• BETA
• C++
• C#
• Cobra
16. Extension Languages
These languages are used as an extension to other languages. Extension
programming languages are embedded into another program and used to
harness its features in extension scripts.
Example:
• AutoLISP
• BeanShell
• Perl
• Pike
• Ruby
17. Iterative Languages
These languages are built around or offering generators.
Example:
• Aldor
• Alphard
• PHP
• CLU
• Cobra
18. Hardware description Languages
These programming languages are used in electronics, a hardware
description language or HDL is used to describe the structure, design, and
operation of electronic circuits or digital logic circuits. Among various most
popular and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and
VHDL.
Example:
• Analog circuit’s HDLs:
• Verilog-AMS
• VHDL-AMS
• Digital circuit’s HDLs
• Advanced Boolean Expression Language(ABEL)
• Altera Hardware Description Language(AHDL)
• Bluespec
• Lava
• ELLA
19. Visual Languages
In Visual Languages users can specify programs in a 2-D or more way
instead one-dimensional (text strings) in visual languages we use graphical
elements and figures to develop a program.
Example:
• Analytica
• Blockly
• DRAKON
• Fabrik
• Scratch
• Simulink
• Spreadsheets
20. List-based Languages
List-based languages are based on the list data structure.
Example:
• Lisp
• Arc
• Clojure
• R
• Dylan
• Joy
21. Synchronous Languages
These programming languages are used in programming reactive systems.
A programming reactive systems is the systems which gets interrupted and
respond instantly. some of these systems are also called real-time systems
and are used widely.
Example:
• Argus
• Averest
• Esterel
• Lustre
• Signal
22. Macro Languages
These languages are used to transform one source code file into another.
Macro is a short piece of text which can expands into a larger one. Macro
languages are often used to preprocess the source code. Preprocessors
supply facilities like file inclusion etc.
Example:
• cpp (the C preprocessor)
• m4
• ML/I (general purpose macro processor)
23. Query Languages
These languages are used in databases and information systems to make
queries.
Example:
• SQL
• XPath
• AQL
• PQL
• XQuery
24. Metaprogramming Languages
Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other
programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that
is otherwise done at run time during compile time.
Example:
• C++
• CWIC
• Curl
• D
• eC
• Emacs Lisp3
• Elixir
• F#
25. Rule-based Languages
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set
of data. Some set which gets selected and the statements which belonged to
those rules get executed.
Example:
• awk
• CLIPS
• Constraint Handling Rules
• Drools
• Jess
• OPS5
• Prolog
26. Numerical analysis Languages
In Numerical analysis we analyzes and implements algorithms for numerical
solutions to solve huge problems of realistic mathematical models involving
continuous variables. we use the following programming languages in
Numerical Analysis.
Example:
• Mathematical
• MATLAB
• PROSE
• R
27. Syntax handling Languages
These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for
context-free grammars.
Example:
• ANTLR
• Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)
• GNU bison (FSF’s version of Yacc)
• GNU Flex (FSF version of Lex)
• lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
• Parsing expression grammar (PEG)
28. Non-English-based Languages
There are several programming languages which are developed in different
language other than the English language. language is not a barrier in this
case.
• Chinese BASIC – Chinese
• Fjölnir – Icelandic
• Language Symbolique d’Enseignement – French
• Lexico – Spanish
• Rapira – Russian
• ChaScript-Bengali
• ezhil-Tamil
29. XML-based Languages
These languages are used to transfer XML documents to into human
readable format.
• Ant
• C?
• XPath
• XQuery
• XProc
30. Educational Languages
These languages are created to help beginners learn programming
concepts. They are often simplified and come with visual environments or
clear syntax.
Examples:
• Logo – Famous for turtle graphics
• Scratch – Block-based visual programming
• Alice – 3D programming for animations and storytelling
• Blockly – Web-based visual language
• Karel – Robot programming for learning control structures
Conclusion
Day by day the rising demands for computing power and productivity was the
key factor for the development of more powerful, cheaper, and faster
business machines, supercomputers, and various programmed devices, with
the variety of applications and types of computers, every time there arouses
a need for specific programming languages to complete specific tasks. A
complete categorical list of all types of programming languages is given
below. There is no strict classification scheme for programming languages.
Thus, we can see a language as an example of more than one programming
language.
As technology progresses, new challenges will inevitably lead to the
development of even more refined and versatile programming languages,
further enriching this dynamic ecosystem.