Programming Concepts – Full Answer Sheet
✅ Part - 1
1. Compiler, Operators, Operands, Expression
- Compiler: A compiler translates high-level code (like C or Java) into machine-level
language for execution.
- Operators: Symbols that perform operations. Example: +, -, *, /.
- Operands: Values/variables on which operators work. Example: In a + b, a and b are
operands.
- Expression: Combination of operators and operands that produces a result. Example: a + b
- c.
2. Variables, Constants, Type Casting (with Examples)
- Variable: A named memory location. Example: int age = 20;
- Constant: A fixed value. Example: const float PI = 3.14;
- Type Casting: Changing one data type into another. Example: float a = (float) 5 / 2; //
Output: 2.5
3. Tokens, Keywords, Format Specifiers
- Tokens: Smallest elements of a program (keywords, identifiers, constants, symbols).
- Keywords: Reserved words. Example: int, return, if, else.
- Format Specifiers:
%d → Integer
%f → Float
%c → Character
%s → String
✅ Part - 2
4. Variable Naming Convention (Valid & Invalid)
- Valid: studentName, marks_1, _total
- Invalid: 1name, class%, my name
5. Operators Definition and Example
- Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %
- Relational: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
- Logical: &&, ||, !
6. Loop Definition
- For Loop: for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { printf("%d ", i); }
- While Loop: int i = 1; while(i <= 5) { printf("%d ", i); i++; }
- Do-While Loop: int i = 1; do { printf("%d ", i); i++; } while(i <= 5);
7. If-Else Definition with Structure
int a = 10, b = 20;
if(a > b) {
printf("A is greater");
} else {
printf("B is greater");
}
8. Switch Case with Structure
int day = 3;
switch(day) {
case 1: printf("Monday"); break;
case 2: printf("Tuesday"); break;
case 3: printf("Wednesday"); break;
default: printf("Invalid Day");
}
9. Error Detection
- Syntax error: missing ;
- Undeclared variable: using a variable not defined
- Type mismatch: assigning float to int without casting
10. Operators Precedence (Show Output Step by Step)
int result = 5 + 2 * 3;
Multiplication first: 2 * 3 = 6
Then addition: 5 + 6 = 11
Output: 11
11. Naming Convention – Valid and Invalid Check
- Valid: age, roll_no, name123
- Invalid: 123name, student-name, total marks
✅ Code-Related Problems
1. If-Else (Greatest of 3 Numbers, Even or Odd)
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 7;
if(a > b && a > c)
printf("A is greatest");
else if(b > c)
printf("B is greatest");
else
printf("C is greatest");
// Even or Odd
int x = 9;
if(x % 2 == 0)
printf("Even");
else
printf("Odd");
2. Switch Case (Grading and Day)
int marks = 85;
switch(marks / 10) {
case 9: printf("Grade A"); break;
case 8: printf("Grade B"); break;
case 7: printf("Grade C"); break;
default: printf("Fail");
}
int day = 2;
switch(day) {
case 1: printf("Sunday"); break;
case 2: printf("Monday"); break;
case 3: printf("Tuesday"); break;
//...
}
3. Nested Loop (Pyramid Pattern)
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
for(int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n");
}
4. Number Printing (for loop)
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
printf("%d\n", i);
}
