Object-Oriented Programming with

Java: Unit 2 Briefing Document

I. Exception Handling

A. What is an Exception? An exception is an "unexpected, unwanted, or

abnormal situation that occurs during the execution of a program,
disrupting the normal flow of instructions."

 Everyday Analogy: The source uses the example of going to

college daily "except Tuesday" due to religious rituals. The Tuesday
absence is an exception to the normal routine.

 Orange Juice Analogy: When making orange juice, the purpose is

to get juice. The pulp and peels that are "left out or not done on the
purpose" are an exception.

 Programming Context: If a program is designed to perform a + b

but instead performs a * b, this deviation is an exception.

 Occurrence: Exceptions can occur "either at compile time and run

time in application code."

 Origin of the Idea: The concept of exceptions arose when a

programmer's code exhibited "anti-behavior" (did something other
than its intended main function).

B. Errors vs. Exceptions Both errors and exceptions represent problems

that occur during program execution, but they differ significantly:

 Errors:"Usually serious problem cause" and "many times recover

not ho pa" (often not recoverable).

 Compiler-detectable (e.g., syntax errors like typos in public static

void main).

 Exceptions:"Recoverable error" and "within program consist"

(recoverable errors within the program's consistency).

 Handled by the programmer, not directly by the compiler.

 Analogy: A syntax error is like the Java Development Kit (JDK)

telling you "line number two has an error." An exception is
something the programmer handles because the compiler won't
directly point it out.
C. Exception Handling Explained Exception handling is the process of
managing and resolving exceptions to "maintain the normal flow of the
application."

 Analogy (WiFi): If you are watching a video (purpose) and your

WiFi disconnects (exception), turning the WiFi back on and resolving
the issue is exception handling.

 Analogy (Car Puncture): If you are going to the market (purpose)

and your bike gets a puncture (exception), fixing the puncture is
exception handling.

 Core Advantage: Prevents the program from terminating abruptly.

If an exception occurs at statement 5 in a 10-statement code,
without exception handling, statements 6-10 will not execute. With
exception handling, the program can "jump from Fourth line to Sixth
line" to ensure the rest of the code runs.

D. Types of Exceptions Java exceptions are broadly categorized into two

main types:

 1. User-Defined Exceptions: "ऐसे एक्सेप्शन होते हैं जिनको

यूजर खुद डिफाइंड करता है" (Exceptions defined by the user). These
are used when built-in exceptions cannot describe a specific
situation or when a programmer wants to test how a program
behaves under custom error conditions.

 2. Built-in Exceptions: "ऐसे एक्सेप्शन जो ऑलरेडी जवा लाइब्रेरीज

में अवेलेबल होते हैं" (Exceptions already available in Java
libraries). These are predefined problems that Java recognizes.

 Sub-types of Built-in Exceptions:a. Checked Exceptions: "जो

कंपाइल टाइम पर आती है" (occur at compile time). The compiler
checks for these exceptions to ensure smooth execution at runtime.

 Analogy: Checking if you have your admit card before leaving for
an exam.

 Examples: ClassNotFoundException, IOException,

FileNotFoundException, InterruptedException.

 b. Unchecked Exceptions: "जो कंपाइलर टाइम पर नहीं आती मतलब

कंपाइलर इनको चेक ही नहीं कर पाता" (do not occur at compile time;
the compiler does not check them). They usually occur at runtime
and are handled directly by the JVM.

 Analogy: An earthquake occurring while you are at college

(unpredictable, rare).
  Examples: ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException,
NullPointerException, NumberFormatException.

E. Major Reasons for Exceptions:

 Invalid user input

 Device failure

 Loss of network connection

 Physical limitations (e.g., insufficient memory)

 Code errors (e.g., syntax errors, logical errors)

 Unavailability of files

F. Exception Hierarchy (Control Flow)

 Throwable Class: The "main class" or "sardar" (head/leader) of all

errors and exceptions. "All exceptions and errors type are subclasses
of the Throwable."

 Hierarchy: Object -> Throwable -> (Exception / Error)

 Exception includes IOException, RuntimeException, etc.

 Error includes VirtualMachineError, AssertionError, etc.

G. JVM Reaction to Exceptions

 The Java Virtual Machine (JVM), responsible for changing source

code to bytecode, reacts to exceptions by:

 Starting a search "method by method" where the exception

occurred, continuing until the "call stack" is found.

 Identifying the "catch block" that handles the exception.

 Transferring control to that catch block to handle the exception.

H. Key Exception Handling Keywords/Techniques These five

keywords are crucial for exception handling in Java:

 1. try:Used to "preface a block of code that is likely to cause an

error condition and throw an exception."

 Contains statements where an exception might occur.

 Always used with at least one catch block.

 Analogy: Trying an unwanted vegetable; if it's good, you eat it (no

exception); if it's bad, you don't (exception, leading to catch).

 2. catch:Used to "handle the exception" thrown by the try block.

  Executes if an exception occurs in the try block.

 Can have "one or more statement that are necessary to process the
exception."

 Multi-catch Block: A single try block can be followed by multiple

catch blocks to handle different types of exceptions.

 3. finally:A block of code that "is always executed, whether an

exception is handled or not."

 Used for cleanup operations (e.g., closing files or network

connections).

 Analogy: "Finally, the light came on" – it will eventually happen

regardless of circumstances.

 4. throw:Used to "throw our own exception" explicitly

(programmer-driven).

 Used for user-defined exceptions or to re-throw caught exceptions.

 5. throws:Used to "declare an exception" in a method signature,

indicating that the method might throw a particular exception.

 Informs the caller of the method about potential exceptions,

allowing them to handle it.

 "हो सकता है आगे चेकिंग हो आराम से जाना" (It's possible there's a

check ahead, go slowly) – hinting at a potential exception.

II. Input/Output Basics (File Handling)

A. What is File Input/Output (I/O)? File I/O refers to the operations of

reading data from files and writing data to files within a Java program. It
falls under the broader concept of File Handling, which "defines how we
can read and write data on a file."

 Java provides an java.io package that contains classes for

performing I/O operations.

B. Streams File I/O operations in Java are performed using streams.

 Definition: "Java has many Input at Output streams that are use to
read and write data same as a continuous flow of water is called
water stream in the same way input and output flow of data is called
stream."

 Analogy: Like a continuous flow of water in a river, data flows

continuously into or out of a program.
  Types of Streams:1. Byte Streams:"Handle all type of data"
including "character, picture, audio, video."

 Deal with raw binary data.

 Do not perform individual encoding or decoding.

 Represented by classes ending with "InputStream" (for reading) and

"OutputStream" (for writing), e.g., FileInputStream,
FileOutputStream.

 Use read() and write() methods.

 2. Character Streams:"Handles only text data" including "letters,

digit, symbol other character."

 Designed to address character-based records.

 Perform manual encoding and decoding.

 Represented by classes ending with "Reader" (for reading) and

"Writer" (for writing), e.g., FileReader, FileWriter.

C. Reading and Writing Files in Java

 Reading Files:Uses the FileInputStream class.

1. Steps:Create an instance of FileInputStream (passing the file path).

2. Create a byte array to hold chunks of data.

3. Use the read() method to read data into the array.

4. Continue reading until -1 is returned (end of file).

5. Close the FileInputStream object using close().

 Writing Files:Uses the FileOutputStream class.

1. Steps:Create an instance of FileOutputStream (passing the file

path). If the file doesn't exist, it will be created.

2. Create a byte array containing the data to be written.

3. Use the write() method to write the entire array to the file.

4. Close the FileOutputStream object using close().

III. Multithreading

A. What is Multithreading? Multithreading is a mechanism in Java that

allows "executing multiple threads simultaneously" within a single
program or process. It's a way to achieve multitasking.
  Analogy (Restaurant): A single waiter (Tom) serving multiple
customers (threads) simultaneously, taking multiple orders at once,
rather than serving one customer at a time. This improves
efficiency.

 Multiprocessing vs. Multithreading:Multiprocessing: Involves

multiple independent processes (e.g., P1, P2, P3 running on an OS).

 Multithreading: Involves multiple threads running within a single

process (e.g., P1 containing T1, T2, T3).

B. What is a Thread? A thread is a "lightweight sub-process" or the

"smallest unit of processing."

 Characteristics:Lightweight: Compared to a full process, threads

are lighter and consume fewer resources.

 Sub-process: A thread runs within a process.

 Smallest Unit of Processing: The most granular execution unit.

 Independent Execution Path: Each thread has its own execution

path.

 Shared Memory Area: Threads within the same process share a

common memory area.

 Faster Context Switching: Used for quick switching between

tasks.

 Analogy (Instagram Login): When you enter your phone number

and password on Instagram, a thread works in the background to
access the database and open your ID.

 Benefits of using Threads:Non-blocking: Threads are

independent, so they "doesn't block the user" and can perform
multiple operations concurrently.

 Time Saving: "Perform many operation together so it save tof"

(saves time).

 Fault Isolation: "It doesn't affect other thread If exception occur in

single thread" because threads are independent.

C. Thread Life Cycle A thread can move through different states during
its lifetime. There are five main states:

 1. New State (Born State): A thread is in the new state "if you
create an instance of Thread class but the before the invocation of
start method."
  2. Runnable State (Ready State): The thread is "ready" to run
after the start() method is invoked, but the Thread Scheduler has
not yet selected it to execute.

 3. Running State (Execute State): The thread is in the running

state if "the Thread Scheduler has selected it" to execute.

 4. Non-Runnable / Blocked State: The thread is "still alive" but

temporarily inactive. This can happen due to:

 sleep(): Pauses execution for a specified time.

 wait(): Waits for another thread to perform a specific action (e.g.,

notify() or notifyAll()).

 suspend(): Suspends thread execution.

 Waiting for I/O completion or a lock.

 A blocked thread can return to the Runnable state.

 5. Terminated State (Exit / Dead State): A thread is in the

terminated state "wet its run method exc" (when its run() method
completes execution or it exits).

 Thread Scheduler: An "agent that schedules the thread's priority,"

deciding when to run, execute, or terminate threads. It acts as the
"mind" of the thread.

 Control: The life cycle of a thread is controlled by the JVM.

D. Creating Threads in Java There are two primary ways to create

threads:

 1. By Extending the Thread Class:The Thread class provides

constructors and methods for thread operations.

 Override the run() method to define the thread's task.

 Call the start() method to begin thread execution (this invokes the
run() method).

 Common Constructors: Thread(), Thread(String name),

Thread(Runnable r), Thread(Runnable r, String name).

 Common Methods:run(): Defines the action to be performed by

the thread.

 start(): Starts the execution of the thread in the JVM.

 sleep(): Causes the thread to temporarily cease execution.

 join(): Waits for a thread to die (terminate).

  2. By Implementing the Runnable Interface:The Runnable
interface has only one method: run().

 Implement the run() method in your class.

 Create a Thread object, passing an instance of your Runnable class

to its constructor.

 Call the start() method on the Thread object.

 Advantage: Allows your class to extend another class while still

being runnable.

E. Thread Priority Every thread has a priority, represented by a number

between 1 and 10.

 MIN_PRIORITY (1): Least priority.

 NORM_PRIORITY (5): Default priority (if not explicitly set).

 MAX_PRIORITY (10): Highest priority.

 Setting/Getting Priority:getPriority(): Returns the thread's current

priority.

 setPriority(int newPriority): Updates or assigns a new priority to the

thread.

 Illegal Argument Exception: If a priority is set outside the 1-10

range (e.g., -1 or 11), an IllegalArgumentException is thrown.

 Analogy: A loyal, premium customer in a business has higher

priority than a customer who visits rarely.

F. Thread Synchronization Synchronization is Java's capability to

"control the access of multiple threads to any shared resources." It
ensures that only one thread can access a shared resource at a time,
preventing data inconsistency and interference.

 Problem: Without synchronization, multiple threads could access

and modify shared data simultaneously, leading to incorrect results
(e.g., the bank account example where multiple family members
withdraw money simultaneously from a shared account with
insufficient balance).

 Why Use It?To "prevent interference."

 To "prevent consistency problem."

 Types of Synchronization:1. Process Synchronization:

Synchronizes between different processes.
  2. Thread Synchronization: Synchronizes between different
threads within a process.

 Mismatched Concepts:Concurrency: Doing multiple things at a

time, but one after another (e.g., cooking and studying by switching
between tasks).

 Parallelism: Doing multiple things truly simultaneously (e.g.,

listening to music and dancing at the same time).

 Lock/Monitor Concept:Synchronization is built around an internal

entity called a "lock" or "monitor."

 "Every object has an lock associated with it."

 A thread needs to acquire the object's lock before accessing its

shared resources and release it after it's done.

 Analogy: A car key or a "Reserved" sign on a hotel table – only the

holder of the key/reservation can access the resource.

 Techniques for Mutual Exclusion (One thread at a

time):synchronized method: Applying the synchronized keyword
to a method.

 synchronized block: Applying the synchronized keyword to a block

of code, allowing more granular control.

 Static Synchronization: Synchronizing static methods.

 java.util.concurrent.locks Package: Introduced in Java 5, this

package provides more advanced lock mechanisms.

G. Inter-Thread Communication (Cooperation) Inter-thread

communication (or cooperation) is "all about allowing synchronized set to
communicate with each other" so that threads can coordinate their
actions and share resources efficiently.

 Mechanism: Allows a thread to pause its execution in a critical

section (shared resource) and allow another thread to enter.

 Analogy: Thread T1 (25 minutes of work) coordinating with Thread

T2 (15 seconds of work) to temporarily release the lock so T2 can
quickly complete its task.

 Methods for Inter-Thread Communication:wait(): Causes the

current thread to "release the lock and wait until another thread
invokes the notify method or notifyAll method" on the same object.

 wait(): Waits indefinitely until notified.

  wait(long timeout): Waits for a specified amount of time.

 notify(): Wakes up "a single thread that is waiting" on the object's

monitor. If multiple threads are waiting, one is chosen randomly.

 notifyAll(): Wakes up "all the threads that are waiting" for the
object's monitor.

 Why are wait(), notify(), notifyAll() in Object class (not

Thread class)?Because these methods are related to the concept
of locks, and objects, not threads, have locks associated with them.

 wait() vs. sleep():wait(): Releases the lock while waiting. Used for
inter-thread communication.

 sleep(): Does not release the lock while sleeping. Used to pause a
thread for a temporary period.

 wait() is an Object class method; sleep() is a Thread class method.

H. Inter-Thread Communication Process (Diagram Flow)

1. Thread Enters: A thread enters to acquire the lock.

2. Lock Acquired: The lock is acquired by the thread.

3. Execution/Wait/Exit: The thread either continues execution, waits

(using wait()), or exits (releasing the lock).

4. Notify: If the lock is released, notify() or notifyAll() is called to wake

up waiting threads.

5. Lock Available: The notified threads become runnable and are now
available to acquire the lock.

6. Task Complete/Exit: Once the task is complete, the thread

releases the lock and exits the monitor state.

 Sets: Entry Set, Owner Set, Wait Set.

convert_to_textConvert to source

NotebookLM can be inaccurate; please double check its responses.

Object-Oriented Programming with Java (OOPs with Java) - Unit 2 Study
Guide

Overview

This study guide covers the key concepts of Exception Handling,

Input/Output (I/O) Basics, and Multithreading in Java, as presented in
the provided source material. It is designed to help you review and solidify
your understanding of these fundamental topics in Java programming.

I. Exception Handling

A. Core Concepts

 What is an Exception?Definition: An unexpected, unwanted, or

abnormal event that occurs during the execution of a program,
disrupting its normal flow of instructions.

 Analogy: Going to college daily "except Tuesday" due to religious

practice; orange juicer producing pulp alongside juice.

 Java context: An event during program execution that disrupts

normal instruction flow; can occur at compile time or run time.

 Idea Behind Exceptions: Originated from programmers observing

anti-behavior in code—programs not performing their intended main
function.

 Errors vs. Exceptions:Errors: Usually serious problems that are

often unrecoverable (e.g., syntax errors, system failures). Often
detected by the compiler.

 Exceptions: Recoverable problems that can be handled within the

program. Often not detected by the compiler and must be handled
by the programmer.

 Analogy: Syntax error is like a spelling mistake the compiler catches;

an exception is like your Wi-Fi stopping while watching a video,
which you then fix.

 Exception Handling: The process of dealing with exceptions to

maintain the normal flow of the application.

 Analogy: Fixing Wi-Fi or changing a flat tire to continue a journey.

 Advantages: Maintains normal application flow, prevents program

termination, allows the rest of the code to execute.

 Major Reasons for Exceptions: Invalid user input, device failure,

loss of network connection, physical limitations (e.g., memory), code
errors (e.g., syntax, logic), unavailable files.
B. Types of Exceptions

 User-Defined Exceptions:Defined by the user/programmer for

specific situations not covered by built-in exceptions.

 Creation steps: Create an exception class (subclass of Exception),

use default/parameterized constructors, create an object of the
class, and throw it using the throw keyword.

 Example: A bank system throwing an exception if the account

balance falls below a minimum threshold.

 Built-in Exceptions:Pre-defined exceptions available in Java

libraries.

 Easier to identify and resolve.

 Checked Exceptions:Checked by the compiler at compile time.

 Programmer must ensure they are handled for smooth run-time

execution.

 Example: FileNotFoundException (compiler checks if a file exists

before execution).

 Unchecked Exceptions:Not checked by the compiler; handled

directly by the JVM at run time.

 Often occur due to "bad data" or logical errors in the program.

 Example: ArithmeticException (division by zero – not checked at

compile time, occurs at runtime).

 Specific Built-in Exception Examples:ArithmeticException

(Unchecked): Division by zero.

 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException (Unchecked): Accessing an illegal

index in an array.

 ClassNotFoundException (Checked): Trying to access a class that

does not exist.

 FileNotFoundException (Checked): File not found on the system.

 IOException (Checked): Input/Output operation failure.

 InterruptedException (Checked): A thread is interrupted while

waiting or sleeping.

 NoSuchFieldException (Checked): Accessing a non-existent field.

 NoSuchMethodException (Checked): Calling a non-existent method.

  NullPointerException (Unchecked): Accessing an object that refers to
null.

 NumberFormatException (Unchecked): Converting a string to a

numeric format when not possible.

 IllegalStateException (Unchecked): Method called at an

inappropriate time.

 IllegalArgumentException (Unchecked): Method called with an illegal

or inappropriate argument.

 StringIndexOutOfBoundsException (Unchecked): Accessing an illegal

index in a string.

C. Exception Hierarchy and Control Flow

 Throwable Class: The superclass of all errors and exceptions in

Java.

 Control Flow with try-catch-finally:try block: Contains the code

that might throw an exception.

 catch block: Catches and handles specific types of exceptions

thrown from the try block. Can have multiple catch blocks (multi-
catch).

 finally block: Contains code that will always execute, regardless of

whether an exception occurred or was handled.

 Nested try blocks: A try block can be placed inside another try
block.

 throw keyword: Used to explicitly throw an exception from within

a method or block of code (user-defined exceptions).

 throws keyword: Used in a method signature to declare that a

method might throw one or more specified types of checked
exceptions. It informs the caller to handle the exception.

 JVM Reaction to Exceptions: When an exception occurs, the JVM

starts searching method by method in the call stack for an
appropriate catch block. If found, control is transferred to that block;
otherwise, the program terminates.

II. Input/Output (I/O) Basics

A. File Handling Fundamentals

 File Handling: Defines how data is read from and written to files in
Java programs.
  File I/O: The process of reading data from files (input) and writing
data to files (output).

 java.io Package: Java's built-in package that contains classes for

performing I/O operations.

B. Streams

 Definition of Stream: A sequence of data, similar to a continuous

flow of water. In Java, streams represent the flow of data for input
and output operations.

 Types of Streams:Byte Streams:Handle raw binary data (8-bit

bytes).

 Process all types of data: text, images, audio, video.

 Classes usually end with InputStream or OutputStream (e.g.,

FileInputStream, FileOutputStream).

 Do not perform individual encoding/decoding.

 Key methods: read() and write().

 Character Streams:Handle character-based data (16-bit Unicode

characters).

 Process only text data: letters, digits, symbols.

 Classes usually end with Reader or Writer (e.g., FileReader,

FileWriter).

 Perform encoding/decoding of character data to/from the underlying

byte circulation.

 Stream Classification: Streams are broadly classified into Input

Streams (for reading data) and Output Streams (for writing data).
Byte streams have InputStream and OutputStream classes, while
Character streams have Reader and Writer classes.

C. Reading and Writing Files

1. Reading from a File (FileInputStream):Create an instance of

FileInputStream, passing the file path to the constructor.

2. Create a byte array (buffer) to hold chunks of data.

3. Use the read() method to read data into the buffer, continuing until -
1 is returned (end of file).

4. Close the FileInputStream object to release resources.

 5. Writing to a File (FileOutputStream):Create an instance of
FileOutputStream, passing the file path. If the file doesn't exist, it's
created.

6. Create a byte array or convert a string to bytes containing the data

to be written.

7. Use the write() method to write the data (entire array) to the file.

8. Close the FileOutputStream object to release resources.

III. Multithreading

A. Core Concepts

 Multitasking: Performing multiple tasks concurrently. Achieved

through multithreading and multiprocessing.

 Multiprocessing: Multiple processes running concurrently (e.g., P1,

P2, P3).

 Multithreading: Multiple threads running concurrently within a

single process.

 Thread:A lightweight sub-process or the smallest unit of

processing.

 Has its own separate path of execution but shares a common

memory area with other threads in the same process.

 Independent: An exception in one thread does not affect others.

 Advantages of Multithreading:Does not block the user, allowing

multiple operations simultaneously.

 Saves time by performing many operations together.

 Independent threads mean an exception in one doesn't affect

others.

B. Thread Life Cycle

 A thread can be in five states (or four, according to Sun

Microsystems):

1. New (Born): Thread instance created but start() method not yet
invoked.

2. Runnable (Ready): start() method invoked, but the thread

scheduler hasn't selected it to run. It's ready to run.

3. Running (Executed): The thread scheduler has selected the

thread, and it is actively executing its run() method.
 4. Non-Runnable / Blocked: The thread is alive but temporarily not
eligible to run (e.g., sleeping, waiting for a lock, suspended, waiting
for I/O). It can return to the Runnable state.

5. Terminated / Dead / Exit: The run() method has completed its

execution, or the thread has been explicitly stopped.

C. Creating Threads

 Two Ways to Create Threads:By Extending the Thread

Class:Create a class that extends java.lang.Thread.

 Override the run() method with the thread's execution logic.

 Create an instance of this class and call its start() method.

 By Implementing the Runnable Interface:Create a class that

implements the java.lang.Runnable interface.

 Override the run() method with the thread's execution logic.

 Create an instance of this Runnable class.

 Create a Thread object, passing the Runnable instance to its

constructor.

 Call the start() method on the Thread object.

 Common Thread Class Methods:run(): Contains the thread's

execution logic.

 start(): Begins thread execution, moving it from New to Runnable.

 sleep(): Temporarily pauses thread execution for a specified time.

 join(): Waits for a thread to die.

 getPriority(): Returns the thread's priority.

 setPriority(): Sets the thread's priority.

 isAlive(): Checks if the thread is alive.

 yield(): Causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily

pause and allow other threads to execute.

 suspend(): Suspends a thread (deprecated).

 resume(): Resumes a suspended thread (deprecated).

 stop(): Stops a thread (deprecated).

 interrupt(): Interrupts a thread.

D. Thread Priority
  Definition: A numerical value (1 to 10) assigned to a thread,
indicating its relative importance for scheduling by the thread
scheduler.

 Range: 1 (minimum priority) to 10 (maximum priority).

 Thread Scheduler: An agent responsible for scheduling threads

(deciding when a thread runs, executes, or dies).

 Constants:Thread.MIN_PRIORITY: 1

 Thread.NORM_PRIORITY: 5 (default priority)

 Thread.MAX_PRIORITY: 10

 Methods for Priority:getPriority(): Returns the current priority of a

thread.

 setPriority(int newPriority): Sets the priority of a thread. Throws

IllegalArgumentException if the priority is outside the 1-10 range.

E. Thread Synchronization

 Definition: Java's capability to control the access of multiple

threads to any shared resource, ensuring that only one thread can
access a critical section at a time.

 Purpose:To prevent thread interference (multiple threads trying to

write to the same resource simultaneously).

 To prevent consistency problems (data corruption due to

unsynchronized access).

 Analogy: A joint bank account where only one person can withdraw
money at a time.

1. Types of Synchronization:Mutual Exclusive: Ensures only one

thread can execute a critical section at a time using locks.

 synchronized method: The entire method is synchronized, locking

the object it belongs to.

 synchronized block: A specific block of code is synchronized,

providing finer-grained control over locking.

 Static synchronization: Synchronizes a static method, locking the

class itself.

1. Cooperation / Inter-thread Communication: Allows

synchronized threads to communicate with each other, pausing one
thread and allowing another to enter a critical section.
  wait() method: Causes the current thread to release its lock and
wait until another thread invokes notify() or notifyAll() on the same
object.

 notify() method: Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the

object's monitor.

 notifyAll() method: Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the

object's monitor.

 wait() vs. sleep():wait(): Releases the lock, used for inter-thread

communication, part of Object class, non-static.

 sleep(): Does not release the lock, used to pause execution for a
specific time, part of Thread class, static.

II. Quiz

Instructions: Answer each question in 2-3 sentences.

1. What is the fundamental difference between an "Error" and an

"Exception" in Java programming, as explained in the source
material?

2. Provide a real-world analogy to explain what an "Exception" means

in the context of Java, according to the provided text.

3. Explain the primary purpose of "Exception Handling" in Java and

mention one core advantage it offers.

4. Distinguish between "Checked Exceptions" and "Unchecked

Exceptions" and give one example for each from the source
material.

5. Describe the role of the try and catch blocks in Java's exception
handling mechanism.

6. What is a "Stream" in Java I/O, and what are its two main types as
discussed?

7. Explain the key difference between "Byte Streams" and "Character

Streams" in terms of the data they handle.

8. Define what a "Thread" is in the context of Java Multithreading, and

state one of its key characteristics.

9. List and briefly describe two states of a thread in its life cycle, as
explained in the lecture.

10. What is the concept of "Thread Synchronization" in Java, and

why is it necessary?
III. Quiz Answer Key

1. Errors are typically serious, often unrecoverable problems detected

by the compiler (like syntax errors), while exceptions are generally
recoverable, unwanted events that disrupt program flow at runtime
and are handled by the programmer.

2. An exception is like an orange juicer producing unwanted pulp along

with the juice; the main purpose (juice) is disrupted by an
unexpected byproduct (pulp) that needs to be "handled" or
separated.

3. The primary purpose of exception handling is to maintain the normal

flow of the application even when unexpected events occur. A core
advantage is that it prevents the program from terminating
abruptly, allowing the rest of the code to execute.

4. Checked exceptions are checked by the compiler at compile time,

requiring the programmer to handle them (e.g.,
FileNotFoundException). Unchecked exceptions are not checked by
the compiler and occur at runtime (e.g., ArithmeticException like
division by zero).

5. The try block encloses the code segment that is likely to throw an
exception. The catch block immediately follows the try block and is
used to catch and handle specific types of exceptions that might be
thrown by the code within the try block.

6. A "Stream" in Java I/O is a sequence of data, similar to a continuous

flow of water, used for reading and writing data. Its two main types
are Byte Streams and Character Streams.

7. Byte Streams are designed to handle all types of raw binary data,
including text, images, audio, and video. Character Streams, on the
other hand, are specifically designed to handle only text-based data
(characters, letters, digits, symbols).

8. A "Thread" in Java is a lightweight sub-process, representing the

smallest unit of processing within a program. A key characteristic is
that threads within the same process share a common memory area
but have independent execution paths.

9. Two states are:

 New: The thread has been created as an instance of the Thread

class, but its start() method has not yet been called, meaning it's
not yet eligible to run.
  Runnable: The thread's start() method has been invoked, making it
eligible to be executed by the thread scheduler, though it might not
be actively running yet.

 (Alternatively) Running: The thread scheduler has selected the

thread, and it is currently executing its run() method.

 (Alternatively) Terminated: The run() method has completed its

execution, or the thread has been stopped, meaning it is no longer
alive.

1. Thread Synchronization in Java is the capability to control the access

of multiple threads to a shared resource. It is necessary to prevent
thread interference (multiple threads simultaneously modifying
shared data) and to avoid consistency problems (data corruption).

IV. Essay Format Questions

1. Discuss the importance of exception handling in Java programming.

Explain how try, catch, and finally blocks work together to manage
exceptions, providing an example scenario where their combined
use is beneficial.

2. Compare and contrast Built-in Exceptions with User-defined

Exceptions in Java. Elaborate on why User-defined Exceptions are
necessary and provide a detailed example of when and how a
programmer would implement one.

3. Explain the concept of "Streams" in Java I/O. Differentiate between

Byte Streams and Character Streams, outlining their specific uses,
and providing examples of classes associated with each type.

4. Describe the complete life cycle of a Java thread, detailing each

state and the transitions between them. Illustrate with a diagram or
a clear explanation of how a thread moves through these states.

5. What is Multithreading in Java, and what are its key advantages?

Explain the concept of Thread Synchronization in detail, including its
purpose, the different types (mutual exclusive and inter-thread
communication), and the various methods used for achieving
synchronization.

V. Glossary of Key Terms

 Exception: An unexpected, unwanted, or abnormal event that

occurs during the execution of a program, disrupting its normal flow.

 Error: A serious problem that typically causes a program to crash

and is often unrecoverable.
 Exception Handling: The process of responding to and managing
exceptions to prevent abnormal program termination and maintain
normal application flow.

 try block: A block of code in Java that contains statements that

might throw an exception.

 catch block: A block of code that handles specific types of

exceptions thrown by the try block.

 finally block: A block of code that always executes, regardless of

whether an exception occurred or was handled.

 throw keyword: Used to explicitly throw an instance of an

exception.

 throws keyword: Used in a method signature to declare that a

method might throw one or more specified exceptions.

 User-Defined Exception: An exception created by the

programmer for specific application-level error conditions.

 Built-in Exception: Pre-defined exceptions available in Java's

standard libraries.

 Checked Exception: An exception that is checked by the Java

compiler at compile time, and must be handled or declared.

 Unchecked Exception: An exception that is not checked by the

compiler and occurs at run time, usually due to programming logic
errors.

 Throwable: The superclass of all errors and exceptions in Java.

 JVM (Java Virtual Machine): An abstract machine that enables a

computer to run Java programs. It manages the execution of Java
code and reacts to exceptions.

 Stream: A sequence of data that flows from a source to a

destination, used for input and output operations in Java.

 Byte Stream: An I/O stream that handles raw binary data (8-bit
bytes) and can process all types of data (text, images, audio, video).

 Character Stream: An I/O stream that handles character-based

data (16-bit Unicode characters) and processes only text data.

 InputStream: A class for reading byte-oriented data.

 OutputStream: A class for writing byte-oriented data.

 Reader: A class for reading character-oriented data.

 Writer: A class for writing character-oriented data.

 File Handling: The process of reading from and writing to files in

Java.

 Multitasking: The ability to execute multiple tasks concurrently.

 Multiprocessing: Executing multiple processes simultaneously.

 Multithreading: Executing multiple threads concurrently within a

single process.

 Thread: A lightweight sub-process or the smallest unit of

processing that runs independently within a program.

 Thread Life Cycle: The various states a thread can be in from its
creation to its termination (New, Runnable, Running, Non-
Runnable/Blocked, Terminated).

 Thread Scheduler: The part of the JVM that decides which thread
should run at any given time.

 Thread Priority: A numerical value assigned to a thread (1-10)

indicating its importance for scheduling.

 Thread Synchronization: A mechanism in Java that controls the

access of multiple threads to shared resources, preventing data
corruption and interference.

 Mutual Exclusive: A type of thread synchronization that ensures

only one thread can execute a critical section of code at a time
using locks.

 synchronized method: A method whose execution is

synchronized, ensuring only one thread can execute it at a time.

 synchronized block: A specific block of code that is synchronized,

providing finer-grained control over locking.

 Inter-thread Communication (Cooperation): A mechanism

allowing synchronized threads to communicate and coordinate their
activities.

 wait() method: Causes the current thread to pause execution and

release its lock, waiting for another thread to notify it.

 notify() method: Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the

object's monitor.

 notifyAll() method: Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the

object's monitor.
 sleep() method: Pauses the execution of the current thread for a
specified duration without releasing any locks it holds.
What is an Exception in Java, and how does it differ from an Error?

An exception in Java is an unexpected or abnormal event that occurs

during the execution of a program, disrupting its normal flow of
instructions. It's an unwanted event that can arise during either compile
time or run time. For example, if a program is designed to add two
numbers but instead multiplies them, that's an exception.

The key difference between an exception and an error lies in their

recoverability and severity. Errors typically represent serious problems
that are often unrecoverable and are usually caused by issues outside the
programmer's control (e.g., system crashes, out of memory). In contrast,
exceptions are generally recoverable and can be handled within the
program's code by a skilled programmer. While a compiler might pinpoint
a syntax error, it won't necessarily identify an exception; the responsibility
to handle exceptions lies with the programmer.

What is Exception Handling, and why is it important in Java programming?

Exception handling is a mechanism in Java that provides alternate sources

or techniques to manage and recover from exceptions, ensuring the
normal flow of an application is maintained. When an exception occurs, it
disrupts the program's execution, potentially terminating it prematurely.
Exception handling prevents this disruption, allowing the rest of the code
to execute even if an issue arises.

For example, if a program has 10 statements and an exception occurs at

the fifth statement, without exception handling, the program would
terminate there, and statements 6 through 10 would not execute. With
exception handling, the program can jump from the fourth statement to
the sixth, allowing the remaining statements to run. This capability is
crucial for building robust and reliable applications.

What are the main types of Exceptions in Java?

Java exceptions are broadly categorized into two main types:

1. Built-in Exceptions: These are exceptions that are already defined

and available within Java libraries. They represent common
problems that can occur during program execution. Built-in
exceptions are further divided into:

 Checked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are checked by

the compiler at compile time. The programmer is required to handle
these exceptions explicitly (e.g., FileNotFoundException). If not
handled, the program will not compile.
  Unchecked Exceptions: These are exceptions that are not
checked by the compiler at compile time but occur at run time. The
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is responsible for handling these. They
often arise due to programming logic errors (e.g.,
ArithmeticException for division by zero).

1. User-Defined Exceptions: These are custom exceptions created

by the user (programmer) to describe specific situations that built-in
exceptions might not cover. Programmers define these exceptions
when they want to trigger an exception based on particular pre-
defined conditions within their application. These are typically
handled using keywords like try, catch, throw, and finally.

How does the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) react to an Exception?

When an exception occurs, the JVM initiates a search for a method that
can handle it. It starts by looking in the method where the exception
originated and continues searching up the call stack (a list of active
methods) until a suitable catch block is found. If a catch block is located,
the JVM transfers control to that block, allowing the exception to be
handled and the program's execution to continue. If no catch block is
found to handle the exception, the JVM will ultimately terminate the
program.

What are the five keywords used for Exception Handling in Java?

The five essential keywords for exception handling in Java are:

1. try: This keyword is used to preface a block of code that is likely to

cause an error condition or throw an exception. The code within the
try block is executed, and if an exception occurs, it is then
processed by a catch block. A try block must always be followed by
at least one catch block or a finally block.

2. catch: This keyword immediately follows a try block. It contains the

code that handles a specific type of exception that might be thrown
by the try block. If an exception occurs in the try block, the
execution jumps to the corresponding catch block. A single try block
can be followed by multiple catch blocks (multi-catch block) to
handle different types of exceptions.

3. finally: This block of code is guaranteed to execute, regardless of

whether an exception occurred in the try block or was caught by a
catch block. It is typically used for cleanup operations, such as
closing files or releasing resources, ensuring that these actions are
performed even in the event of an error.
 4. throw: This keyword is used by the programmer to explicitly throw
an exception. This is particularly useful for user-defined exceptions
or when a program needs to signal a specific error condition. When
throw is used, the execution of the current method stops, and the
exception is passed to the calling method.

5. throws: This keyword is used in a method signature to declare that

a method might throw one or more specified exceptions. It acts as a
warning to the caller of the method that they need to handle these
potential exceptions. Unlike throw, throws does not actually throw
an exception; it only declares the possibility of it.

What is a Stream in Java, and what are its main types?

In Java, a "stream" represents a continuous flow of data. Just as a stream

of water flows continuously, a data stream handles the continuous flow of
data into or out of a program. Streams are fundamental to input/output
(I/O) operations in Java, allowing programs to read data from various
sources (like files, networks) and write data to various destinations.

Java categorizes streams into two main types:

1. Byte Streams: These streams are designed to handle raw binary

data, including all kinds of data such as characters, pictures, audio,
and video. They operate on 8-bit bytes. Classes in this category
typically have "InputStream" or "OutputStream" in their names (e.g.,
FileInputStream, FileOutputStream). Byte streams do not perform
any individual encoding or decoding; they treat data as a sequence
of bytes.

2. Character Streams: These streams are specifically designed to

handle character-based (textual) data, which includes letters, digits,
symbols, and other characters. They operate on 16-bit Unicode
characters. Classes in this category typically have "Reader" or
"Writer" in their names (e.g., FileReader, FileWriter). Character
streams can perform encoding and decoding, making them suitable
for working with human-readable text.

What is Multi-threading in Java, and what are its advantages?

Multi-threading in Java refers to the concurrent execution of multiple

"threads" within a single program. A thread is a light-weight sub-process,
meaning it's the smallest unit of processing that can be executed
independently. Essentially, it allows a program to perform multiple
operations simultaneously, enhancing efficiency and responsiveness.

The advantages of multi-threading include:

  Improved Responsiveness: It prevents blocking the user. Since
threads are independent, multiple operations can be performed at
the same time. For example, in a restaurant, a waiter can take
orders from multiple customers concurrently rather than serving one
completely before moving to the next.

 Time Saving: By performing many operations together, multi-

threading significantly reduces the overall execution time of a
program.

 Enhanced Independence: Threads are independent of each other.

If an exception occurs in one thread, it does not affect other threads,
ensuring the continued operation of the rest of the application.

 Shared Memory: Threads within the same process share a

common memory area, which facilitates efficient communication
and data sharing between them.

What are the different states in the Life Cycle of a Java Thread?

A Java thread goes through five distinct states during its life cycle,
controlled by the JVM:

1. New (Born State): A thread is in the "New" state when an instance

of the Thread class is created using the new keyword, but before the
start() method has been invoked. At this point, the thread has been
created but is not yet ready to run.

2. Runnable (Ready State): A thread enters the "Runnable" state

after its start() method has been called. In this state, the thread is
ready to be executed by the CPU, but the thread scheduler (which
manages thread execution) has not yet selected it to run.

3. Running (Executing State): A thread moves to the "Running"

state when the thread scheduler selects it from the runnable pool
and allocates CPU time to it. The thread's run() method is actively
executing its tasks.

4. Non-Runnable / Blocked (Waiting State): A thread enters the

"Non-Runnable" or "Blocked" state when it temporarily ceases its
execution for various reasons. This can happen if the thread:

 Calls the sleep() method.

 Calls the wait() method (waiting for another thread to notify it).

 Is waiting for I/O completion.

 Is waiting to acquire a lock on an object. From this state, a thread

can return to the "Runnable" state if the blocking condition is
 resolved (e.g., the sleep duration expires, it's notify()ed, or the lock
becomes available).

1. Terminated / Dead (Exit State): A thread reaches the

"Terminated" or "Dead" state when its run() method completes its
execution. Once a thread is terminated, it cannot be restarted.

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