ECE1101 - Programming Fundamentals & Problem Solving

Lecture 2

Variables and Data Types

Dr. Mona Nashaat

Hello World
- A C++ program has a very specific structure in terms of how the
code is written.
- Let’s take a closer look at the Hello World program — line by line!
// This program outputs the message "Hello World!" to the
monitor

#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello World!\n";
return 0;
}

- This program writes the phrase “Hello, World!” to your terminal.

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Hello World
- C++ is a case-sensitive language.
- Case sensitivity means that your keywords and variable
declarations must match the case.
- For example, the C++ keyword for outputting is cout.
- If you were to type Cout or COUT, the compiler would not know
that your intention was to use the keyword cout.
- Let’s go over this hello.cpp program line by line:

// This program outputs the message "Hello World!" to the

monitor

- This is a single-line comment that documents this code. The

compiler will ignore everything after // to the end of the line.
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Hello World
- Sometimes, you will find this comment to include the author’s
name or document what the code does.

#include <iostream>

- This is known as a pre-processor directive.

- It instructs the compiler to locate the file that contains code for a
library known as iostream.
- This library contains code that allows for input and output, such
as displaying data in the terminal window or reading input from
your keyboard.

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Hello World
- Every C++ program must have a function called main().
- A function is basically a sequence of instructions for the
computer to execute.
- This main() function houses all of our instructions for our
program. This is where we will be writing our code.

int main() {
// Statements
}

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Hello World
- This code uses a method known as cout (pronounced “see out”)
to send the text “Hello World!” to the terminal for output.

std::cout << "Hello World!\n";

- The return statement is used to end a function. If the program

reaches this statement, returning a value of 0 is an indication to
the operating system that the code executed successfully. This
line of code is optional.

return 0;

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Code → Save → Compile → Execute
- C++ is a compiled language. That means that to get a C++
program to run, you must first translate it from a human-
readable form to something a machine can “understand.” That
translation is done by a program called a compiler.
- When you program in C++, you mainly go through 4 phases
during development:
• Code — writing the program
• Save — saving the program
• Compile — compiling via the terminal
• Execute — executing via the terminal
- And repeat (debug the errors if needed).

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Variables
- A variable is a name that represents a particular piece of the
computer’s memory that has been set aside for storing,
retrieving, and using data.
• Declaring a variable
• Declaring multiple variables
• Constant variables

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Creating a Variable
- In order to create a variable, three pieces of information need to
be present:
• Data type: The type of data the variable will store.
• Name: The unique name of the variable. Names cannot start with
a number and cannot be a C++ keyword.
• Value: The value the variable will store. This value must match the
type of the variable.

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Declaring a Variable
- Declaration means to create a variable and assign a value to it.
This is also called initialization.
- The common expression is “initialize name to value”:
type name = value;
- Style tip: Variable names should be all lowercase, with
underscores between words.
- For example, student_id or result.

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Defining a Variable
- Definition means to create a variable without assigning a value to
it:
type name;

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Assigning a Variable
- To assign or change the value of an existing variable, state the
name of the variable followed by the assignment operator (=)
and the new value:
name = new_value;
- Note: changing the value of an existing variable will overwrite the
old value.
- Let’s look at some examples of variable declaration and
assignment in C++:
// Define a variable called letter
char letter;
// Declare a variable called x
int x = 100;

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Declaring Multiple Variables
- Multiple variables of the same type can be declared in a single
statement using a comma-separated list. For example:

// Declare three integer variables

int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

- Avoid the two common mistakes that new programmers tend to

make when declaring multiple variables on a single line.
- The first mistake is giving each variable in the list a type:

// Incorrect syntax - no need to state int twice

int a = 1, int b = 2;

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Declaring Multiple Variables
- The second mistake is trying to declare different types of
variables in the same statement:

// Incorrect syntax - we cannot declare int and double in

the same statement

int a = 1, double b = 2.3;

// Correct syntax
int a = 1;
double b = 2.2;

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Constant Variables
- Constant variables are variables with values that cannot be
changed after initialization.
- The purpose of a constant variable is to protect its value from
being accidentally altered elsewhere in the program.
- Constant variables are declared with the const keyword. For
example:

const double pi = 3.14;

- It’s impossible to inadvertently change the value of a constant

variable after it has been declared:

const double pi = 3.14;

pi = 3.15; // Error: cannot assign value to const variable

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Constant Variables
- Constant variables must be initialized when they are declared.
Declaring a constant variable without providing a value will
cause an error:

const double pi; // Error: cannot define const variable

without initialization

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Data Types
- A variable in C++ must be assigned a specific type. Type is
important because it tells the compiler how to interpret the
content of a variable.
- There are 5 basic data types that every C++ programmer should
know about:
Type Usage Examples

int Integer numbers 0

-10
312
double Floating-point numbers 3.14
-200.0
char characters 'a’
'e'
string Sequence of characters “Hello World”

bool Truth values true

false
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int
- int stores whole numbers without decimals.
- An int variable requires 4 bytes of memory space and ranges
from -2³¹ to 2³¹.

int moonLanding = 1969;

int age = 18;

- Byte = 8 bit
- Kilo byte = 1024 byte
- Mega byte= 1024 kilobyte
- Gigabyte= 1024 megabyte
- Terabyte = 1024 gigabyte
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double
- double stores floating-point numbers with decimals.
- A double variable requires 8 bytes of memory space and is
sufficient for storing up to 15 decimal digits.

double pi = 3.1415;
double height = 1.75;

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Type Conversion
- It is possible to convert int into double and vice versa.
- This is called a type conversion or a type casting.
- The notation (type) value means “convert value to type“. So for
example:
// Converting a double to an int
double a = 3.5;
int b = (int) a; // b is now 3

// Converting an int to a double

int c = 5;
double d = (double) c; // d is now 5.0

- Note: Going from double to int simply removes the decimal.

There’s no rounding involved.
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char
- char stores a single character surrounded by single quotes ' ‘.
- A char variable requires 1 byte of memory space.

char first_letter = 'a';

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string
- std::string stores a sequence of characters surrounded by double
quotes " ".

#include <string>

std::string message = "Hello World!";

- Note: std::string is not a built-in type; the <string> library must be

included before std::string can be used.

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String Methods
- std::string comes with a lot of useful methods.
- Here are a few of them:
- The + operator can be used to combine strings together. This is
called concatenation:

std::string first_word = "Hello";

std::string second_word = "World";
std::string message = first_word + " " + second_word;
// message is now "Hello World"

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String Methods
- The [] operator can be used to access the character at the
specified position in the string:

std::string message = "Hello World";

char letter = message[1];
// letter is now ‘e’

- Note: Index in C++ starts at 0, not 1.

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String Methods
- The length() function can be used to get the length of a string:

std::string message = "Hello World";

int message_length = message.length();
// message_length is now 11

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bool
- bool stores true or false boolean values. A bool variable requires
1 byte of memory space.

bool underaged = true;

bool certified = false;

- The main purpose of bool is to manage the flow of conditional

statements (ie. if-else, loop, etc.).
- Control Flow will be covered in more detail in the next section of
this course.

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Example
- Calculate the Area of a Rectangle: create a program to
calculate the area of a rectangle (by multiplying the length and
width).

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Example
- Calculate the Area of a Rectangle: create a program to
calculate the area of a rectangle (by multiplying the length and
width).
// Create integer variables
int length = 4;
int width = 6;
int area;

// Calculate the area of a rectangle

area = length * width;

// Print the variables

cout << "Length is: " << length << "\n";
cout << "Width is: " << width << "\n";
cout << "Area of the rectangle is: " << area << "\n"; 28