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JavaScript Tutorial
Last Updated : 05 Jun, 2025

JavaScript is a programming language used to create dynamic content for

websites. It is a lightweight, cross-platform, and single-threaded
programming language. It's an interpreted language that executes code
line by line, providing more flexibility.

JavaScript on Client Side: On the client side, JavaScript works along

with HTML and CSS. HTML adds structure to a web page, CSS styles it,
and JavaScript brings it to life by allowing users to interact with
elements on the page, such as actions on clicking buttons, filling out
forms, and showing animations. JavaScript on the client side is directly
executed in the user's browser.
JavaScript on Server Side: On the Server side (on Web Servers),
JavaScript is used to access databases, file handling, and security
features to send responses, to browsers.

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 Why Learn JavaScript?
JavaScript is core language for web development, enabling dynamic and
interactive features in websites with fewer lines of code.
It is highly in demand, offering many job opportunities in Frontend,
Backend (Node.js), and Full Stack Development.
JavaScript supports powerful frameworks and libraries like React,
Angular, Vue.js, Node.js, and Express.js, widely used in modern web
applications.
JavaScript is an object-oriented and event-driven language, ideal for
building scalable and responsive applications.
It is cross-platform and runs directly in all modern web browsers
without the need for installation.
Major companies like Google, Facebook, and Amazon use JavaScript in
their tech stacks.

Write and Run Your First JavaScript Program

Mostly browsers can run JavaScript directly, so there's no need to install a
compiler. However, the built-in browser console isn’t very beginner-
friendly. That’s why we’ve added an online editor below to help you get
started easily.

console.log("Hello World!");

Before we start, We recommend you to edit the code and try to print your
own name.

Fundamentals
Let's Explore JavaScript's fundamentals which will help build you a
understanding to start with JavaScript

Introduction
Quiz: JS Basics
Using JS in HTML
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 Operators
Type Conversion and Coercion
Control Flow Statements
Quiz: Operators, Control Flow
Scope
Browser console

Functions and Events

Functions in JavaScript are reusable blocks of code that perform a specific
task. Events are actions that happen in the browser, such as mouse clicks,
keyboard input, or page loading.

Functions
Function binding
Hoisting
Closures
Higher-Order Functions
Iterator
Function Generator
Quiz: Functions
Events
Event Loop
Event Bubbling
Quiz:Event Handling

JavaScript Beginner Projects

Now you have a basic understanding of JavaScript. So start with some
beginner level projects to clear your concept and to implement in real
world applications.

Counter Application
Prime Number Checker
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 JavaScript Carousel
Email Validator App
Unicode Character Value
Random Number Generator
Random Password Generator

JavaScript Data Structure

JavaScript provides a versatile set of data structures that help in efficient
data storage, manipulation, and problem-solving. In this section, we will
explore each data structure and algorithm in detail.

Numbers
String
Quiz: Numbers, String
Array
LinkedList
Quiz: Arrays, Linked List
Map
Stack
Queue
Quiz: Stack, Queue
Sorting Algorithms

JavaScript's built-in utilities and ES6+ enhancements provide additional

data structures, including the following

WeakMap
WeakSet
Typed Arrays
Deque
Priority Queue (Heap)
Quiz: Data Structure

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 Object Oriented Programming
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in JavaScript, a concept that enables
the structure of code by modeling real-world entities as objects with
properties and behaviors.

Introduction to OOP
Objects
Quiz: Objects
Classes
Constructor Method
this Keyword
Prototype
Static Methods
Inheritance
Quiz: Classes and Inheritance
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Polymorphism
Getters and Setters
Quiz: OOP

Browser and Document Object Model

Browser Object Model
Document Object Model
Manipulate DOM Elements
Event Handling in the DOM
Quiz: BOM and DOM

Asynchronous JavaScript
Callbacks
Promise
Promise
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 Quiz: Asynchronous JavaScript

JavaScript Intermediate Projects

Now you have a good understanding of JavaScript. So let's implement all
these in some real world applications.

Price Range Slider with Min-Max Input

GitHub Profile Search
Toast Notification
Multi-Step Progress Bar
Quiz App with Timer
Expense Tracker
Sortable and Filterable Table
Dynamic Resume Builder
OTP Input Field
Student Grade Calculator

JavaScript JSON
It is a lightweight data format for storing and exchanging data widely used
to send data between a server and a client.

JSON Tutorial
JSON vs JavaScript Object
Read JSON File Using JS
Parse JSON Data in JS
JavaScript JSON Parser
JavaScript JSON Complete Reference
Quiz:JSON

Regular Expression and Validation

Regular expressions plays important role for validation. Validations help
ensure that data entered by users meets specific criteria.
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 Email Validation
Number Validation
Password Validation
URL Validation
UserName Validation
Quiz: Regular Expressions

Exception and Error Handling

Exception and Error handling is crucial for ensuring the reliability and
stability of JavaScript applications by handling errors effectively

Exception Handling
throw Statement
try-catch Statement
Debugging
Quiz:Error Handling & Debugging

Testing and Performance Optimization

Unit testing with Jest
Memory Management
Garbage Collection
Lazy Loading
Debouncing
Throttling
Quiz:Testing & Optimization

Interesting Facts
This section covers all the interesting facts and features which made
JavaScript so popular and will easy if you are switching from other
programming languages also.

Data Types
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 'this' keyword
Set
Map
Arrays
Object
Complete JavaScript

JavaScript Advanced Projects

Now you have covered almost all the important concepts of JavaScript.
These projects will improve and revise your JavaScript Knowledge.

Employee Database Management System

Nested Chat Comments
Responsive Admin Dashboard
Task Scheduler
Dragon’s World Game
Tic-Tac-Toe Game
QR Code Generator
Resize and Compress Images
QR Code Scanner or Reader

For all lists of Projects follow the article- JavaScript Project Ideas
with Source Code

JavaScript Quiz
This section offers a collection of practice Quiz designed to test and
support understanding of various concepts in JavaScript.

Quizzes
Practice Quiz-1
Practice Quiz-2
Practice Quiz-3
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 The javaScript Coding Practice Problems page offers exercises for all skill
levels, covering basic Numbers, String to advanced structures like Stack,
Queue. These problems help build a strong foundation and boost
confidence in solving real-world coding challenges.

Coding Problems

JavaScript Exercises
JavaScript Exercises, Practice Questions and Solutions
JavaScript String Exercise
JavaScript Array Exercise
JavaScript Coding Questions and Answers
JavaScript Programming Examples

Interview Questions
This section provides a list of interview questions related to JavaScript.

JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers (2025) For Begineers

Intermediate JavaScript Interview Questions and Answers (2025)
Advance JS Interview Questions and Answers (2025) For Experienced
JavaScript this Operator Interview Questions
JavaScript String Interview Questions
JavaScript Array Interview Questions
JavaScript Object Interview Questions
Top 50 Array Coding Problems for Interviews
JavaScript Output Based Interview Questions

For a quick recap of JavaScript read the article - JavaScript Cheat

Sheet

Libraries and Frameworks

JavaScript libraries and frameworks play a important role in modern web
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 pages, making them more dynamic and interactive. They handle repetitive
tasks, allowing developers to focus on core functionality.

Also, they provide project structure and data flow structure that helps to
create fast and more reliable applications.

JavaScript Tutorial- Libraries and Frameworks

Libraries

Libraries provide pre-built solutions for common tasks. Developers can use
these functions instead of writing code from scratch, saving valuable time.
Here are a few popular libraries of JavaScript.

Frontend Libraries: React, Preact, Lodash, Moment.js, jQuery, Axios

Backend Libraries:Socket.io, JWT, Bcrypt, Passport.js, CORS

Frameworks

Frameworks, offer a comprehensive structure for building applications.

Here are a few popular frameworks of JavaScript.

Frontend Frameworks:Vue.js, Angular, Next.js, Nuxt.js, Gatsby, Remix

Backend Frameworks:Express.js, NestJS, Koa.js, Sails.js, Fastify
FullStack
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 Features of JavaScript
JavaScript is one of the most widely used programming languages, known
for its flexibility and versatility in web development. Here are some key
features or characteristics:

Easy to Learn and Use: JavaScript's syntax is simple and

straightforward, making it easy for both beginners and experienced
developers to pick up.
Interpreted Language: JavaScript is an interpreted language, means it
is executed directly by the browser without the need for a compiler.
Event-Driven and Asynchronous: JavaScript is designed to handle
events, making it ideal for interactive web pages. It supports
asynchronous programming, enabling non-blocking operations.
Object-Oriented and Functional: JavaScript supports both object-
oriented and functional programming. This gives developers the
flexibility to structure their code according to their need.
Dynamically Typed: In JavaScript, you don’t need to declare data types
when declaring variables. The language automatically determines the
data type at runtime, making it more flexible.
Extensive Libraries and Frameworks: JavaScript has a rich ecosystem
of libraries and frameworks such as React, Angular, and Vue.js, which
simplify and speed up development for both front-end and back-end
projects.
Cross-Platform: JavaScript is supported across all modern browsers,
allowing the same code to run seamlessly on different operating
systems and platforms.
Large Community Support: JavaScript benefits from a large, active
developer community that contributes to its growth. With numerous
resources available, finding help or solutions is always easy.

Applications of JavaScript
JavaScript
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 programming.

Web Development: JavaScript is widely used in web development to

create interactive and dynamic websites. Frameworks like React and
Angular make front-end development faster, while Node.js is used for
building server-side applications.
Mobile App Development: JavaScript helps in developing mobile apps
using frameworks like React Native, allowing developers to build cross-
platform apps for both iOS and Android.
Game Development: JavaScript is also used for creating browser-based
games with libraries like Phaser, making it easy to develop 2D games
that run directly in the browser.
Server-Side Development: With Node.js, JavaScript is used for server-
side programming, enabling developers to build scalable applications
and APIs, especially for real-time features like chat systems.
Scripting & Automation: JavaScript is ideal for automating web-related
tasks like form validation and data manipulation, improving efficiency
and reducing manual work.
Web Scraping: JavaScript, along with libraries like Puppeteer, is used to
extract information from websites for data analysis or research, making
it useful for web scraping tasks.
IoT (Internet of Things): JavaScript is used to control devices and
sensors in IoT projects, allowing developers to build smart systems
with frameworks like Johnny-Five.
Real-Time Applications: JavaScript powers real-time applications, such
as live chats or notifications, using technologies like WebSockets and
Socket.io for instant communication between users and servers.

JavaScript vs. Other Programming Languages

Below is a comparison of JavaScript with Python, C++, and Java:

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 Feature JavaScript Python C++

Type C
Interpreted Interpreted Compiled
Int

Paradigm Multi-
Multi- Multi-
paradigm
paradigm paradigm
(event- O
(object- (procedural,
driven, o
oriented, object-
functional, st
procedural, oriented,
object-
functional) generic)
oriented)

Memory Automatic Automatic Au

Management (Garbage (Garbage Manual (G
collection) collection) co

Syntax Simple Simple Complex C

Use Cases System

Web Web programming,
Lar
development, development, game
app
mobile apps, data analysis, development,
en
real-time machine high-
s
applications learning performance
applications

Notable React,
Standard S
Frameworks/Libraries Angular, Django, Flask
Library, Boost H
Node.js
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 Feature JavaScript Python C++

Community Support Strong Strong Strong S

Job Market Abundant Abundant Abundant A

List of Companies Using JavaScript

These are some popular companies that use JavaScript in their workflow

Company Description

Google Google uses JavaScript extensively in its web services, including

Gmail and Google Maps.

Facebook Facebook’s front-end is built with React, a JavaScript library, for a

dynamic user interface.

Netflix Netflix uses JavaScript for their interactive user interface and in
their backend services.

Airbnb Airbnb relies on JavaScript, using Node.js for scalable back-end

development and React for the front end.

LinkedIn LinkedIn uses JavaScript for both front-end and back-end

development, enabling real-time interaction.

Uber JavaScript is used by Uber for real-time tracking and routing,

employing both front-end and back-end technologies.

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 Company Description

Twitter Twitter uses JavaScript for handling its dynamic feeds and
providing a seamless user experience.

PayPal PayPal’s front-end is powered by JavaScript, offering smooth,

interactive user experiences.

eBay eBay uses JavaScript to build their responsive, dynamic web

applications and enhance user interactions.

Slack Slack's web client and several of its real-time communication

features are powered by JavaScript.

Career & Jobs in JavaScript

JavaScript opens up a variety of career opportunities, as it is essential for
web development, app creation, and dynamic user interfaces. Here are
some top career paths for JavaScript developers

Career Average Salary (INR) Average Salary (USD)

Per Annum Per Annum

JavaScript
₹500,000 – ₹1,200,000 $60,000 – $110,000
Developer

Front-End
₹600,000 – ₹1,400,000 $65,000 – $120,000
Developer

Full Stack
₹700,000 – ₹1,500,000 $75,000 – $130,000
Developer
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 Career Average Salary (INR) Average Salary (USD)
Per Annum Per Annum

Back-End
₹600,000 – ₹1,300,000 $70,000 – $125,000
Developer

Web Developer ₹500,000 – ₹1,200,000 $55,000 – $100,000

React Developer ₹600,000 – ₹1,300,000 $70,000 – $125,000

Node.js
₹700,000 – ₹1,600,000 $75,000 – $135,000
Developer

UX/UI Designer ₹600,000 – ₹1,300,000 $65,000 – $120,000

Software
₹500,000 – ₹1,500,000 $65,000 – $120,000
Engineer

If you are a person, who is more into study from Courses. JavaScript
Course Provides you Complete Beginner to Advanced learning.

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