COMPUTER NETWORKS

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER NETWORK

✓ A computer network is an interconnection of computers which allows computers to exchange data. It is also
called data network.
✓ A simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together, either physically
or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate.
IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING
✓Provides best way of business communication.
✓Streamline communication.
✓Cost-effective resource sharing.
✓Improving storage efficiency and volume.
✓Cut costs on software.
✓Cut costs on hardware.
✓Utilizes Centralized Database.
✓Increase in efficiency.
✓To share data
✓To share tasks
TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

✓Personal Area Network (PAN)

✓Local Area Network (LAN)
✓Wide Area Network (WAN)
✓Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
✓Campus Area Network (CAN)
✓Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
✓Storage Area Network (SAN)
✓System-Area Network (SAN)
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK

✓A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that is

larger than a single building local area network (LAN) but is located in
a single geographic area that is smaller than a wide area network
(WAN).

✓It may also refer to public use networking infrastructure in a

municipality or region.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK

✓A personal area network (or PAN) allows you to connect electronic

devices.

✓ Some PAN methods involve wires and cords, but others rely on
wireless technology.

✓ A PAN (sometimes called a PAN network, which is a bit redundant) is

small. Connected devices are typically quite close to one another.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
✓a computer network that links devices within a building or group of
adjacent buildings, especially one with a radius of less than 1 km.

✓A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected

together in one physical location, such as a building, office, or home.

✓A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with one
user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in
an office or school.
WIDE AREA NETWORK

✓A wide area network (also known as WAN), is a large network of

information that is not tied to a single location.

✓ WANs can facilitate communication, the sharing of information and

much more between devices from around the world through a WAN
provide
EXAMPLES OF WAN

✓The Internet is a WAN.

✓A network of bank cash dispensers is a WAN.
✓A school network is usually a LAN.
✓LANs are often connected to WANs, for example a school
network could be connected to the Internet.
✓WANs can be connected together using the Internet,
leased lines or satellite links.
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK

✓A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a wireless computer network that

links two or more devices using wireless communication to
form a local area network (LAN) within a limited area such as
a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office
building
 WLAN DEVICES

✓Mobile phones.

✓Laptop and tablet computers.

✓Internet audio systems.

✓Gaming consoles.

✓Other internet-enabled home appliances and devices

SYSTEM AREA NETWORK

✓A system area network (SAN) is a group of devices that are linked by a

high-speed, high-performance connection.

✓A SAN can include, for example, clusters of client and server

computers.
STORAGE AREA NETWORK

✓A SAN is typically employed to consolidate storage.

✓For example, it's common for a computer system, such as a server, to

include one or more local storage .
EXAMPLES OF STORAGE AREA NETWORK
• The most common SAN protocols are:

✓Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP). The most widely used SAN or block protocol,
deployed in 70% to 80% of the total SAN market.

✓Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI).

✓Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE).

✓Non-Volatile Memory Express over Fibre Channel (FC-NVMe).

CAMPUS AREA NETWORK

✓Campus Area Network." A CAN is a network that covers an

educational or corporate campus.

✓Examples include elementary schools, university campuses,

and corporate buildings.
DEFINITION OF TOPOLOGY
✓Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes
of a network are arranged to relate to each other.
✓ Topologies are categorized as either physical network topology,
which is the physical signal transmission medium
✓logical network topology, which refers to the manner in which data
travels through the network between devices, independent of
physical connection of the devices.
✓ Logical network topology examples include twisted pair Ethernet,
which is categorized as a logical bus topology, and token ring, which is
categorized as a logical ring topology.
TYPES OF TOPOLOGIES
There are six common types of topologies, and we're
going to break each of them down in the guide below.

✓Bus topology. As the simplest design, a bus topology requires

nodes to be in a linear order.
✓Ring topology. Another simple design is the ring topology.
✓Star topology.
✓Mesh topology.
✓Tree topology.
✓Bus network topology - Also known as backbone network topology, this
configuration connects all devices to a main cable via drop lines. The
advantages of bus network topology lie in its simplicity, as there is less cable
required than in alternative topologies, which makes for easy installation.

✓Mesh network topology - A dedicated point-to-point link connects each device

on the network to another device on the network, only carrying data between
two devices.

✓Ring network topology -Two dedicated point-to-point links connect a device to

the two devices located on either side of it, creating a ring of devices through
which data is forwarded via repeaters until it reaches the target device.
✓Ring network topology -Two dedicated point-to-point links connect a device to
the two devices located on either side of it, creating a ring of devices through
which data is forwarded via repeaters until it reaches the target device.

✓Star network topology -The most common network topology, star topology
connects each device in the network to a central hub. Devices can only
communicate with each other indirectly through the central hub.
• Hybrid network topology -Any combination of two or more topologies is a
hybrid topology.

✓Tree network topology - This topology consists of a parent-child hierarchy in

which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. Nodes branch out
linearly from one root node, and two connected nodes only share one mutual
connection
BUS TOPOLOGY

Advantages of Bus Topology

▪ It is easy to set up, handle, and implement.

▪ It is best-suited for small networks.

▪ It costs very less.

 DISADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY
▪ The cable length is limited. This limits the number of network nodes that can
be connected.
▪ This network topology can perform well only for a limited number of nodes.
When the number of devices connected to the bus increases, the efficiency
decreases.
▪ It is suitable for networks with low traffic. High traffic increases load on the
bus, and the network efficiency drops.
▪ It is heavily dependent on the central bus. A fault in the bus leads to network
failure.
▪ It is not easy to isolate faults in the network nodes.
▪ Each device on the network “sees” all the data being transmitted,
RING TOPOLOGY
Advantages of Ring Topology
▪ The data being transmitted between two nodes passes through all the
intermediate nodes. A central server is not required for the
management of this topology.

▪ The traffic is unidirectional and the data transmission is high-speed.

▪ In comparison to a bus, a ring is better at handling load.

▪ The adding or removing of network nodes is easy, as the process requires
changing only two connections.

▪ The configuration makes it easy to identify faults in network nodes

▪ In this topology, each node has the opportunity to transmit data. Thus, it is
a very organized network topology.
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
▪ The failure of a single node in the network can cause the entire network to
fail.

▪ The movement or changes made to network nodes affect the entire network’s
performance.

• Data sent from one node to another has to pass through all the intermediate
nodes. This makes the transmission slower in comparison to that in a star
topology. The transmission speed drops with an increase in the number of
nodes.
• There is heavy dependency on the wire connecting the network nodes in the
ring.
MESH TOPOLOGY
Advantages of Mesh Topology
▪ The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is possible to
transmit data from one node to many other nodes at the same time.

▪ The failure of a single node does not cause the entire network to fail as
there are alternate paths for data transmission.

▪ It can handle heavy traffic, as there are dedicated paths between any two
network nodes.

▪ Point-to-point contact between every pair of nodes, makes it easy to

identify faults.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

▪ The arrangement wherein every network node is connected to every

other node of the network, many connections serve no major
purpose. This leads to redundancy of many network connections.

▪ A lot of cabling is required. Thus, the costs incurred in setup and

maintenance are high.

▪ Owing to its complexity, the administration of a mesh network is

difficult.
STAR TOPOLOGY
Advantages of Star Topology
▪ Due to its centralized nature, the topology offers simplicity of
operation.

▪ It also achieves isolation of each device in the network.

▪ Adding or removing network nodes is easy, and can be done without

affecting the entire network.
▪ Due to the centralized nature, it is easy to detect faults in the network
devices.

▪ As the analysis of traffic is easy, the topology poses lesser security

risk.

▪ Data packets do not have to pass through many nodes, like in the case
of a ring network. Thus, with the use of a high-capacity central hub,
traffic load can be handled at fairly decent speeds.
Disadvantages of Star Topology

▪ Network operation depends on the functioning of the central hub.

Hence, central hub failure leads to failure of the entire network.

▪ Also, the number of nodes that can be added, depends on the

capacity of the central hub.

▪ The setup cost is quite high.

TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantages of Tree Topology
▪ The tree topology is useful in cases where a star or bus cannot be
implemented individually. It is most-suited in networking multiple
departments of a university or corporation, where each unit (star segment)
functions separately, and is also connected with the main node (root
node).

▪ The advantages of centralization that are achieved in a star topology are

inherited by the individual star segments in a tree network.

▪ Each star segment gets a dedicated link from the central bus. Thus, failing
of one segment does not affect the rest of the network.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology

▪ As multiple segments are connected to a central bus, the network

depends heavily on the bus. Its failure affects the entire network.

▪ Owing to its size and complexity, maintenance is not easy and costs
are high. Also, configuration is difficult in comparison to that in other
topologies.

▪ Though it is scalable, the number of nodes that can be added

depends on the capacity of the central bus and on the cable type.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY

▪ Obviously, the advantages and disadvantages of a hybrid

topology are a combination of the merits and demerits of
the topologies used to structure it.