ic Paackoal 1 Tit Dawntoas! ¢ Snetatlation of K Uirdhio L: | Prachical Significance : * RG an open. Source fant Aahanene i 4 arted tfc chats by Ff founctabion for R Language id widely uacel ameng weodiaticvans andl, cata. ‘miners fer obvelo pang tats col _pofborre and ola ta. anabyia: Rida an Aiea ye esr Language veliicls includes deca maliing , Ao control , Ashe punchiane , anpul ¢ output meted Te Relevant Treorebea! Backyroune: How So seta Rs Windoust Trerartebion: R can be Nowrloaded @ smelted prom CRAN cdebete (Pe on Aoronleo} Wonreours np untae ULen venardy Of R fram Rsk for Windous CS2 | 64 wit) - Tt a Writs natatler (+ exed UR 1h name " R-verseon -usin- eace” -tow tho Run PB: & Command Prompt := Type the pranramn ok the commana promel 5 > furor abe <~ Hello wort ” > Binet _ abe ofp 9 Nate os Hite fit atatemot defies a» lining variable pict ah where we auton a Bring “Helle wort”. Neat stakemenf fust_ stir being aed Js print the vwlue 2tored in variabte yfok. ade: b R Soup Re: We will walk our jn Seupt flu 2 them we saccl. Hrcooe seve at cur command prompt With te Jay of R ankinprcter catted Racrip # Sane file - tan feet R 4F Teo 2 st R dtr <— "Herlo wortd" oh Run the command & Racript Ark +R&/p: (1 "Hello wored ” c) Using GUE : Open Supt file. , Tipe He jel program, =H yeok Preqnar wn RE Ah = Betts world” Aby Ofp: C1] Werle urartd” Rleot Me kext, hich ste rage button af the mau & Mich tte optn “Run tine 04 aetertion”: ()_ Beumteack R aiiudio from CRAN website (2) Drutatt R AMuclio CY) Tye cade commana) prompt ancl @ Open. new Souph, Ape code. Bekeck tte cone Afi chicke Phe mouseR Select +e optn * dine 04, aelerctien’:wy. Eqercine : @ Type and Aun the. fallowing ovale in Cermmara prompt - ?| 24> lo*lo % baa } gk <4 M Hue a Pat _sh Wate Jou cod in keript anol Govt te file 0D inf. & peaks Ab <{ : RI WU, Type 2 $ Recaspt: Fritie Ro Cin command prompe) ©) tonle fot cade in denipt/ealilos: + Tet wal Shit A- Tor fearming R QLL On ffiuk- S Conclusion Tis packioal gure an irtioduchon te 8 pragtammang Hove aratalt R tn W inclouse - How tm Aun propearre , Hou Pe give cornments+ Prackoal 2 + Tithe Demontole use of R numbers. * There are deveral bonne R chal Aeppeo that are at feet oreurence in poulmme RK calcula tem: 4g Ateoa. valu. hen we create a variable we Aeerwe Ase Spane am memony. Vamablee con be Loxded as bende date Anppe & R olyecks Bacio clebatirpea Jn R wachaden numeric, arkerer compton, dogiasd € chosracter. Te Relevant Treorebea! Backyroine @) Numeric: Beamad valuoare called mumenc nF. a Aeetwal value fo & woriable x, will we afGE Will gti be saved an cumeric value @ vob pineaete USE Sense. chaesC> #6 lene +o aie Bp. Gil Bee! b> Tatesen: Tw. orden th rede, on siskeaen vorroble wR. (el ung. aa-ainkager $< TE cama be amused Meade variate fb “male on vitiag, by uaiing stg sti pa mores Omega og vio. the puss ae ate nae wo be of Hie form Orbs, Se aaiae ine male inanianoy pak d) facet A Mrinps vals aa cacahed vig ences behewwnr yarrables. “the Hon Aad corde one. TRUE & FHISE:2) Choracter. fr cioencter Djsck th vosd te rapruenst bing alae wa Re Use Uae aoe naracker Ls $7 te coment objets wuts CharaResr values Both he droudore quate Can. (oe ures ee dring MW: | Padcedlire|: (D) Comment rismlres Jrom ene dpe sh anotBar- @ Create.| Seme vertDra: @_ Add rece vectors using sum> fanchen @ Subtiak rose vectors © Eid the Squone Avok of te vectors uning Bent O fuuncticon@ gs ote x Class (=) 1S complea Cx) Ye ov- connplen ca) uf — Nabe” fz On chasackes (3-8) P fn Cam (A> @) P= cb 2, 3 &, 9) We © C1, 49,16, 25) Addtien= \e+ ws i Aubbrachion = ¥- ve S= Qual) cs Sat Cus) Ss +Taio prachical gene 0 gat of Sake types Aoctirdling the boain tated aS we an acwanced one. Wwe Aired bose operckion on Se vectors duck a oddihen , Aoltoactiey cok hn fdHE Prachicel SB * ‘Tifte:- Dikroduchion ts Dababvames TL. Pagoda, Siquilsconee:— A data prame. io vacd or stoning latin. abteo: ina Hak af veotine of equal dung. A cals frawe i a alle oa Brio - Nimenional asray Mee Afrwehure € cach roo contains ene cetol Wwhuss ron each Column: Te Relovant Mrearebea! Background: * Chanackerinttte off 2 late frame: a) coluunm names Arould be nen -empby ©) Rows names Lould be waigue O Bake stored in 0 datrtrarme Can be of numemc, feckos OA Sraracker Sipe d» Fach column shoulal contoun Bame eredoerof Dale ikemnF To oki a fala eatne. xe wer date dame > 4” TL ' | Procedure. : CO) Paint itt: in cata sed of @ 2 sis pala @) Geb snbormabiones 2 date sek @ ead dimension of daliset g view eames af vamatbtes. (RY led) name lop len pole 4 1H cabin! G Faiwt atl value Mak belong 23 0 varsabte: © Som values of a variable. w Exercuae: dak ( ) 4 will gkve att inbuilt Lotasebs. < datatname (fais) AGL) 4 Iinfoamahion cok (' pimenarinne of the Pnbuill dataaak nia ane” chincdh) se")CEC numbered. Rovoe cn dotieek ome :", nao (dh)," \x') Cok C* Numloes ot Column si dalret ares’ read," Iw" CAZC* Names af veriabler tn daSa2ekarn:", nomena), “\n") Cak (“Names 4 each Ae in|" Calumn are”, Aownamea(d{ ), \n”) cot ("AU values in column petal tong h”, (ALS febal- Lenght), *\n") Cot (" Sorted villus of fetal-long th variable ase :”) Gort (A, & Pobila Leng tte), “in'") cat (“Summary a} ian dataset jp", summary cd) ) SL agul:SB lenchuaion The prackical gant vo bacies about commands veel 4a ng Ansel ushich in bell in anol loo unduutand. +e ata of by using Vaanous pepe dilee ROY and Aenean ©)KE Packical 4 * Tile :- Finding Mink MAa ion Databases TL. Prackino) Siquibieance:— A data frame. used for stoning hate. dableo: in a Hak af vettane of equal duugHti. oat frame fa al alle Ga Brin - Limensienal athay tiles ¢ Jin uidcle cach codsumn contains He valle oh ome paca Colum. Le Relevant Mrearehical Baclarotd: We Woe min, max functions 4s Vested amd mowimiim valine br Aha cRedaack: Ancl We can use which mn > and odich-moxc ) Jo Sid Bee ikon ob wlwehs he rman & rice Value Jie sh te datdert:O chee anpihalole urlouitt olote QD Jood te dabiart “wikear' aoa clabaframe © band the tin g max value in dataset @) A He andlese mim 2 max Value in Sl Ebeede: dott ) at j& dala (wk cans) ds mn Caf ) nam CAL) Ube min oy 4 dep) Wluich + max Cal $ diep) : OukpatDE) Conclusion We Ot minimum @ moxrimun value en Ae mica dataset We chiens Te DLind the index Hie wininun & “alien [TP* Practical 5 * THe -- Mearunes af Cobra Tendency « TD frachical Aiquiti cance There are Surtral buhk do )7e auvidable anR: Theor funchiers can be é Voed Go wer usatten paacanne Statistical aaa ayy SA rn epaeeh Gunclites are part of He & bose parleage: Tce chon dake R veetar 00 on tnpuk adens vate aagauments © aie he Peau . % Mesures of Cotial Tendaney: A firge volue Raat ina auprorentotioc of Hue entins calechion of the date is called Meapurce of aedool Perdency “The purpoce Of tb into provide onack Arparientatirin op {he olatiu:The Mirco Comnmenty vad menaunce of Cukial tendancy ore Re mean, median & mode A paphnantatot value of dre ade Aphaiis cotted tre ymeaawe + cordoal Rodency or ele Araate in Uelishe in a yodue wluihe Jo Aepacsentati’ of ao Nunba ah Dee Being Tyee st Stahialisal owerone: ) he asith mehe mean COR Ainagly mean) * 9 qe medion @ ~he mode - * Recenter: Theveluee whith dhincle an array of obtervelione Jinks one hundred aqual pats One called percerttiles: SL fhroce dune @) Fund mean QQ pei © ead median of weit GQ Trutetl pac “Deseteoto” & "moder?" © (ood botte a ©) fd mede wk: warialte aid Percentile af ta ott” variable.[S| Coben cine! dats.) olf < dotifuame Cmbcone) af # Mera of Confial Tondancy mean CA) 6 et) median Cap # sot *€ pad rated Pat Paral). packageo C* modeset "J Aibpasas (“Deve Toete") Uibasosy (° modacet *) Mode Cdf Sut) Ea porcndlte paapete £4 ht, peas i, pa) P SZ Qdtput:WW) Cencluaier We weed Unbudt Luncheons in R Ap ino) Menace Oh cudral Sendanciza Ake mean, medion, mode dud) percentile Theor menaunes of cuitral Tendencies Anche vo understand the fake in muck more deta*® Ppackical 6 * Tables Frequency Dictii bution L: Practical Siqnibicance: In R, frequency tables are typically represented in a tabular format with two columns: one for unique values and the other for their corresponding frequencies. The process of creating a frequency table involves counting the occurrences of each unique value within a dataset. ae Afarebical Background Facquarcy Tn wllectien eof dala, wihain sluewalion or items sepeot number ef Rimes: he umber af time a particle ohaomabion 18 repeated in the asettrr ef leat itatamntp Tgpes Q Sreq uenedee : Mosolute ueney 5 Aimphy a number of Limes a parkrtuler he dentethe eeba. Cumvmutakove uemey > dan of ok previiaus breqyencies Tedp frets 2 weed te [Enago Ye rapier) of stems Hot Hier Vbelow | obeve enfain volu ur date eet:by toto Apequoncy 4 alate fraquener Rebate Cumulative quency Charnmubatin’ fawn 4 Dass divided oy He fotrl ee & Colled te relate cummulative wan ey: Vast particular. chase. Also known ao pe 7 Frequency BiMicbudiers + Bick taequency Bisbibution. Aho knoven aa Ungorged peeuenes dint bitten - F Grouyed Arg uancy Dae buchen: cowesvent Shae AS Prrocedune rink Original data lame: alt Indl pot ak (8) Prat Currmmulabyine peequency taele. 6 PIAe Lrcnicerey dabble au agplet dunchin -55 Eten cide lat.) F gfreome Yeted snl dalnaats Ainge Vosiotebe to t<— daka-fxame (2h) head (fe) ar puulbipte VorAatte dotabrame dpe & datalaame (arto) Bde + Centrino lator 3 < data. e (ack) th Cats) re pasa ¢" ae 1 ai Orgrinel dataasene fren < dodete Afs¢.2h) punt (hs Modified Faq uoney Table’) fen<= cumeum(fueg prst(® Cunmuadattine Prag usncy Sivkibution”) Curnlores, sAable CDeaq) etal C"Relalice Irepuancy cbistdhin’) prob A falling feo m af tek haghe AL An> group by CAG, parle % > % Aummanige (m= nl) % > % mutate Cheg = pate 0 (round (teva /SumCn),0), *) ‘nd tell pacleages (“gaptot 2") Mi basry Coaplet2) ail gaplot Cah, ae Cac = peri) + geom histogram ( binuicti=oda Jeg uuny pol a | ag rer Cafe 28 (a> pest )) + gaom - Prey poly binuiath= =) LS outa: TD | Contbudion: We checked the yorioua frequency Aeobyo fom Aven Fobesli cainsel: - tye cred eg uancy 1 bride sabe fete sige Samael aspen scabies the centinuoun cota — rcquosd He plok the fejuony Aable vans the gyplot Juncharne#Prachical F ¥ DL Practical Stmuikicance: = Qutnol Xenden Cannod Aeweot ath ee Dadar aad so dale = db cannat goeptain rave dabt. wn Scathernd abort > Hence, Sk io enmtiod te know +e ea) dinensi The variation | scatterrg | deviekion oh the di ie of a variate som Hei, owerage i a 1 a * Tinpotawt Mendunes ef Bes peut Pol of tale Qe The M ean Peyialion @ Whe Standard Deviakin @) The Vamance This prackioal in asking wo ts nd leh inaledns) yred oanshes of cheperaion for a qin dade using the RAsbtivon,Q eel mia Range a0 0 Lemptoat menaune sh hapermen: Ramee a Upper Miah Arigheck clase = Dower Jinik ah lows” Co eo —Ronge afer ye Aum af Aiafiast 2 Arweot values “the @) The Meon| p eviakien:- The mean oleriation sakes inte corutderatron alt ” votes af adeewrbion un date Ib & aritdmnelic mean of oft Mie abit oleviatt ent from any re 1 Mean deviaben = Eldil = = Ride N Qi \Ail = fx-= | |e i AM oR [Ail= [ai- MI 5 a 2 medion@ the Cartan Reviaton: Alasclasd doviakire de tle mek vornyorty uses! abeolute "Soe sobadl haw 0g telecke T Beneked by Airabot ee 4 Ei= hattumelic mean oP A.xe, Xn Ob Hun dtenderd dvi Jo dlehimess a, Her Aqusre rook of the mean aR Hue squarco of Hee dleviakveve Avorn) he ors os spe | EGu-%)> N The tquare of dtamdand deviation vo catled Nanian ce - Variance = ot = fi ai-%)” dak} en Qe 7 = B= (VarianceTW Procedure : () food tte dabizel or pao @ Faia the eet @ fad He Ktandlord Seratin (4) Pod the © Fad He Mean Seviahen ae Enercun AF aggre Lacks ek Monty Salar tpyunee (ovate) mon Haly gales < ¢ C120) 150, 20, [60,0,180, 162,170, Ano, 20, 190,220.) tr Caheubeting variance Sorleo_Vart <— Var Cm ently — £2e) He Bee laying Rea rene Cad ("The Wrriance im mottly Antes ins” , Sales—vani) ar caheulabing Rfeurdiasc deviclien Balea-Sal <— SA C monthly Salta) cok (“the standard oleviodtin in snorttly gabe io: 4 Paleo_sa)Ae Cleulaking ange. _volue < mar Cron ySalea) - mH Cementttly sales) fan CAE the Aanpe ab monttnly caleo 0: Aaargs- valuuc) ae a 6 Aarrdionn 4 difibiben ox Orang fpeauaney dist babion ang Ve wo (20,5) huge Damp Ci100,20) oy dat -lrame Ca, trey) ne sun ( Dh $ 2% A} § Prey) /tum (A freq Gt£C mean of He cata do 3", Mean) Dewodion = Aum Cal 6% —Mean) Mean_deyt = Demalien / aum ld} $dneq ) Cok Che mean Aemation.:", Moan dot > DL Oaks us DW Corneluaion : Vie practi death wit Ake yarioua meas ah disperaen of date. We Learned Ae fod Ris Vorcowr Measure Mapeaton ond aloo Ae cree o Aandom Aatmeck vary Dunckieny in R-* Paackicel $4 Tang Ceca Ls Pragbidel Aigpibeance: eet dan te few of » freuen chiot ribute~ 0 Qne- dimenaioned Dingreone 8) Prsquency lean cams to demersal Pagpate 2 Ohad i) Epaple & cuowes BY Troquency by Faaq unc D> Cumuutertine freq wang uve ue? + Theorilinn) Ga und. fillet | TTT ayn ae meek com vest page vs a aaa Trt an BORG @ discentiincie Sper gpa —> Ole baundorise platted en zx -anus & Sate al aa:= Frequency duvack; = Mein wi a Chats inkorrrad. FH Cumnutatine fre weg Cune 02 Offre: 0) Lew than Os Se wel at ane C upper. close Lami CF ony b) hore than, aie vali of Vorale ont ( few ax Linh) Conde ot upper Lurid eta les ony. Lends of zero en y) Tegi lt se) iutvrucetien +f Au give re median. Mediua:- dete, S60 yanea draw jas £5 paneae Pan cecluae: Q) Noad Aataset or create ct @D fared Lummoy 2 Sirus of sta datiret @ praw Anak pera @® Draw Osire: Cupne| fen. oven daifa. PE | Cherciae dd dahR name l aingualily ) he (af) a |timpte, Apakepeary 4F hiekognam wilh odeledl parameters hist ( 34, & Temp, maxn= Masirnum daily tempera bis at La Gaurds pinged” , ATH eStats slab ="\ Tempera dias in dlagtess Fabrcnheit aii thin = 2 (6,100), Ar. 2 %-OKinA ving agpok Jorchart, Perhassea(” arypeot2') Worany ( 2 intaM- a (" modecet")’ Whaany ( modecet) Abra, ( DecToh) are AY) res (A$ Temp) + e_ huctegsam ( lune = 20) + gern — Viine Cou brink pt trande-t Temp), é&ze=1)) fH | lghwe tess inetall- packages Cageicolne ") Jibrary (agricolae lake (grout) he- qee™ ped ( growth 4 eight, peot = FALSE) pork < wgive bray (Ar » Cote “red , perme = FALSE, Uab= “Heigtt”, yledbo= "Accumulated rclabwe hequarcy "| main =“eatve) plat (pein, Aype="b", poh=!4, dao=), bby = “1Dwx Dutput. BD | Cor dunia! ‘i Aude us vavelice dats. in a better say The Mode ut caleulatias! rcally lay Wing iatrarae Qual Median calewlotccl by neon ii cis tn Ae Ole Wate b bad on cumnwullatinre freqartyKfrackico? 14 Titte : Siceloness. a _ eens: is af dala Ait Ws Le now tre locabion $ yanthdild oP te Qade seb. Abuones | bpenatg Aath lad dagrareclity folate: tel fate. aftrtn ha taea TL Theprsbical Backaround. bf Breonas 2 te meauure of otyromeiy af obetichet 4 dota. set around ib peal - dab sek Ho welinc, ib it drolaH he minor Toop oneal ete of meaayres af Eadery-axp r Y Re ae about cudgel point - dtFT co of, Beevers: Positive aes ee + Relatine meraunes 2) Shenoners ues). 0) Aberones = Mem — Vediian- Hames = (Q,-8)) - (8,8) DS Procedure () check tik of inbuilt AeStueels to choose a Bukobte datiart Cherae a vuuneare datet (®) Qustalt & load Acquired prskage Selon” Anssiing Ueebistical functnons QO Aras sek qual al pl faleWe Euercion lata Aaa packages C ctor > MLETY. tue Bed Vibroay Ceion) ete < dale: e Cnhtemp) 4° 4 Te ee pant" Shenones — Voie") Alawness C df $ nhtemp) De Oukput TS Cencduaion: When we calewlale Bleroress manually Ub a quite Rime cortauming Veting 4 sino: “etow" nk Webiche Aah yorious Junchers fpr BML tye Ths, & Aas made stehabrcal amalysic Mery dunple¥ Practical |p * THe Comelation Tests ancl Vloushizatiin to enaluolD arxcorakion betseen Ais or nore yorioieles: Comelahion Aeking tn R explora Rie rrationslaip bebaxen tum variables, wnvetling nev change 4n_gnt cosnerponsh tp iin otter Tra Fechnigue wbibicer 00 z confection Aangirg fe —| te 1 cudicabzing doa Abrengtt. 8 cLineckion oh, cued aL Alipook tse Coegycienk Aiqniice o- porate! tngronne, Uke a negative one Peptics an Anurehar fAplatrondp - Near- wero roles indicateoa W YL _Theovibied Gasegrounl When performing vorelabiin Leste In joransamnin One Crucial aspect urderatand iy the inkerprtalion of the comelstion A correlation ick 2 Woline Aanges from -\ 401. A posifiore value closer zo |, signifier a eng postive corslahin - “trie unplio thab as ore Variable fncrenay the Ofte, tends ty Anciense As well: Commerc, © rogaine comelction cepisient, Uae ho), Aupaernd a stiong negate wrutation Ae one Wrloble sncrcoscs the otter tendo to oloerange: k correlation coofpicient near ero QQ wedle sa_npealtgite Aalakienali letween variates: Hear sn ore varinble dlonk conelakembly prado Changes in ur obtur- Luvterprotin the conatalion cnepfinient sSrvolre rolrino bots ib yumerccal value & te vented Of Ha vasiabtes being analyced: Ii aloo ructo! to perience 1h Lorlation A stabiaticadln, Aisgisbeast~¥ Penrsen Comsladtion Howse pe Zle-® (4-9) Jewee qa He ameter ths Atceng hte amd hinechon velathl iletdeettd sabe, sonia, | i or ardinal dda. St eperatus or Prams of cate pains Attar thar ackial Valiw D Cesta a Aatamt ® fregore a & ine Mia dota @ Bid Basen Correlation @ Plat Seatker plot for tu, date dhewoing Sine of bat@ Import tte dlataok in Rshadio @ alee tuo veeline/ variables from wt CarC (a) Prink ord out (0) D Lnkenpret Mie rowula* Refer PLP JOR- Pearson P lor - OPA NON x dasha *t BZ oncluaion + Covclahion Resting in vibod for undestanding Connections in data and aidbing dlesiaton maleing i VOALous Helde Buy aneovering Have slotarshigs f rin_can dtenbiby Wey ppabtenns § ne Hook dative ing Pd! dn dati anabyio-wnd cats. jukeracksneSE Practica ll ele arnge Ace Seg Ze Frncticat Lamificarce: “Tp fie fl Hae aspen fn fron scangalee basically means cavadiing a. ae eee ome of fre date assumptions 4p that Abe dali. 2 |tidan: [oul tule ube vaped tte be familian wth “fn steps af Stediatcal model building. Thus practio! fe Tate de edad abt ale (fegaesin tet Oso cables a” Simple. Linens peID Thessitical Baskaround Forear Regastion a cormonertdy vend Sage of precictie anlysia - Linen Aaprasion ts 0 abatiatce ee a pain eerie rt ent varanble ¢ a qivenset Of tnderendent waspabtes:—& 4t-_pepdlapkedd ajax bala ht dae Can be werd to ayrpreai mate. ta slodtonship * The Gand a} Liens. ropuston in to ideubify the rire Arot maniewiss Hoe dlischripan vite (betwen abacerved date poviks ond fea Linda predicted valarer. Tn ML , Amar Augrseion in ove ot ta enadet & nah pe pauline ble al ppateas: * The hep Listiobical Model Building “The Jaws primany Adeps af Atnikiliaad node! building ane: ceri tng eaten @ Suitding a model en trauring dota © Aacuing the models B Amalyosra medel Aroutt:The Mneosdy Canoe ferbed visually by using Acatter prot and Onalyaticadly by Comelation Coaptivied Vrhike Creating a funear Argreation mectel, ene. of, the dakar assumptions jo thet fle cate has ro catiame value Cowttiers Atuat ese wot Aepsotembatres of oetaal AAskiendiip Wokween te tum variables: To feats a Ansar roprecsion rachel in R we wee Aum > Junchien ° Residual Standard Error (RSE) provioks an absolute mesure af Lack of Ht Of 0 Aimens Angroston Morel ty Ake hatte: Boron sk Measured sn the wih of re artcome Voriable, 286 can te fend by cathig He axcornany © dunchien or AiqwaCr Punches Using model co parameter. - ft mpdela R Squorecl Value daeniber te propartn a} variance explisredl by the model: 4 meane at te VOriance dn lat Ar captained by the model. & 0 Means nore of the yoriance to enprained by the model. ba onating OO Lanear Aegpaision mnadel , te yerkicn) oetance below 0 Rade point R Me models eatimakion 4 cartes a Aeaihysd-TS] Phecaldande: (1) Create, othe Visualize the daticel @) Fik simple tinear angranion 10 training sok © Goat date wits new opt vebuee © Predict dependant Wrialle young Liuaas Avg more! @ Diz play precketed volues © VWiwaie Hawing @ freaking got rcautl y- Erne : Refer ro, PRTW Conclusion Linear | sala meshed 2 alstaticticnl | amnettred that atlousa ua £5 Aummorize & stidy satabiindp betwen -tep Confirweue Couudttotwe) rari alles One voriable (a> ge a0 indapondent & otter (y) cu dependent orialete. 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Naive Bayes is a Supervised Non-linear classification algorithm in R Programming. Naive Bayes classifiers are a family of simple probabilistic classifiers based on applying Baye’s theorem with strong(Naive) independence assumptions between the features or variables. The Naive Bayes algorithm is called “Naive” because it makes the assumption that the occurrence of a certain feature is independent of the occurrence of other features. So Theoribical Books enna! Naive Bayes algorithm is based on Bayes theorem. Bayes theorem gives the conditional probability of an event A given another event B has occurred. P (ME) ~ P(BIA) PIA) PCB) where,P(A|B) = Conditional probability of A given B. P(BIA) = Conditional probability of B given A. P(A) = Probability of event A. P(B) = Probability of event B. For many predictors, we can formulate the posterior probability as follows: P(AIB) = P(B1|A) * P(B2/A) * P(B3IA) * P(B4IA) ... AS Fancedure bety deudy jo 40% - Alabina a Aan En 1 ie olay Jo Dor § the of clouds on a Adu cay @ 897% PCLeudy) = 2-0 PlAgn ya 02 PiCloudy | patina y= 0-85” Wwe Calentole : * PC rain | loudly) " PiAmin) ¥ PCPoudy rain) PC loudy) = 0-20 %085 =o 4s. Oho“th Us Cloudy ontisde ena gen dow, the probohild, Book ib vod Asin thet clay ig O4we ie 42s y Near (1) Create 0 suriple Boyer Theater purcten @ Pek protabit @) Wee function te calewlate condictiona! Rafer pl, PIR. EL Qubpuk DW Concluain A solid grasp of probability is indispensable for data science practitioners, as many data science problems are inherently probabilistic. Conditional probability in R plays a crucial role in understanding and implementing algorithms effectively. Through this article, we delved into various concepts, from basic terminologies like union, intersection, and disjoint events to more advanced topics like conditional probability and Bayes’ Theorem in R. By providing real-world examples and practical implementations, we aimed to enhance your comprehension of these conceptsA Perastical | ¥ Ze Prakioal Signrihicance. Interpolation refers to the process of creating new data points given within the given set of data. Thio practiced irfrodluen us Js siderpstation of Bath _upinst Beane. Neuitonns Potumannd afetsun pen spische Fa shaker polis Wl be waad lee b> find value for o vellus af 9 & y Unvpuk by fa yata: aI: theonticod Batlrouncl- Interpolation is the technique of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate value of the independent variable, while the process of computing the value of the function outside the given range is called extrapolation. Forward Differences: The differences y1 — yO, y2 - y1, y3 - y2, ....... yn — yn-1 when denoted by dy0, dy1, dy2, ......, dyn-1 are respectively, called the first forward differences. Thus, the first forward differences are : Ay = Yan In aForward difference table NEWTON'S GREGORY FORWARD INTERPOLATION FORMULA : fcarhuya 1 ua flor ages eet WOda) We) Coens) 41a ne This formula is particularly useful for interpolating the values of f(x) near the beginning of the set of values given. his called the interval of difference and u = (x -a)/h, Here ais the first term. Wt Plocodlune! ©) Tae dnput weer Bon vusriben of dete pink & @) Tale dat girl for 9 values of ard 4 fesprtiods nis foe erp © ufo So a ein rat ale a@) “abe sin Tae ete prd ae nan lic arose value is ke le (no) Ble ba Neca eck 4abote Re mst A: we Exesnse > Redan Pag PR. i A