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Fundamentals of C

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in 1972, widely used for system and application development. Key components of C programming include data types, operators, control statements, functions, arrays, pointers, and file handling. A basic C program structure consists of preprocessor directives, a main function, a body, and a return statement.

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23 views3 pages

Fundamentals of C

C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed in 1972, widely used for system and application development. Key components of C programming include data types, operators, control statements, functions, arrays, pointers, and file handling. A basic C program structure consists of preprocessor directives, a main function, a body, and a return statement.

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kalakaardost17
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamentals of C Programming

1. Introduction
C is a general-purpose, procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in
1972 at Bell Labs. It is widely used for system programming, embedded systems, and
application development.

2. Basics of C
C programs use alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9), and special symbols (+, -, *, /, %, { }, ; etc.).
The smallest units in a C program include:

• Keywords (e.g., int, return, if, else)

• Identifiers (variable, function names)

• Constants (e.g., 10, 3.14, 'A')

• Operators (e.g., +, -, *, /, =, &&, ||)

• Special Characters (e.g., { } ; , () [])

3. Structure of a C Program
A basic C program consists of:

1. Preprocessor Directives (#include <stdio.h>)

2. Main Function (int main() { })

3. Body (variable declaration, logic, functions)

4. Return Statement (return 0;)

Example:

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
}

4. Data Types in C
C has different data types categorized as:

• Basic Data Types: int, float, char, double

• Derived Data Types: array, pointer, structure, union


• User-Defined Data Types: typedef, enum, struct

5. Operators in C
Operators perform operations on variables and values. Some important types are:

• Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %

• Relational Operators: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

• Logical Operators: &&, ||, !

• Assignment Operators: =, +=, -=, *=, /=

• Increment/Decrement Operators: ++, --

6. Control Statements
Control flow determines the execution sequence of a program.

Conditional Statements:
Example of if-else statement:

if (a > b) {
printf("A is greater");
} else {
printf("B is greater");
}

Looping Statements:
Example of for loop:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {


printf("%d ", i);
}

7. Functions in C
Functions help in reusing code. Example:

int add(int a, int b) {


return a + b;
}
int main() {
int sum = add(5, 3);
printf("Sum: %d", sum);
return 0;
}
8. Arrays in C
Arrays store multiple values of the same data type. Example:

int numbers[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};


printf("%d", numbers[2]); // Output: 3

9. Pointers in C
Pointers store memory addresses. Example:

int a = 10;
int *ptr = &a;
printf("%d", *ptr); // Output: 10

10. File Handling in C


Example of writing to a file:

FILE *file = fopen("data.txt", "w");


fprintf(file, "Hello, File!");
fclose(file);

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