WEEK 4 to 6

COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : IT
TITLE : Introduction to C Programming 2
TARGET POPULATION : All BS Information Technology Students
INSTRUCTOR : MR. PINK FLOYD B. JANEO

Overview:

C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the
UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978,
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R
standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX application programs have been
written in C.

Content
 Arrays
 Arrays in detail

Objectives:
 Introduce the array data structure
 Understand the use of arrays to store, sort ad search
 Understand how to define an array, initialize an array and refer to individual elements of an array

Instruction to the Learner

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the use of Flowchart and its purpose. The units
are characterized by continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit.
For this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of
task given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 1 of 29
ARRAYS

Arrays a kind of data structure that can store a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same type. An array
is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the
same type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you declare one array
variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual variables. A
specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first element and the
highest address to the last element.

Declaring Arrays

To declare an array in C, a programmer specifies the type of the elements and the number of elements required by
an array as follows:

type arrayName [ arraySize ];

This is called a single-dimensional array. The arraySize must be an integer constant greater than zero and type can be
any valid C data type. For example, to declare a 10-element array called balance of type double, use this statement:

double balance[10];

Here, balance is a variable array which is sufficient to hold up to 10 double numbers.

Initializing Arrays

You can initialize an array in C either one by one or using a single statement as follows:

double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 7.0, 50.0};

The number of values between braces { } cannot be larger than the number of elements that we declare for the array
between square brackets [ ].

If you omit the size of the array, an array just big enough to hold the initialization is created. Therefore, if you write:

double balance[]= {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 7.0, 50.0};

You will create exactly the same array as you did in the previous example. Following is an example to assign a single
element of the array:

balance[4] = 50.0;

The above statement assigns the 5th element in the array with a value of 50.0. All arrays have 0 as the index of their
first element which is also called the base index and the last index of an array will be total size of the array minus 1.
Shown below is the pictorial representation of the array we discussed above:

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 2 of 29
Accessing Array Elements

An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the index of the element within square
brackets after the name of the array. For example:

double salary = balance[9];

The above statement will take the 10th element from the array and assign the value to salary variable. The following
example shows how to use all the three above-mentioned concepts viz. declaration, assignment, and accessing
arrays:

#include<stdio. h>

int main ()

int n[ 10 ]; /* n is an array of 10 integers */

int i,j;

/* initialize elements of array n to 0 */

for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )

n[ i ] = i + 100; /* set element at location i to i + 100 */

/* output each array element's value */

for (j = 0; j < 10; j++ )

printf("Element[%d] = %d\n", j, n[j] );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Element[0] = 100

Element[1] = 101

Element[2] = 102

Element[3] = 103

Element[4] = 104

Element[5] = 105

Element[6] = 106

Element[7] = 107

Element[8] = 108

Element[9] = 109

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 3 of 29
Arrays in Detail

Arrays are important to C and should need a lot more attention. The following important concepts related to array
should be clear to a C programmer:

Concept Description
Multidimensional arrays C supports multidimensional arrays. The simplest form
of the multidimensional array is the two-dimensional
array.
Passing arrays to functions You can pass to the function a pointer to an array by
specifying the array's name without an index.
Return array from a function C allows a function to return an array.
Pointer to an array You can generate a pointer to the first element of an
array by simply specifying the array name, without any
index.
Multidimensional Arrays

C programming language allows multidimensional arrays. Here is the general form of a multidimensional array
declaration:

type name[size1][size2]...[sizeN];

For example, the following declaration creates a three-dimensional integer array:

int threedim[5][10][4];

Two-dimensional Arrays

The simplest form of multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional array is, in essence, a
list of one-dimensional arrays. To declare a two-dimensional integer array of size [x][y], you would write something
as follows:

type arrayName [ x ][ y ];

Where type can be any valid C data type and arrayName will be a valid C identifier. A two-dimensional array can be
considered as a table which will have x number of rows and y number of columns. A two-dimensional array a, which
contains three rows and four columns can be shown as follows:

Thus, every element in the array a is identified by an element name of the form a[ i ][ j ], where ‘a’ is the name of the
array, and ‘i' and ‘j’ are the subscripts that uniquely identify each element in ‘a’.

Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays

Multidimensional arrays may be initialized by specifying bracketed values for each row. Following is an array with 3
rows and each row has 4 columns.

int a[3][4] = {

{0, 1, 2, 3} , /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */

{4, 5, 6, 7} , /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */

{8, 9, 10, 11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */

};

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 4 of 29
The nested braces, which indicate the intended row, are optional. The following initialization is equivalent to the
previous example:

int a[3][4] = {0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements

An element in a two-dimensional array is accessed by using the subscripts, i.e., row index and column index of the
array. For example:

int val = a[2][3];

The above statement will take the 4th element from the 3rd row of the array. You can verify it in the above figure. Let
us check the following program where we have used a nested loop to handle a two-dimensional array:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

/* an array with 5 rows and 2 columns*/

int a[5][2] = { {0,0}, {1,2}, {2,4}, {3,6},{4,8}};

int i, j;

/* output each array element's value */

for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )

for ( j = 0; j < 2; j++ )

printf("a[%d][%d] = %d\n", i,j, a[i][j] );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

a[0][0]: 0

a[0][1]: 0

a[1][0]: 1

a[1][1]: 2

a[2][0]: 2

a[2][1]: 4

a[3][0]: 3

a[3][1]: 6

a[4][0]: 4

a[4][1]: 8

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 5 of 29
As explained above, you can have arrays with any number of dimensions, although it is likely that most of the arrays
you create will be of one or two dimensions.

Passing Arrays to Functions

If you want to pass a single-dimension array as an argument in a function, you would have to declare a formal
parameter in one of following three ways and all three declaration methods produce similar results because each
tells the compiler that an integer pointer is going to be received. Similarly, you can pass multi-dimensional arrays as
formal parameters.

Way-1

Formal parameters as a pointer:

void myFunction(int *param)

...

Way-2

Formal parameters as a sized array:

void myFunction(int param[10])

...

Way-3

Formal parameters as an unsized array:

void myFunction(int param[])

...

Example

Now, consider the following function, which takes an array as an argument along with another argument and based
on the passed arguments, it returns the average of the numbers passed through the array as follows:

double getAverage(int arr[], int size)

int i;

double avg;

double sum;

for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)

sum += arr[i];

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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avg = sum / size;

return avg;

Now, let us call the above function as follows:

#include<stdio.h>

/* function declaration */

double getAverage(int arr[], int size);

int main ()

/* an int array with 5 elements */

int balance[5] = {1000, 2, 3, 17, 50};

double avg;

/* pass pointer to the array as an argument */

avg = getAverage( balance, 5 ) ;

/* output the returned value */

printf( "Average value is: %f ", avg );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled together and executed, it produces the following result:

Average value is: 214.400000

As you can see, the length of the array doesn't matter as far as the function is concerned because C performs no
bounds checking for formal parameters.

Return Array from a Function

C programming does not allow to return an entire array as an argument to a function. However, you can return a
pointer to an array by specifying the array's name without an index.

If you want to return a single-dimension array from a function, you would have to declare a function returning a
pointer as in the following example:

int * myFunction()

...

Second point to remember is that C does not advocate to return the address of a local variable to outside of the
function, so you would have to define the local variable as static variable.

Now, consider the following function which will generate 10 random numbers and return them using an array and
call this function as follows:

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 7 of 29
#include<stdio.h>

/* function to generate and return random numbers */

int * getRandom( )

static int r[10];

int i;

/* set the seed */

srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) );

for ( i = 0; i < 10; ++i)

r[i] = rand();

printf( "r[%d] = %d\n", i, r[i]);

return r;

/* main function to call above defined function */

int main ()

/* a pointer to an int */

int *p;

int i;

p = getRandom();

for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )

printf( "*(p + %d) : %d\n", i, *(p + i));

return 0;

When the above code is compiled together and executed, it produces the following result:

r[0] = 313959809

r[1] = 1759055877

r[2] = 1113101911

r[3] = 2133832223

r[4] = 2073354073

[5] = 167288147

r[6] = 1827471542
IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 8 of 29
r[7] = 834791014

r[8] = 1901409888

r[9] = 1990469526

*(p + 0) : 313959809

*(p + 1) : 1759055877

*(p + 2) : 1113101911

*(p + 3) : 2133832223

*(p + 4) : 2073354073

*(p + 5) : 167288147

*(p + 6) : 1827471542

*(p + 7) : 834791014

*(p + 8) : 1901409888

*(p + 9) : 1990469526

Pointer to an Array

It is most likely that you would not understand this section until you are through with the chapter ‘Pointers’.

Assuming you have some understanding of pointers in C, let us start: An array name is a constant pointer to the first
element of the array. Therefore, in the declaration:

double balance[50];

balance is a pointer to &balance[0], which is the address of the first element of the array balance. Thus, the following
program fragment assigns p as the address of the first element of balance:

double *p;

double balance[10];

p = balance;

It is legal to use array names as constant pointers, and vice versa. Therefore, *(balance + 4) is a legitimate way of
accessing the data at balance[4].

Once you store the address of the first element in ‘p’, you can access the array elements using *p, *(p+1), *(p+2), and
so on. Given below is the example to show all the concepts discussed above:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

/* an array with 5 elements */

double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};

double *p;

int i;

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

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p = balance;

/* output each array element's value */

printf( "Array values using pointer\n");

for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )

printf("*(p + %d) : %f\n", i, *(p + i) );

printf( "Array values using balance as address\n");

for ( i = 0; i < 5; i++ )

printf("*(balance + %d) : %f\n", i, *(balance + i) );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Array values using pointer

*(p + 0) : 1000.000000

*(p + 1) : 2.000000

*(p + 2) : 3.400000

*(p + 3) : 17.000000

*(p + 4) : 50.000000

Array values using balance as address

*(balance + 0) : 1000.000000

*(balance + 1) : 2.000000

*(balance + 2) : 3.400000

*(balance + 3) : 17.000000

*(balance + 4) : 50.000000

In the above example, p is a pointer to double, which means it can store the address of a variable of double type.
Once we have the address in p, *p will give us the value available at the address stored in p, as we have shown
in the above example.

Program to find the size of an array

The formula that we are using to find the number of elements is common for all types of array. In this example, we
have an array of double data type, however you can use the same logic for arrays of other data types like: int, float,
long, char etc.

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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Page 10 of 29
 double arr[] = {11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66};

int n;

n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]);

/* Calculating the size of the array with this formula.

* n = sizeof(array_name) / sizeof(array_name[0])

* This is a universal formula to find number of elements in

* an array, which means it will work for arrays of all data

* types such as int, char, float etc.

*/

printf("Size of the array is: %d\n", n);

return 0;

Output

Size of the array is: 6

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 11 of 29
Laboratory Exercise:

1. Create a program to print all elements of one array to another

2. Create a program to find reverse array

Personal Assessment:

1. Sum of ranged numbers using arrays.

2. Sum of ranged numbers using arrays with functions.

3. Write a program that will read and print elements of an array.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 12 of 29
 WEEK 7 to 8

COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : IT
TITLE : Introduction to C Programming 2
TARGET POPULATION : All BS Information Technology Students
INSTRUCTOR : MR. PINK FLOYD B. JANEO

Overview:

C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the
UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978,
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R
standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX application programs have been
written in C.

Objectives:
 Explain pointers and pointer operators
 Understand the close relationship among pointers, arrays and strings
 Understand the use of pointers to functions

Content
 Pointers
 Null Pointers
 Pointer in Details

Instruction to the Learner

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the use of Flowchart and its purpose. The units
are characterized by continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit.
For this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of
task given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 13 of 29
POINTERS

Pointers in C are easy and fun to learn. Some C programming tasks are performed more easily with pointers, and
other tasks, such as dynamic memory allocation, cannot be performed without using pointers. So it becomes
necessary to learn pointers to become a perfect C programmer. Let's start learning them in simple and easy steps.

As you know, every variable is a memory location and every memory location has its address defined which can be
accessed using ampersand (&) operator, which denotes an address in memory. Consider the following example,
which prints the address of the variables defined:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

int var1;

char var2[10];

printf("Address of var1 variable: %x\n", &var1 );

printf("Address of var2 variable: %x\n", &var2 );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Address of var1 variable: bff5a400

Address of var2 variable: bff5a3f6

What are Pointers?

A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable, i.e., direct address of the memory location.
Like any variable or constant, you must declare a pointer before using it to store any variable address. The general
form of a pointer variable declaration is:

type *var-name;

Here, type is the pointer's base type; it must be a valid C data type and varname is the name of the pointer variable.
The asterisk * used to declare a pointer is the same asterisk used for multiplication. However, in this statement, the
asterisk is being used to designate a variable as a pointer. Take a look at some of the valid pointer declarations:

int *ip; /* pointer to an integer */

double *dp; /* pointer to a double */

float *fp; /* pointer to a float */

char *ch /* pointer to a character */

The actual data type of the value of all pointers, whether integer, float, character, or otherwise, is the same, a long
hexadecimal number that represents a memory address. The only difference between pointers of different data
types is the data type of the variable or constant that the pointer points to.

How to Use Pointers?

There are a few important operations, which we will do with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) We define a
pointer variable, (b) assign the address of a variable to a pointer, and (c) finally access the value at the address
available in the pointer variable. This is done by using unary operator * that returns the value of the variable located
at the address specified by its operand. The following example makes use of these operations:

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 14 of 29
#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

int var = 20; /* actual variable declaration */

int *ip; ;/* pointer variable declaration */

ip = &var; /* store address of var in pointer variable*/

printf("Address of var variable: %x\n", &var );

/* address stored in pointer variable */

printf("Address stored in ip variable: %x\n", ip );

/* access the value using the pointer */

printf("Value of *ip variable: %d\n", *ip );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Address of var variable: bffd8b3c

Address stored in ip variable: bffd8b3c

Value of *ip variable: 20

NULL Pointers

It is always a good practice to assign a NULL value to a pointer variable in case you do not have an exact address to
be assigned. This is done at the time of variable declaration. A pointer that is assigned NULL is called a null pointer.

The NULL pointer is a constant with a value of zero defined in several standard libraries. Consider the following
program:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

int *ptr = NULL;

printf("The value of ptr is : %x\n", ptr );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

The value of ptr is 0

In most of the operating systems, programs are not permitted to access memory at address 0 because that memory
is reserved by the operating system. However, the memory address 0 has special significance; it signals that the
pointer is not intended to point to an accessible memory location. But by convention, if a pointer contains the null
(zero) value, it is assumed to point to nothing.

To check for a null pointer, you can use an ‘if’ statement as follows:

if(ptr) /* succeeds if p is not null */

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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Page 15 of 29
if(!ptr) /* succeeds if p is null */

Pointers in Detail

Pointers have many but easy concepts and they are very important to C programming. The following important
pointer concepts should be clear to any C programmer:

Concept Description
Pointer arithmetic There are four arithmetic operators that can be used in
pointers: ++, --, +, -
Array of pointers You can define arrays to hold a number of pointers.
Pointer to pointer C allows you to have pointer on a pointer and so on.
Passing pointers to functions in C Passing an argument by reference or by address enable
the passed argument to be changed in the calling
function by the called function.
Return pointer from functions in C C allows a function to return a pointer to the local
variable, static variable, and dynamically allocated
memory as well.
Pointer Arithmetic

A pointer in C is an address, which is a numeric value. Therefore, you can perform arithmetic operations on a pointer
just as you can on a numeric value. There are four arithmetic operators that can be used on pointers: ++, --, +, and -

To understand pointer arithmetic, let us consider that ptr is an integer pointer which points to the address 1000.
Assuming 32-bit integers, let us perform the following arithmetic operation on the pointer:

ptr++

After the above operation, the ptr will point to the location 1004 because each time ptr is incremented, it will point
to the next integer location which is 4 bytes next to the current location. This operation will move the pointer to the
next memory location without impacting the actual value at the memory location. If ptr points to a character whose
address is 1000, then the above operation will point to the location 1001 because the next character will be available
at 1001.

Incrementing a Pointer

We prefer using a pointer in our program instead of an array because the variable pointer can be incremented, unlike
the array name which cannot be incremented because it is a constant pointer. The following program increments the
variable pointer to access each succeeding element of the array:

#include<stdio.h>

const int MAX = 3;

int main ()

int var[] = {10, 100, 200};

int i, *ptr;

/* let us have array address in pointer */

ptr = var;

for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

printf("Address of var[%d] = %x\n", i, ptr );

printf("Value of var[%d] = %d\n", i, *ptr );

/* move to the next location */

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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ptr++;

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Address of var[0] = bf882b30

Value of var[0] = 10

Address of var[1] = bf882b34

Value of var[1] = 100

Address of var[2] = bf882b38

Value of var[2] = 200

Decrementing a Pointer

The same considerations apply to decrementing a pointer, which decreases its value by the number of bytes of its
data type as shown below:

#include<stdio.h>

const int MAX = 3;

int main ()

int var[] = {10, 100, 200};

int i, *ptr;

/* let us have array address in pointer */

ptr = &var[MAX-1];

for ( i = MAX; i > 0; i--)

printf("Address of var[%d] = %x\n", i, ptr );

printf("Value of var[%d] = %d\n", i, *ptr );

/* move to the previous location */

ptr--;

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Address of var[3] = bfedbcd8

Value of var[3] = 200

Address of var[2] = bfedbcd4

Value of var[2] = 100

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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Page 17 of 29
Address of var[1] = bfedbcd0

Value of var[1] = 10

Array of Pointers

Before we understand the concept of arrays of pointers, let us consider the following example, which uses an array of
3 integers:

#include<stdio.h>

const int MAX = 3;

int main ()

int var[] = {10, 100, 200};

int i;

for (i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

printf("Value of var[%d] = %d\n", i, var[i] );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Value of var[0] = 10

Value of var[1] = 100

Value of var[2] = 200

There may be a situation when we want to maintain an array, which can store pointers to an int or char or any other
data type available. Following is the declaration of an array of pointers to an integer:

int *ptr[MAX];

It declares ptr as an array of MAX integer pointers. Thus, each element in ptr holds a pointer to an int value. The
following example uses three integers, which are stored in an array of pointers, as follows:

#include<stdio.h>

const int MAX = 3;

int main ()

int var[] = {10, 100, 200};

int i, *ptr[MAX];

for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

ptr[i] = &var[i];

/* assign the address of integer. */

}
IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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Page 18 of 29
for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

printf("Value of var[%d] = %d\n", i, *ptr[i] );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Value of var[0] = 10

Value of var[1] = 100

Value of var[2] = 200

You can also use an array of pointers to character to store a list of strings as follows:

#include<stdio.h>

const int MAX = 4;

int main ()

char *names[] = { "Zara Ali", "Hina Ali", "Nuha Ali", "Sara Ali", };

int i = 0;

for ( i = 0; i < MAX; i++)

printf("Value of names[%d] = %s\n", i, names[i] );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Value of names[0] = Zara Ali

Value of names[1] = Hina Ali

Value of names[2] = Nuha Ali

Value of names[3] = Sara Ali

Pointer to Pointer

A pointer to a pointer is a form of multiple indirection, or a chain of pointers. Normally, a pointer contains the
address of a variable. When we define a pointer to a pointer, the first pointer contains the address of the second
pointer, which points to the location that contains the actual value as shown below.

A variable that is a pointer to a pointer must be declared as such. This is done by placing an additional asterisk in
front of its name. For example, the following declaration declares a pointer to a pointer of type int:
IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

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int **var;

When a target value is indirectly pointed to by a pointer to a pointer, accessing that value requires that the asterisk
operator be applied twice, as is shown below in the example:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

int var; int *ptr;

int **pptr;

var = 3000;

/* take the address of var */

ptr = &var;

/* take the address of ptr using address of operator & */

pptr = &ptr;

/* take the value using pptr */

printf("Value of var = %d\n", var );

printf("Value available at *ptr = %d\n", *ptr );

printf("Value available at **pptr = %d\n", **pptr);

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Value of var = 3000

Value available at *ptr = 3000

Value available at **pptr = 3000

Passing Pointers to Functions

C programming allows passing a pointer to a function. To do so, simply declare the function parameter as a pointer
type. Following is a simple example where we pass an unsigned long pointer to a function and change the value
inside the function which reflects back in the calling function:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<time.h>

void getSeconds(unsigned long *par);

int main ()

unsigned long sec; getSeconds( &sec );

/* print the actual value */

printf("Number of seconds: %ld\n", sec );

return 0;

}
IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 20 of 29
void getSeconds(unsigned long *par)

/* get the current number of seconds */

*par = time( NULL );

return;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Number of seconds :1294450468

The function, which can accept a pointer, can also accept an array as shown in the following example:

#include<stdio.h>

/* function declaration */

double getAverage(int *arr, int size);

int main ()

/* an int array with 5 elements */

int balance[5] = {1000, 2, 3, 17, 50};

double avg;

/* pass pointer to the array as an argument */

avg = getAverage( balance, 5 ) ;

/* output the returned value */

printf("Average value is: %f\n", avg );

return 0;

double getAverage(int *arr, int size)

int i, sum = 0;

double avg;

for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)

sum += arr[i];

avg = (double)sum / size;

return avg;

When the above code is compiled together and executed, it produces the following result:

Average value is: 214.40000

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 21 of 29
Return Pointer from Functions

We have seen in the last chapter how C programming allows to return an array from a function. Similarly, C also
allows to return a pointer from a function. To do so, you would have to declare a function returning a pointer as in
the following example:

int * myFunction()

...

Second point to remember is that, it is not a good idea to return the address of a local variable outside the function,
so you would have to define the local variable as static variable.

Now, consider the following function which will generate 10 random numbers and return them using an array name
which represents a pointer, i.e., address of first array element.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<time.h>

/* function to generate and retrun random numbers. */

int * getRandom( )

static int r[10];

int i;

/* set the seed */

srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) );

for ( i = 0; i < 10; ++i)

r[i] = rand();

printf("%d\n", r[i] );

return r;

/* main function to call above defined function */

int main ()

/* a pointer to an int */

int *p;

int i;

p = getRandom();

for ( i = 0; i < 10; i++ )

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 22 of 29
{

printf("*(p + [%d]) : %d\n", i, *(p + i) );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled together and executed, it produces the following result:

1523198053

1187214107

1108300978

430494959

1421301276

930971084

123250484

106932140

1604461820

149169022

*(p + [0]) : 1523198053

*(p + [1]) : 1187214107

*(p + [2]) : 1108300978

*(p + [3]) : 430494959

*(p + [4]) : 1421301276

*(p + [5]) : 930971084

*(p + [6]) : 123250484

*(p + [7]) : 106932140

*(p + [8]) : 1604461820

*(p + [9]) : 149169022

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 23 of 29
Laboratory Exercise:

1. Create a program to swap three numbers using call by reference

Personal Assessment:

1. Find the largest among three numbers using pointers

2. Count Vowels and Consonants in a String using Pointer

3. Write a program to show how a function returning pointer.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 24 of 29
 WEEK 9 to 10

COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE CODE : IT
TITLE : Introduction to C Programming 2
TARGET POPULATION : All BS Information Technology Students
INSTRUCTOR : MR. PINK FLOYD B. JANEO

Overview:

C is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the
UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C was originally first implemented on the DEC PDP-11 computer in 1972. In 1978,
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie produced the first publicly available description of C, now known as the K&R
standard. The UNIX operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX application programs have been
written in C.

Content
 Strings
 Arithmetic Functions

Objectives:
 To be able to use the function of the character handling library
 To be able to use the string and character input/output functions of the standard
input/output
 To be able to use the string conversions functions of the general utilities library.

Instruction to the Learner

Each chapter in this module contains a major lesson involving the use of Flowchart and its purpose. The units
are characterized by continuity, and are arranged in such a manner that the present unit is related to the next unit.
For this reason, you are advised to read this module. After each unit, there are exercises to be given. Submission of
task given will be every Monday during your scheduled class hour.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 25 of 29
STRINGS

Strings are actually one-dimensional array of characters terminated by a null character '\0'. Thus a null-terminated
string contains the characters that comprise the string followed by a null.

The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello". To hold the null character at
the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one more than the number of characters
in the word "Hello."

char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

If you follow the rule of array initialization, then you can write the above statement as follows:

char greeting[] = "Hello";

Following is the memory presentation of the above defined string in C/C++:

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C compiler automatically places the
'\0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array. Let us try to print the above mentioned string:

#include<stdio.h>

int main ()

char greeting[6] = {'H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '\0'};

printf("Greeting message: %s\n", greeting );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

Greeting message: Hello

C supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings:

S.N. Function & Purpose

1 strcpy(s1, s2);
Copies string s2 into string s1.
2 strcat(s1, s2);
Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.
3 strlen(s1);
Returns the length of string s1.
4 strcmp(s1, s2);
Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1s2.
5 strchr(s1, ch);
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.
6 strstr(s1, s2);
Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.
7
strrev(s1)

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 26 of 29
 Returns reverse of the given string.

8 strlwr(s1)
Returns string characters in lowercase.
9 Strupr(s1)
Returns string characters in uppercase.

The following example uses some of the above-mentioned functions:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main ()

char str1[12] = "Hello";

char str2[12] = "World";

char str3[12]; int len ;

/* copy str1 into str3 */

strcpy(str3, str1);

printf("strcpy( str3, str1) : %s\n", str3 );

/* concatenates str1 and str2 */

strcat( str1, str2);

printf("strcat( str1, str2): %s\n", str1 );

/* total lenghth of str1 after concatenation */

len = strlen(str1);

printf("strlen(str1) : %d\n", len );

return 0;

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

strcpy( str3, str1) : Hello

strcat( str1, str2): HelloWorld

strlen(str1) : 10

Arithmetic functions
C Programming allows us to perform mathematical operations through the functions defined in <math.h> header
file. The <math.h> header file contains various methods for performing mathematical operations such as sqrt(),
pow(), ceil(), floor() etc.

Function Description

This function returns the absolute value of an integer. The absolute value of a number is
abs ( ) always positive. Only integer values are supported in C.

This function returns the nearest integer which is less than or equal to the argument passed
floor ( ) to this function.

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 27 of 29
 This function returns the nearest integer value of the float/double/long double argument
passed to this function. If decimal value is from “.1 to .4”, it returns integer value less than
the argument. If decimal value is from “.5 to .9”, it returns the integer value greater than the
round ( ) argument.

This function returns nearest integer value which is greater than or equal to the argument
ceil ( ) passed to this function.

sqrt ( ) This function is used to find square root of the argument passed to this function.

pow ( ) This is used to find the power of the given number.

trunc ( ) This function truncates the decimal value from floating point value and returns integer value.
Example

#include<stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

int main(){

printf("\n%f",ceil(3.6));

printf("\n%f",ceil(3.3));

printf("\n%f",floor(3.6));

printf("\n%f",floor(3.2));

printf("\n%f",sqrt(16));

printf("\n%f",sqrt(7));

printf("\n%f",pow(2,4));

printf("\n%f",pow(3,3));

printf("\n%d",abs(-12));

return 0;

Output

4.000000

4.000000

3.000000

3.000000

4.000000

2.645751

16.000000

27.000000

12

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 28 of 29
Laboratory Exercise:

1. Calculate Length of String without Using strlen() Function

2. Declare two intergers. Print "The end" in reverse if the two numbers is greater than the square root of 7 .
All input must be positive else print "try again" in upper case.

Personal Assessment:

1. Calculate Length of String without Using strlen() Function

2. Write a program that will input two strings. Join the two strings. If the length of the joined strings is above
10 then print the joined strings in small letters, else print it into capital letters.

3. Write a program that will input two numbers. Square the two numbers. If the two numbers is between 6
and 10 then find the remainder of the two numbers, else floor the two numbers

IT 122: Introduction to C Programming 2

SOUTH EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

Page 29 of 29