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SQL Set Operations Examples

The document explains SQL set operations including INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, and EXCEPT. It provides examples of creating two tables, inserting data, and executing each operation with their respective outputs. Key notes include the requirement for matching columns and the behavior of duplicates in each operation.

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maazrahim
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3 views4 pages

SQL Set Operations Examples

The document explains SQL set operations including INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, and EXCEPT. It provides examples of creating two tables, inserting data, and executing each operation with their respective outputs. Key notes include the requirement for matching columns and the behavior of duplicates in each operation.

Uploaded by

maazrahim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL Set Operations: INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT

Step 1: Create Tables

CREATE TABLE CourseA (

student_id INT,

student_name VARCHAR(50)

);

CREATE TABLE CourseB (

student_id INT,

student_name VARCHAR(50)

);

Step 2: Insert Data

INSERT INTO CourseA VALUES

(1, 'Ali'),

(2, 'Sara'),

(3, 'Ahmed'),

(4, 'Fatima');

INSERT INTO CourseB VALUES

(3, 'Ahmed'),

(4, 'Fatima'),

(5, 'Zain'),

(6, 'Hira');

INTERSECT

Returns only common rows between two SELECT queries.


SQL Set Operations: INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT

SELECT * FROM CourseA

INTERSECT

SELECT * FROM CourseB;

Output:

student_id | student_name

-----------|--------------

3 | Ahmed

4 | Fatima

UNION

Combines results from both SELECT queries and removes duplicates.

SELECT * FROM CourseA

UNION

SELECT * FROM CourseB;

Output:

student_id | student_name

-----------|--------------

1 | Ali

2 | Sara

3 | Ahmed

4 | Fatima

5 | Zain

6 | Hira

UNION ALL
SQL Set Operations: INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT

Combines results from both SELECTs and keeps duplicates.

SELECT * FROM CourseA

UNION ALL

SELECT * FROM CourseB;

Output:

student_id | student_name

-----------|--------------

1 | Ali

2 | Sara

3 | Ahmed

4 | Fatima

3 | Ahmed

4 | Fatima

5 | Zain

6 | Hira

EXCEPT

Returns rows from the first query not present in the second.

SELECT * FROM CourseA

EXCEPT

SELECT * FROM CourseB;

Output:

student_id | student_name

-----------|--------------
SQL Set Operations: INTERSECT, UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT

1 | Ali

2 | Sara

Note:

- Columns in both SELECT statements must have the same number and data types.

- INTERSECT, UNION, and EXCEPT remove duplicates by default.

- UNION ALL includes duplicates.

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