Functions
Uploaded by
sathiyaFunctions
Uploaded by
sathiyaMySQL provides built-in functions to perform operations on data.
They can be categorised
into:
1. Aggregate Functions
2. String Functions
3. Numeric Functions
4. Date and Time Functions
5. Control Flow Functions
6. Other Utility Functions
🔷 1. Aggregate Functions
These operate on sets of rows and return a single value.
Function Purpose Example
SUM() Adds up values SELECT SUM(salary) FROM Employee;
AVG() Calculates average SELECT AVG(marks) FROM Student;
COUNT() Counts rows SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Orders;
MAX() Finds maximum value SELECT MAX(price) FROM Product;
MIN() Finds minimum value SELECT MIN(age) FROM Person;
🔷 2. String Functions
Operate on character data types.
Function Purpose Example
SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) FROM
CONCAT() Combine strings Employee;
LENGTH() String length SELECT LENGTH(name) FROM Student;
LOWER()
Converts to SELECT LOWER(city) FROM Address;
lowercase
UPPER()
Converts to SELECT UPPER(department) FROM Dept;
uppercase
SUBSTRING()
Extract part of SELECT SUBSTRING(name,1,3) FROM Student;
string
SELECT
REPLACE() Replace substring REPLACE(email,'@gmail.com','@outlook.com') FROM
Users;
Remove
TRIM() leading/trailing SELECT TRIM(name) FROM Student;
spaces
🔷 3. Numeric Functions
Perform operations on numeric data.
Function Purpose Example
ROUND() Rounds number SELECT ROUND(price,2) FROM Product;
CEIL() Smallest integer ≥ value SELECT CEIL(4.2); →5
FLOOR() Largest integer ≤ value SELECT FLOOR(4.8); → 4
ABS() Absolute value SELECT ABS(-25); → 25
MOD() Modulo division SELECT MOD(10,3); → 1
POWER() Power of number SELECT POWER(2,3); → 8
🔷 4. Date and Time Functions
Operate on date/time data types.
Function Purpose Example
NOW()
Current date and SELECT NOW();
time
CURDATE() Current date SELECT CURDATE();
CURTIME() Current time SELECT CURTIME();
DATE() Extract date part SELECT DATE(NOW());
DAY(), MONTH(), Extract day, month, SELECT YEAR(dob) FROM Student;
YEAR() year
DATEDIFF()
Difference between SELECT DATEDIFF('2025-12-31','2025-01-
dates 01'); → 364
🔷 5. Control Flow Functions
Provide conditional logic.
Function Purpose Example
IF() If-else logic SELECT IF(marks>=50,'Pass','Fail') FROM Student;
CASE Multiple conditions
sql
CopyEdit
SELECT name,
CASE
WHEN marks >= 90 THEN 'A'
WHEN marks >= 80 THEN 'B'
ELSE 'C'
END AS grade
FROM Student;
``` |
---
### **🔷 6. Other Utility Functions**
| **Function** | **Purpose** | **Example** |
|--------------|-------------|-------------|
| `COALESCE()` | Return first non-NULL value | `SELECT
COALESCE(middle_name,'N/A') FROM Person;` |
| `NULLIF()` | Return NULL if two values equal | `SELECT NULLIF(a,b);` |
