10/27/2023

Dr. Dileep Kumar Singh

Head, JLU-SOET
[email protected]
Problem Solving and Program
Design using C

Problem Solving And Program Design in C

UNIT –IV

B Tech/ B Tech (Hons.) CSE – 1st Sem.

Structure, Union and Typedef

Data Types
C programming language which has the ability to
divide the data into different types. The type of a
variable determine the what kind of values it may
take on.
The various data types are
• Simple Data type
 Integer, Real, Void, Char
• Structured Data type
Array, Strings
• User Defined Data type
Enum, Structures, Unions

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Structure Data Type

A structure is a user defined data type that groups
logically related data items of different data types
into a single unit.
All the elements of a structure are stored at
contiguous memory locations.
A variable of structure type can store multiple data
items of different data types under the one name.
As the data of employee in company that is name,
Employee ID, salary, address, phone number is
stored in structure data type.

Defining of Structure

The syntax of defining a structure is

struct <struct_name>
{
<data_type> <variable_name>;
<data_type> <variable_name>;
……..
<data_type> <variable_name>;
};

Example of Structure

The structure of Employee is declared as

struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};

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Memory Space Allocation

8000
emp_id
8002
name[20]

8022
8024 salary
address[50]

8074
8076
dept_no
8078 employee
age

Declaring a Structure Variable

A structure has to declared, after the body of
structure has defined. The syntax of declaring a
structure is:
struct <struct_name> <variable_name>;
The example to declare the variable for defined
structure “employee”
struct employee e1;
Here e1 variable contains 6 members that are defined
in structure.

Initializing a Structure Members

The members of individual structure variable is initialize

one by one or in a single statement. The example to
initialize a structure variable is
1) struct employee e1 = {1, “Hemant”,12000, “3 vikas
colony new delhi”,10, 35);

1) e1.emp_id=1; e1.dept_no=1
e1.name=“Hemant”; e1.age=35;
e1.salary=12000;
e1.address=“3 vikas colony new delhi”;

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Accessing a Structure Members

The structure members cannot be directly accessed in
the expression.
They are accessed by using the name of structure
variable followed by a dot (.) and then the name of
member variable.
The method used to access the structure variables are
e1.emp_id, e1.name, e1.salary, e1.address, e1.dept_no,
e1.age.
The data with in the structure is stored and printed by
this method using scanf and printf statement in c program.

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Structure Assignment
The value of one structure variable is assigned to
another variable of same type using assignment
statement. If the e1 and e2 are structure variables
of type employee then the statement
e1 = e2;
assign value of structure variable e2 to e1.
The value of each member of e2 is assigned to
corresponding members of e1.

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Program to implement the Structure

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};

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Program to implement the Structure

void main ( )
{ struct employee e1,e2;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
printf (“Enter the address of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.address);
printf (“Enter the department of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.dept_no);
printf (“Enter the age of employee”);

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Program to implement the Structure

scanf(“%d”,&e1.age);
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e2.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e2.salary);
printf (“Enter the address of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e2.address);
printf (“Enter the department of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.dept_no);
printf (“Enter the age of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e2.age);

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Program to implement the Structure

printf (“The employee id of employee is : %d”,
e1.emp_id);
printf (“The name of employee is : %s”,
e1.name);
printf (“The salary of employee is : %f”,
e1.salary);
printf (“The address of employee is : %s”,
e1.address);
printf (“The department of employee is : %d”,
e1.dept_no);
printf (“The age of employee is : %d”,
e1.age);

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Program to implement the Structure

printf (“The employee id of employee is : %d”,
e2.emp_id);
printf (“The name of employee is : %s”,
e2.name);
printf (“The salary of employee is : %f”,
e2.salary);
printf (“The address of employee is : %s”,
e2.address);
printf (“The department of employee is : %d”,
e2.dept_no);
printf (“The age of employee is : %d”,e2.age);
getch();
}

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Output of Program
Enter the employee id of employee 1
Enter the name of employee Rahul
Enter the salary of employee 15000
Enter the address of employee 4,villa area, Delhi
Enter the department of employee 3
Enter the age of employee 35
Enter the employee id of employee 2
Enter the name of employee Rajeev
Enter the salary of employee 14500
Enter the address of employee flat 56H, Mumbai
Enter the department of employee 5
Enter the age of employee 30

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Output of Program
The employee id of employee is : 1
The name of employee is : Rahul
The salary of employee is : 15000
The address of employee is : 4, villa area, Delhi
The department of employee is : 3
The age of employee is : 35
The employee id of employee is : 2
The name of employee is : Rajeev
The salary of employee is : 14500
The address of employee is : flat 56H, Mumbai
The department of employee is : 5
The age of employee is : 30

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Array of Structure
The array of structure is used to store the large number of
similar records.
For example to store the record of 100 employees then
array of structure is used.
The method to define and access the array element of
array of structure is similar to other array.
The syntax to define the array of structure is
Struct <struct_name> <var_name> <array_name>
[<value>];
For Example:-
Struct employee e1[100];
We can access as: e[i].emp_id

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Structures within Structures

C language define a variable of structure type as a member of
other structure type. The syntax to define the structure within
structure is
struct <struct_name>{
<data_type> <variable_name>;
struct <struct_name>
{ <data_type> <variable_name>;
……..}<struct_variable>;
<data_type> <variable_name>;
};

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Example of Structure within Structure

The structure of Employee is declared as
struct employee
{ int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
int dept_no;
struct date
{ int day;
int month;
int year;
}doj;
};

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Accessing Structures within Structures

The data member of structure within structure is accessed by
using two period (.) symbol. The syntax to access the
structure within structure is
struct _var. nested_struct_var. struct_member;
For Example:-
e1.doj.day;
e1.doj.month;
e1.doj.year;

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Pointers and Structures

C language can define a pointer variable of structure type.
The pointer variable to structure variable is declared by
using same syntax to define a pointer variable of data type.
The syntax to define the pointer to structure
 struct <struct_name> *<pointer_var_name>;
For Example:
struct employee *emp;
It declare a pointer variable “emp” of employee type.

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Access the Pointer in Structures

The member of structure variable is accessed by

using the pointer variable with arrow operator()
instead of period operator(.).
The syntax to access the pointer to structure.
pointer_var_namestructure_member;
For Example:
empname;
Here “name” structure member is accessed through
pointer variable emp.

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Passing Structure to Function

The structure variable can be passed to a function as a
parameter. The program to pass a structure variable to a
function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};

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Passing Structure to Function

void main ( )
{
struct employee e1;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
printdata (struct employee e1);
getch();
}

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Passing Structure to Function

void printdata( struct employee emp)

{
printf (“\nThe employee id of employee is :
%d”, emp.emp_id);
printf (“\nThe name of employee is : %s”,
emp.name);
printf (“\nThe salary of employee is : %f”,
emp.salary);
}

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Function Returning Structure

The function can return a variable of structure type like a
integer and float variable. The program to return a structure
from function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
struct employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
};

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Function Returning Structure

void main ( )
{
struct employee emp;
emp=getdata();
printf (“\nThe employee id of employee is :
%d”, emp.emp_id);
printf (“\nThe name of employee is : %s”,
emp.name);
printf (“\nThe salary of employee is : %f”,
emp.salary);
getch();
}

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Function Returning Structure

struct employee getdata( )

{
struct employee e1;
printf (“Enter the employee id of employee”);
scanf(“%d”,&e1.emp_id);
printf (“Enter the name of employee”);
scanf(“%s”,e1.name);
printf (“Enter the salary of employee”);
scanf(“%f”,&e1.salary);
return(e1);
}

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Union Data Type

A union is a user defined data type like structure.
The union groups logically related variables into a
single unit.
The union data type allocate the space equal to space
need to hold the largest data member of union.
The union allows different types of variable to share
same space in memory.
There is no other difference between structure and
union than internal difference.
The method to declare, use and access the union is
same as structure.

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Defining of Union
A union has to defined, before it can used. The
syntax of defining a structure is
union <union_name>
{
<data_type> <variable_name>;
<data_type> <variable_name>;
……..
<data_type> <variable_name>;
};
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Example of Union
The union of Employee is declared as

union employee
{
int emp_id;
char name[20];
float salary;
char address[50];
int dept_no;
int age;
};

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Memory Space Allocation

8000
emp_id, dept_no, age
8002
salary
8004
name

8022

address

8050

employee

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Difference between Structures & Union

1) The memory occupied by structure variable is the sum of
sizes of all the members but memory occupied by union
variable is equal to space hold by the largest data member
of a union.
2) In the structure all the members are accessed at any point
of time but in union only one of union member can be
accessed at any given time.

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Application of Structures

Structure is used in database management to

maintain data about books in library, items in
store, employees in an organization, financial
accounting transaction in company.

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Typedef

• Keyword called typedef, use to give a type a

new name.
• Following is an example to define a term
BYTE for one-byte numbers:
– typedef unsigned char BYTE;
– After this type definitions, the identifier BYTE
can be used as an abbreviation for the type
unsigned char, for example:
• BYTE b1, b2;

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THANKS

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