Course Notes for:

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)

Author: Umesh Manral
Author: Umesh M anral

Preface
Welcome to the world of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)! This eKindle
book is designed to be your companion on a journey of discovery into the
versatile and powerful realm of VBA programming.

Why VBA?

Visual Basic for Applications is a programming language developed by

Microsoft, primarily used within their Office suite of applications such as
Excel, Word, and Access. VBA empowers users to automate tasks, enhance
productivity, and extend the functionality of these applications. Whether you
are a seasoned developer or someone new to the world of coding, VBA offers
an accessible and rewarding path to achieving your goals.
What This eKindle Book Offers?

In the pages ahead, you will find a comprehensive guide to understanding and
harnessing the capabilities of VBA. Our aim is to provide you with a
structured and hands-on learning experience. Here's what you can expect:

Foundations of VBA: We will start with the basics, ensuring that even those
who have never written a line of code can follow along. You'll learn about
variables, data types, and fundamental programming concepts.

Hands-On Examples: Learning by doing is the key to mastering VBA.

Throughout this eKindle book, you will find practical examples and exercises
that you can try on your own.

Real-World Applications: VBA is not just about theory; it's about solving
real-world problems. You will explore how VBA can be used to automate
repetitive tasks, create custom functions, and build user interfaces.

Tips and Best Practices: Along the way, we'll share valuable tips, best
practices, and pitfalls to avoid, based on years of experience in VBA
development.

Advanced Topics: As you progress, we'll delve into more advanced topics
like error handling, working with external data sources, and optimizing your
VBA code for performance.

Who Can Benefit?

This eKindle book is suitable for a wide range of readers:

Excel Enthusiasts: If you work with Excel and want to take your skills to the
next level by automating tasks or creating custom solutions, you're in the right
place.
Author: Umesh M anral Office Users: Whether you use Word, Access, PowerPoint, or
other Office applications, VBA can enhance your productivity and help you
achieve more in less time.
Aspiring Developers: If you've always wanted to learn programming but
found it intimidating, VBA is an excellent starting point. Its integration with
familiar Office software makes it a gentle introduction to coding.

Seasoned Developers: Experienced programmers will discover how VBA

can be a valuable addition to their toolkit, especially for rapid application
development and prototyping.
Get Ready to Dive In

We're excited to embark on this VBA journey with you. Whether your goal is
to automate tedious tasks, create customized solutions, or simply explore the
world of programming, you've made a great choice by picking up this eKindle
book.

Remember, learning VBA is not just about mastering a programming language;

it's about unlocking your creative potential to solve problems and streamline
your work. So, let's get started on this exciting adventure into the world of
Visual Basic for Applications!

Happy coding!

Disclaimer
The following disclaimer provides important information regarding the
eKindle book titled "Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Course":
Educational Purpose: This eKindle book is intended to serve as an
educational resource to assist readers in learning about Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA) programming. It is not a substitute for professional
advice or consultation related to specific software development projects or
business needs.

Author: Umesh M anral

Accuracy of Information: While the author has made reasonable efforts to

ensure the accuracy and reliability of the content, the information contained in
this eKindle book may not cover all possible scenarios or reflect the most up-
to-date developments in VBA. Readers are encouraged to verify information
independently and stay informed about the latest developments in VBA.

No Guarantee of Outcomes: Reading this eKindle book does not guarantee

specific outcomes, such as job placement, career advancement, or project
success. The application of VBA skills in practical settings may vary
depending on individual aptitude, experience, and the unique requirements of
each project.

Third-Party Tools: The eKindle book may discuss or recommend third-party

software tools, libraries, or resources. Any endorsements or
recommendations of these tools are based on the author's knowledge as of the
eKindle book's publication date. Readers should exercise due diligence and
research before implementing any third-party solutions.

Limited Liability: The author and publisher shall not be held liable for any
damages, losses, or consequences arising from the use or misuse of the
information provided in this eKindle book. Readers are encouraged to seek
professional guidance when making critical decisions or implementing VBA
solutions in real-world situations.

Copyright and Usage: All content within this eKindle book, including text,
code samples, images, and illustrations, is subject to copyright protection.
Readers are permitted to access and use this content for personal educational
purposes only. Any unauthorized distribution, reproduction, or sharing of this
eKindle book's content is prohibited.

Updates and Revisions: The author may release updated editions or

revisions of this eKindle book to reflect changes in VBA or related
technologies. Readers are encouraged to check for updates and stay informed
about the latest versions.

Feedback and Questions : Readers are welcome to provide feedback and

ask questions related to the eKindle book's content. However, the author may
not be able to provide individual responses to all queries and may not offer
ongoing support beyond the scope of this eKindle book.
By purchasing and reading this eKindle book, you acknowledge that you have
read, understood, and agreed to these terms and disclaimers. It is
recommended to review this disclaimer periodically for any updates or
changes.

Contents
• Chapter 1: Excel VBA Tutorial Author: Umesh M anral

• Chapter 2: Macros
• Chapter 3: VBA Editor
• Chapter 4: VBA MsgBox
• Chapter 5: VBA InputBox
• Chapter 6: VBA Comments
• Chapter 7: VBA Dim
• Chapter 8: VBA Variables
• Chapter 9: VBA Constant
• Chapter 10: VBA Arithmetic Operators
• Chapter 11: VBA Logical Operator
• Chapter 12: VBA Comparison Operator
• Chapter 13: VBA Select Case
• Chapter 14: VBA Loops
• Chapter 15: VBA For Loop
• Chapter 16: VBA For Each Loop
• Chapter 17: VBA Do Until Loop
• Chapter 18: VBA Do While Loop
• Chapter 19: VBA String Operator
• Chapter 20: VBA String Functions
• Chapter 21: VBA LEFT Function
• Chapter 22: VBA Right Function
• Chapter 23: VBA LEN Function
• Chapter 24: VBA TRIM Function
• Chapter 25: VBA MID Function
• Chapter 26: VBA Split Function
• Chapter 27: VBA Instr Function
• Chapter 28: VBA Date Format
• Chapter 29: VBA ARRAY Function
• Chapter 30: VBA Workbooks Open
• Chapter 31: Excel VBA Range
• Chapter 32: VBA Functions
• Chapter 33: VBA Option Explicit
• Chapter 34: VBA Error Handling
• Chapter 35: Excel VBA Objects
• Chapter 36: VBA Events
Chapter 1: Excel VBA Tutorial
VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) is a language that is common to visual
basics that can only work through a host application (Excel, in our case).
VBA can be used in all office versions, right from MS Office 97 to MS Office
2013 and some other latest versions that are available.

Using VBA, we assure you of quality work with Excel. But

Author: Umesh M anral
before we get to the main work here, let’s start by making sure we get all tools
ready and visible.
This Excel VBA tutorial for beginners provides in-depth lessons to learn
VBA Excel and VBA basics. This Excel VBA tutorial for beginners covers
VBA’s basic as well as advanced concepts.

What is VBA?

T he acronym VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications. It is a

combination of Microsoft’s event-driven programming language visual basic
with Microsoft Office Applications such as Microsoft Excel, MS PowerPoint,
MS Word, and MS Outlook.

VBA enables you to computerize various activities in Excel like generating

reports, preparing charts and graphs, doing calculations, etc. Today, VBA is
widely used with other Microsoft Office applications as it is a tool for
programming, editing, and running an application code.

With a range of programming languages available, there is a huge demand for

IT professionals. You need to focus on the right skills. This is why Visual
Basic for Applications is an excellent skill choice for beginners in coding to
work on.

VBA is a high-level language. VBA is also known as a subset of Visual Basic

6.0 BASIC stands for Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.

Why Learn Excel VBA?

Visual Basic for Applications is a programming language that you learn if you
want to increase the level of your career in the software development field.
Some of the skills that will be covered in this tutorial are object-oriented
programming, programming basics, structured programming, and other
programming tips and tricks. So, buckle up, because you’re going to learn a
lot from this tutorial.

Excel VBA allows you to write instructions for a variety of applications using
English-like statements. Excel VBA is easy to use, as you simply drag and
drop interface controls. Excel can also be enhanced by adjusting its behavior
of it.

Application of VBA

VBA can be used for both personal and business purposes. For personal use,
you can automate routine daily tasks using simple VBA macros.
VBA can be used to create powerful custom programs that draw on Excel’s
power for business use.

VBA Basics

For a starter, it’s very important you know about the basics before starting or
planning on writing any coding. Below are some valuable basics you need
before starting: Variable: Variables are memory locations. For you to work
with VBA, you will need to declare variables.

Author: Umesh M anral

For Example: Suppose we have (4a+5b), where a= 3 and b=5. The variable
‘a’ could contain the number 3 and the variable ‘b’ could contain the number
5. In this given expression, a and b are the variables.

Rules for Creating Variables

1. A variable can contain an alphabet, digits, and underscore.

2. You cannot define a variable name with space such as Last Number. You
can use LastNumber or Last_Number. This means variable names can start
with the alphabet, and underscore only. It can’t start with a digit.

3. No whitespace is allowed within the variable name.

4. A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword, e.g., int, go-
to, etc.

What are Arithmetic Operators?

We make use of the (BODMAS) rule during brackets of division,

multiplication, addition, and subtraction when working with an expression
that uses multiple different arithmetic operators.

1. (+) For Addition

2. (-) For Subtraction
3. (*) For Multiplication
4. (/) For Division

What are Logical Operators?

A logical operator is a symbol or word used to connect two or more

expressions. The concept of this operator is very useful when working with
VBA. Common logical operators include:

• TRUE
• FALSE
• NOT: Logical not
• AND: Logical and
• OR: Logical or
• EQV: Logical Equivalence
• If Statements

Prerequisites for Learning VBA Excel Tutorial

This Excel VBA training assumes that you are an absolute beginner to VBA,
but it is beneficial to know the basics of Excel and how the functions in Excel
work to increase your learning speed and understanding. you should install
MS Office, and mainly MS Excel on your computer system.

Author: Umesh M anral

Audience

Our VBA tutorial is designed for beginners to help them understand the basics
of VBA. This tutorial will provide enough knowledge of VBA from which
you can take yourself to a higher level of expertise.
Chapter 2: Macros
Author: Umesh M anral

What is Macros?

Macros are a set of programming commands written in VBA that automate a

repeated and standard process in Excel and other Microsoft Office
Applications such as Access, PowerPoint, Word, and Outlook. Through the
use of macros, we can automate repetitive tasks associated with data
manipulation and data reporting that must be performed repeatedly.

Important of Macros in Excel

If you spend all day creating reports in Microsoft Excel, you know the power
of this program; however, if you haven’t yet used macros, you don’t know half
of it.

Macros simplify the repetitive keystrokes that you use in Excel to create and
edit spreadsheets, which speeds up your production and reduces the time you
have to spend staring at an electronic spreadsheet every day by reducing the
number of keystrokes required to complete common commands.

Macros Basics

A macro is a set of commands and functions stored in a Microsoft Visual

Basic module that can be run whenever you need to perform the task
associated with the command. Macros are available for use in Microsoft
Word, PowerPoint, and Excel.

If you wish to run macros, you must enable macros and only run macros that
you believe to be from a reliable source. Macros have many benefits for those
who use them. They eliminate the risk of human error that increases with
repetitive keystrokes and tasks.

How to Write Macros?

Below are the steps on how to write macros on your devices:
Step 1: Open the Excel file for which you want to enable macros.

Step 2: Navigate to Customize Ribbon tab and the Developer checkbox by the
left side of the window.
Step 3: Click on the OK button.
Author: Umesh M anral Step 4: Create an Excel Workbook in a drive “D” or any other
drive and save it with name “xyz” or whatever name you want.
Step 5: Open the file which you created or if it is already opened then no
need to re-open it.

Step 6: The Developer Tab will appear in the menu bar.

Step 7: Click on the Developer bar at the top of the window.
Step 8: Click on the Record Macro.

Step 9: The Record Macro dialogue box will appear on the screen. Give your
macro a name and assign the shortcut which will activate the macro then click
the OK button. Author: Umesh M anral

Step 10: Click on the Cell A1. Type here “This is my first macro”. Step 11:
Click on the “Home” and fill the yellow color in cell A1.

After completing above the steps, you will get your output in the workbook as
shown in the below screenshot:
To finish the macro, click on the Stop Recording macro option as shown in the
below screenshot.
Step 12: Click on the Developer >> Visual Basic >> Module1 then another
window will appear. You will find the recorded macro script in the module.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 13: Save the file with extention “Excel Macro-Enabled Workbook
(.xlsm)“ or “Excel Binary Workbook (.xlsb)“.
Step 14: Click on the Macros button then another window will appear. Select
that macro name Macro1and click on the Run button.
The recorded macro will help you to perform your daily task whenever you
require. Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 3: VBA Editor
The Visual Basic Editor, also known as VBA Editor, VB Editor, or VBE
Editor, is a separate application that first needs to be familiarized with to
work with VBA in Excel. It is part of Excel and appears whenever you open
an Excel workbook. By default, it is hidden and must be activated to view it.

Excel VBA is a powerful software tool that allows the automation of Excel
tasks. It can be used to automate repetitive tasks as well as more complex
applications.
Having access to the VBA editor means that you can edit your own VBA code
or check prerecorded macros.

Here are (3) Good Ways to get the Code in the VBA Editor

1. When you record a Macro, it generates a new module in the VBA Editor
automatically and inserts the code in that module.
2. VBA code can be written manually in VBA Editor.
3. Code can be copied from some other workbook or some other source as
you can paste it into the VBA Editor.

How to Access the VBA Editor

If you want to open a VBA Editor, there are different ways to do so. Below
are a few steps you use to open the Virtual Basic Editor in Excel:

• Using Shortcut Key

• Using the Developer Tab
• Using Worksheet Tab

Let’s give full details of each of the ways listed.

Using a Keyboard Shortcut

This is the easiest and fastest method that almost everybody prefers using
when accessing the VBA Editor. For you to do this, hold the ALT + F11 to
open the Editor window. This shortcut acts as a toggle so that when you use it
again, it will return you to the Excel application (without closing the VB
Editor).

NOTE: The shortcut for the Mac version is Opt + F11, or Fn + Opt + F11.
Using the Developer Tab
To open the Editor, let’s check out the following steps:
Step 1: Firstly, open the Excel window on your device.
Step 2: Click on the Options button.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: Click on the Customize Ribbon button.

Step 4: Select the Developer checkbox from the left window as shown in the
image below.

Step 5: Direct your cursor to the OK option and click on the OK button to
make the Developer appear on the main window.
Step 6: The Developer Tab will appear in the Ribbon at the top of the
window.
Step 7: Select the Visual Basic option or click Alt+F11 on your keyboard.
Step 8: The VBA window will appear. You can pay attention to the below
image. Author: Umesh M anral

Using Worksheet Tab

The Editor can be opened by using the worksheet tab.

This step is not normally used when it comes to Visual Basic Editor access.
To open this in the worksheet tab, let’s check the following steps:
Step 1: Go to the worksheet tab.
Step 2: Right-click on the tab.
Step 3: Select the View Code option.

Step 4: it will open the VBA Editor and also open the code window to that
worksheet object. Author: Umesh M anral

This method not only opens the VB Editor but also opens the code window for
that worksheet object, which is useful when you want to write code that only
applies to a particular worksheet. It is usually the case when worksheet events
are involved.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 4: VBA MsgBox
A MsgBox is nothing more than a dialog box that can be used to inform your
users by displaying a custom message or getting some basic inputs (such as
Yes/No or OK/Cancel). While the MsgBox dialog box is displayed, your
VBA code is halted. You need to click any of the buttons in the MsgBox to
execute the remaining VBA code.
In this tutorial, the word “message box” and “MsgBox” will be used
interchangeably. It’s important you use MsgBox when working with Excel
VBA.

Syntax

1. Prompt

A Required Parameter. A string that is displayed in the dialog as a message.

The maximum length of the prompt is approximately 1024 characters. If the
message stretches over more than one line, the lines can be separated between
each other with a carriage return character (Chr (13)) or a linefeed character
(Chr (10)).

2. Buttons

An Optional Parameter. It determines what buttons and icons are displayed in

the MsgBox. For example, if I choose vbOKOnly, the OK button will be
displayed only, and if I choose vbOKCancel, the OK and Cancel buttons will
be shown at the same time.

3. Title

An Optional Parameter. In the message dialog box, you can specify the
message title you want, which is displayed in the title bar of the MsgBox. If
you don’t provide anything, it will display the application’s name.

4. Helpfile
An Optional Parameter. This is a String expression that identifies the Help file
to use for providing context-sensitive help for the dialog box.
5. Context
An Optional Parameter. It is a numeric expression that identifies the Help
context number assigned to the appropriate Help topic.
Note: All the arguments in square brackets are optional. Only the ‘prompt’
argument is mandatory.

Before we go into the analysis of the VBA code and how the MsgBox looks,
here is a table that lists all the different button constants you can use.
Author: Umesh M anral
The above values are logically divided into four groups: The first group (0 to
5) specifies the buttons to be shown in the message box. the second group (16,
32, 48, 64) describes the look of the icon to be displayed; the third group (0,
256, 512, 768) specifies which button should be the default; and the fourth
group (0, 4096) defines the message box’s modality.

Return Value
The MsgBox function can return one of the following values which can be
used to specify the button the user has clicked in the message box.
Author: Umesh M anral

Examples:
If we want to display a message box with Yes, No, and Cancel buttons, you
can make the coding as shown in the below code.
Executes the above function by clicking on the run button on the VBA window.
It displays a “Hello World” message box within a message box and an
“Yes”,”No”, and “Cancel” button.

After clicking the ‘No’ button, the value of the button (7) is stored as an
integer and displayed as a message box to the user, as shown in the following
image. This value can be used to determine which button was clicked by the
user.

Example: (vbYes : 6, vbNo: 7, vbCancel : 2)

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 5: VBA InputBox
The VBA InputBox prompts the user for values. The dialogue box displays a
message and anticipates a response from the user in the form of a button press.
On clicking OK or Enter, the InputBox method will return the inputted text to
the text box. When the user presses the Cancel button, the InputBox method
will give back a null value (” “). Error handling is required for the InputBox
function. An error message is shown if the user presses the cancel button
before inputting a value.

Syntax
InputBox (prompt, title, default, xpos, ypos, helpfile, context). All are
optional parameter except prompt.

Prompt: This parameter is a string, and it helps to show a message in the

dialogue box. A prompt should be at least 1024 characters in length. There
should be a linefeed (Chr (10)) or carriage return (Chr (13)) between each
line of text to break it.

Title: It is a string expression. The string is displayed in the dialogue box’s

heading. If the left side of the title is blank, the application’s name will be
inserted there.
Default: It uses the text in the textbox as the default parameter to show it to
users. XPos: The X-axis position is utilised to display the horizontal distance
of the prompt from the left side of the screen. If the input box’s value is null,
the box will be centred horizontally. YPos: The Yaxis position is used to
display the prompt’s vertical distance from the screen’s left edge. If this value
is 0, the input box is vertically centred.
Helpfile: It is a string expression. The parameter is useful to identify the help
file that tells the dialogue box what to do based on its current state.

Context: It is a number expression that helps to find the Help context number.
The Help author will assign this number to a relevant help subject. The
presence of the helpfile is required for providing background information.
How to Create InputBox?

Here are the steps you need to take in VBA to make an input box:
Step 1: Create a new module in the Visual Basic Editor.

Author: Umesh M anral

Step 2: Select the newly added module by double-clicking it, and then enter
the macro’s name “InputBox_Example”.
Step 3: Type the word “InputBox,” and the syntax of the InputBox will show
up.

Step 4: Change the Prompt to “Prompt Name,” the Title to “Information,” and
the Default to “Enter Here.”
Example:
The area of a rectangle can be determined by having the user enter values into
two input boxes at runtime (one for length and one for width).

Step 1: Use the function name and click Enter to carry out the same as in the
picture below.
 Step 2: First
input box (Enter x Value) appears upon execution. Enter a value.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: The width input box appears after the first value has been entered.

Step 4: When you have typed in the second number, hit the OK button. The
region appears as in the screenshot below.
 Author:
Umesh M anral
Chapter 6: VBA Comments
VBA Comments. Comments are lines of code skipped over when the code is
run. In the coding, these are shown as green text. Descriptions of the code are
provided in the comments. A comment is any remark in the VBA code after an
apostrophe. Knowing the proper usage of comments is crucial when working
with large and complex code. Comments assist us in understanding which
section of the code accomplishes what. It is beneficial for the sake of
progress.

1. Adding Single Line Comment in VBA

You can add comments to individual lines of code in several methods,

including single quotation marks (‘), the comment block button on the
ToolbarToolbar, or the Rem keyword. The quickest approach to comment on a
line in the programme is to place a single quotation mark at the beginning of
the line.

Step 1: Select the line where you want to insert a comment.

Step 2: Enter an apostrophe at the beginning of each line.
Step 3: Write the comment you want.
Step 4: Click Enter. The entered comment will turn green.

2. Adding Multi-Line Comment in VBA

Multi-line comments are helpful when we need to elaborate on our
description or the description itself is lengthy.
Step 1: Make sure your cursor is on the Tool Bar.
Step 2: Right-click on the Tool Bar and then on edit. A more comprehensive
Toolbar will show up. Drop it into your Tool Bar or drag it there.
Step 3: Choose the text you want to comment on and tap on Comment Block.

3. Using Buttons to add a Comment

Step 1: Visit ToolbarToolbar and right-click on it to appear a menu.
Step 2: Click on Customize to bring up a dialogue box.
Step 3: Go to edit in the left-side scrollable list.
Step 4: Scroll down the list on the right to find Comment Block and
Uncomment Block.

Step 5: Click on Comment Block and move it to the menu bar. It will simulate
a menu button in appearance.
Step 6: Select Uncomment Block and add it to your ToolbarToolbar by
clicking and dragging it there. It’ll have the appearance of a menu button.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 7: Open a discussion box and right-click the comment box.

Step 8: Click in the Name box and add to the beginning of the Comment
Block. Next, click outside the newly-appeared menu.
Step 9: Right-click on the Comment Block and choose Image and Text.

Step 10: Follow steps 7–9 again for the Uncomment Block, this time by right-
clicking on it and entering “&” in the Name field. In the drop-down menu that
appears, choose both the Image and the Text options.

Step 11: A shortcut for commenting and uncommenting has been made in the
VBA code editor. The keyboard shortcut for commenting a line is Alt + C,
while the one for uncommenting it is Atl + U.

Using Rem Keyword

Just type the Rem keyword at the beginning of a line to add a comment to that
line. No quotation marks or apostrophes are required.
Here are some rem keyword limitations:

Put at least one space before the Rem keyword at the beginning of your
comment. Rem must always be the first word of a line and cannot be used
between lines to comment on the entire line.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 7: VBA Dim
In Visual Basic for Applications, the term “dimension” is represented by the
VBA Dim. It also helps to set the names and types of variables. The macro
codes all begin with a VBA Dim.

Syntax
Dim [Insert Variable Name] as [Insert Variable Type]
The four varieties of Dim statements are as follows:

1. Basic Variables

It keeps only one value. It can be a Long String, Date, Double, or Currency.

2. Variant
VBA determines the data type at runtime. Even if it is best to avoid them,
there are times when adaptation is necessary.

3. Object
It is a type of variable with several associated procedures (called “subs” or
“functions”) and properties (values).
The Three Types of Objects are:

• Excel objects (Workbook, Worksheet, and Range).

• User objects
• External libraries

4. Array
Array is a group of objects or variables.

Reasons for Using VBS Dim

Following is some of the most compelling evidence in support of declaring
our program’s variables using VBA Dim:

• The code is straightforward to comprehend.

• It stores and organises data from a variety of sources.
• This feature ensures that the software is free of typos.
• It prevents inappropriate kinds of data from being stored and offers
recommended coding conventions.

Dim Statements Levels

There are three possible levels for declaring Dim statements, and they are:
Author: Umesh M anral

1. Procedural Level

A variable declared at the procedural level is called a “local variable.” If the

procedure has been finished, the variable can be deleted with the End
statement. When a process that uses a local variable calls another method, the
value of the local variable is preserved, but the variable is not made
accessible to the called procedure. When declaring a local variable in a
subordinate or function, the VBA Dim can also be utilised in static or private
statements. Local variables might have the same name among subordinates.

2. Module Level

In the declaration section of a code module, variables at this level are created
with the Dim or Private statement. These variables are private to the module
and accessible only from its processes. However, the external module has no
access to these variables. The most common usages of Private and Dim are at
the module and procedure levels, respectively.

3. Project Level

It is where you will put all of your public variables and where you should
only use public statements in your general declarations. The public keyword
allows us to declare these variables at the very start of the default module. It
can be used for any module and will be deleted when the workbook is closed.

Example:
An integer is a type we employ when declaring the data itself. Take three
integer variables that you have declared using the Dim keyword.
Step 1: Declare the integer variables x, y, and z.

Step 2: The MsgBox function helps show the value of the z variable.
Author: Umesh M anral Step 3: Hit the Run button, and the code produces the

following results. Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 8: VBA Variables
What are VBA Variables?

A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can
manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size
and layout of the variable’s memory; the range of the values that can be stored
within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the
variable.

The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore
character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and
lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive.

Below are a List of Constraints to Name the VBA Variable

1. The name of your variable cannot be more than 255 characters.

2. Letters must be used as the first character or not begin with a number.

For example, you can’t write a variable name that starts from a
number”1_helloworld”, the appropriate way to write is, “helloworld1”. It’s
not clear that a variable name cannot start with a number.

3. You cannot start with special characters like @, &, #, (.), (!) or cannot have
spaces because all these are not allowed.
4. Keyboards are not considered variable names.

Syntax for VBA Variable

It is important you declare the variables before using them by assigning names
and data types in VBA.
There are two main variable declarations in VBA: implicitly or explicitly.
Implicitly: let’s check the below example to know more about variables
declared implicitly. Author: Umesh M anral Explicitly: let’s check the below example
to know more about variables declared explicitly.
if Option Explicit is specified, the code will interrupt because it is missing
the required Dim statements for LngVariable and StrVariable.

How to Execute the Variables?

Before taking any step of executing the variables, we need to record a macro
in Excel. To record a macro, the following steps will help you:
Step 1: Select the Record Macro from the ribbon.

Step 2: After clicking, the Record Macro will appear. You can enter the
macro name such as Macro1.
Step 3: Click the OK button
Author: Umesh M anral
Step 4: At the top of your screen, direct your cursor to Stop Recording and
click on it.

Step 5: Open the macro editor and insert the code for the variable in Macro1.
Step 6: Execute the code for Macro1, and you will get the results below in
your sheet.

Author: Umesh M anral

Before declaring variables, we will create a simple VBA program that
displays an input box to ask for the user’s name and then shows a greeting
message.
Step 1: Navigate to the Developer tab and click on the Insert drop-down box.
Step 2: Select a Command Button, as shown in the below screenshot.

Step 3: A new dialogue window will appear on the screen.

1. Enter the Macro name and click on the new option on the right side of the
window.
2. You will get the code window and enter the following code.
 Author: Umesh M anral

Step 4: Close the code window. And, then

1. Right-click on the button named Button 1 which appears on your sheet and
then select the Edit Text option.
 2.
Click on “Button 1”.
3. After click on it. Then you will get the input box as shown in the below
screenshot.
4. Enter the name, i.e., Umesh Manral.
5. You will get the message box as shown in the below screenshot.

Author: Umesh M anral

How to Declare Variables?

A Dim statement is generally used to declare variables, which can be placed
inside a procedure to create a procedure-level variable. It can be placed at
the top of a module, in the Declarations section, to create a module-level
variable.

Let’s look at a simple VBA way of declaring variables. We will explain the
four types of variables, such as string, Integer, Long, and Date.
Step 1: Before, we inserted a Command Button in the excel sheet.

Step 2: Go to the Macros and select a created Macro, click on the “Step Into
“button and It opens the code window as shown in the below screenshot.
Step 3: Write down your code to declare the variables.
Author: Umesh M anral
Step 4: After the process, click on the Save button and save your file or press
(Ctrl S). 1. Click on the Excel icon to return the Excel sheet and you will get
the Design Mode “ON” as shown in the below screenshot.

2. Turn off the Design Mode before clicking on the command button and then
click on the Command button. It will show the variables as an output for the
range we declared in the code.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 9: VBA Constant
A constant is a named memory location that holds a value that cannot be
changed during script execution. If a user tries to modify a Constant value, the
script execution ends in an error. The same principle applies to constants, as
to variables.

Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a
floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are also
enumeration constants as well The constants are treated just like regular
variables except that their Values cannot be modified after their definition.

Below are Some Rules for Naming a Constant

1. You must use a letter as the first character.

2. You can’t use space, period (.), an exclamation mark (!), or the characters
#, $, &, @, * in the name.
3. Constant should be written in uppercase characters separated by
underscores. E.g. (a-z, A-Z, 0_9, and _)
4. The name cannot exceed 255 characters in length.
5. You cannot use Visual Basic reserved keywords as variable names.

Example:
In VBA you are allowed to declare constants as values can be defined only
once and cannot be modified. Let’s start with a constant declaration

1. Const myVar As Integer = 10

2. Dim x as Integer
3. x = myVar + 1 ‘OK!
4. myVar = 11 ‘ERROR! Constants cannot be redefined

Syntax
In VBA, we must assign a value to the declared constants, since if we attempt
to modify the value of the constant, an error is thrown.
Example:

Let’s check out s ome steps to work with constants:

Firstly, we will create or insert a command button.
Step 1: Click on the Developer Tab to open a drop-down from the ribbon.
Step 2: Click on the insert drop-down box at the top of your screen.

Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: Select a Command Button, as shown in the below screenshot.

Step 4: A new dialogue window will appear.
1. Right click on the Command Button as shown in the below screenshot.
Author: Umesh M anral

2. You will get the code and enter the following code.
Step 5: In the screenshot below, you will see that button named
CommandButton1 has been created.

Step 6: Click on a button such as CommandButton1, then the output of the

code will be revealed. You can check the below screenshot to confirm.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 10: VBA Arithmetic Operators
VBA Arithmetic Operators are used to perform operations such as adding,
subtracting, multiplying, and dividing of numbers. In these operations, numeric
values are calculated and they are represented by variables, functions,
constants, literals, property calls, and other expressions.

The following arithmetic operators are supported by VBA:

Addition (+): This operator is used to add up two or more numbers together.
Example:
Assume variable A holds 5 and variable B holds 10, then

Subtraction ( –): This operator is used to subtract numbers.

Example:
Assume variable A holds 5 and variable B holds 3, then
Multiplication (*): This operator is used to multiply numbers.
Example:
Assume variable A holds 4 and variable B holds 10, then

Author: Umesh M anral

Division: This operator is used to divide numbers i.e, you can divide the
numerator by the denominator.
Example:
Assume variable A holds 8 and variable B holds 2, then

Exponentiation (^): This operator is used to raise a number to the power of

another number. Example:
Assume variable A holds 4 and variable B holds 2, then

Modulus Operator (Mod): modulus arithmetic is performed using the Mod

operator. Divides a number and returns the remainder.

Author: Umesh M anral

Bit-Shift Operation

Bit shifting is a process on all of the bits of a binary value that shifts them by a
known number of places to the left or right, which is often used when the
operand is treated as a sequence of bits rather than a whole. In other words,
the operand is treated as individual bits that stand for something, and not as a
value.
The pattern can be shifted into the right with >> operator or into the left with
<< operator. The data type of the pattern operand is Byte, SByte, Short,
UShort, Integer, UInteger, Long, or ULong.

Arithmetic shifts are not circular, meaning the bits shifted off one end of the
result are not redefined at the other end. Also, the arithmetic shift moves all
the digits in the binary number along to the right. The vacated positions of the
bit by a shift are set as follows:

• for the arithmetic left shift.

• for the arithmetic right shift of a positive number.
• for the arithmetic right shift of the unsigned data type (Byte, UShort,
Uinteger, ULong).
• for the arithmetic right shift of the negative number (SByte, Integer, Short, or
Long).

Example:
In the below example, shifts the Integer value left or right both.
Bitwise Operations

• AND – requires 2 arguments

• NOT – requires 1 argument and reverses all bits
• OR – requires 2 arguments
• XOR – requires 2 arguments
Author: Umesh M anral

VBA Arithmetic Operator Example

Step 1: First add a Button to the excel sheet as we have shown that before.

1. Change the name property or CommandButton1_Click.

2. Right-click on the button and select the View Code option. You will get the
code window as shown in the screenshot below.
Step 2: Write the following code in between Private Sub
CommandButton1_Click() and End Sub as follows:
Step 3: Proceed and click on the Save button. Close the code editor window
and then turn off the Design Mode button. You can locate the design mode at
the top of your screen. Author: Umesh M anral
Step 4: As shown in the screenshot below, the indicator will instantly change
into a white background from the greenish-colored background.
Step 5: Click on the Add Operator button then you will get the output of the
code as shown in the below screenshot.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 11: VBA Logical Operator
Let's say you Want to Take a Customer Order, and for that, you First Want to
Check Whether the Ordered item is Actually Available. If so, you Want to
Double-Check the Amount of Each. Logical Operators Come in Handy in Such
Instances.

The Main Excel VBA Logical Operators are AND, OR, and NOT.

The and Logical Operator

The AND Operator also Accepts Multiple Arguments and Returns True or
False. The And Operator Requires That all of the Individual Elements be True
Before the Expression is Correctly Completed. The AND Operator Will
Return False if Three Expressions are Joined Together, and two of Them
Return True, but one Returns False.

Example:
The first Expression Returns True, and the Second Returns False. When you
Combine the two, the Whole Statement Returns False. We can Have Twenty
true Expressions, but if one of Them is False, Then the Entire Expression
Would be False.

Author: Umesh M anral

The OR Logical Operator

The OR Operator Allows you to Test Multiple Conditions, but What you're
Really Trying to Determine is Whether the Combined Statement is True or
False. If you Have Multiple Conditions, and one of Them Returns true, Then
the Expression in its Entirety will Return True.
Example:

The First Expression in the Code Below is True, While the Second
Expression is False, and if I Combine the Two, the Whole Expression is True
Because at Least one of the Expressions was True by Itself. If the First
Expression had Resulted in False, the Entire Expression Would have also
Resulted in False.

The NOT Logical Operator

Using the Not Operator, you can Return the Opposite of What Your Expression
Would Have Returned Without the Not Operator, either as a Stand-Alone
Basis or in Conjunction with the Or and “And Operators” Discussed Earlier.

In the Example Below, I Give the Regular Expression on the First line and
Give the Expression Using the Not Operator on the Following Line.
Author: Umesh M anral
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 12: VBA Comparison Operator
VBA Comparison operators can be used to compare numbers or strings and
perform evaluations. Expressions using comparison operators do not return a
number value, as do arithmetic expressions. Comparison expressions return
either 1, which is true, or 0, which is false. Some comparison operators
include equal to, less than, greater than, and not equal to.

In VBA, compression operators include less than (<), greater than (>), equal
to (=), less than equal to (<=), greater than equal to (>=), and not equal to
(<>).
The following examples show the comparison operators defined for VBA

1. Equal Sign (=)

This operator sign can be used to find out whether one thing is equal to
another. The result will be TRUE or FALSE. If one thing is greater than
another, then TRUE is produced, and False is produced.
Example:

2. Not Equal to (<>)

Not equal to operator is used to check if two values are not equal. If one thing
is equal to another. If one thing is equal to another, it returns FALSE or TRUE.
Author: Umesh M anral
3. Greater Than (>)

This symbol determines whether one number is greater than the other, and is
also a logical VBA operator with a return of either TRUE or FALSE.
Example:
4. Greater Than Equal to (> =)

The greater than equal to operator is used to check if the first value is greater
than or equal to the second value and returns True or False.
Author: Umesh M anral

5. Less Than (<)

This sign checks whether one number is less than the other number. It is also a
logical operator in VBA, where the result is either TRUE or FALSE.
Example:

6. Less Than Equal to (< =)

Less than equal operator is used to checking if the value that comes first is
less than or equal to the second value and returns True or False.
Author: Umesh M anral
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 13: VBA Select Case
VBA SELECT CASE is a statement for testing multiple conditions. In this
Statement, you can First Define a Condition and Then Specify a Code to Run
if that Condition is True, Then Specify a Second Condition and a Code to run
if That Condition is True. So, Multiple Conditions and Statements can be
Entered.

The VBA Select Case Statement is also known as Switch Case in Many other
Languages Such as:

• Java
•C+
• C#
• and JavaScript

Note that, if a Match is not Found in any of the Case Statements, the
Conditions will Surely be False. In This kind Case, the Code of the Case Else
Statement is Executed.

The Syntax for Select Case

Select Case Statement Follows the Following Syntax.

Author: Umesh M anral

Analysis

• In the FIRST part, it’s Important you Specify the “Test Expression” on
Which all the
Conditions get Tested.
• After That, in the SECOND Part, you Need to Specify the Case to Test (That
Means
Condition to Test).
• Now in the THIRD part, you Need to Write Another case Where you Need
to test if
the Condition in the Second Part is not TRUE.
• In the end, in the FOURTH part, you Need to Specify an Outcome that
Should Come
When Both the Above Cases are not TRUE.

Below are Some Examples that Explain the Execution of the Select Case
Statement. Example 1:
We Will Find a Condition Where i = True with the Help of the Select Case
Statement.
Author: Umesh M anral

If the condition is true, then the “Case True” block of the code will be
executed. Otherwise, the “Case False” block of the code will be executed.

In the Above Example, we Used the InputBox Function to get Values from the
User. Now Execute the Code and enter the Values of i.
Case 1: If the User Enter the Values of i and Press the OK Button.
 You can see the Values of i is
“Two”. After Clicking on the OK Button, it will Show the Following Output.

Case 2: If the Values of i is out of case number and

Click on the OK Button.

Author: Umesh M anral

Click on the OK Button Again and will Show the Following Result Below.
 Example 2:
We Want to Check the Entered Number by the User is Less Than Greater Than
or Equal to 50.
Here we Used The IS keyword With a Case Statement to Compare Values.
Now Execute the Code and Give any Value in Between 1 to 50.

Author: Umesh M anral Click on the

OK Button, and it Gives the Following Output.

Example 3:
In This Example, we Check the Multiple Conditions Within a Single Case
with the Help of the Select Case Statement.
This Code Will Check the Weather a Number is Even or odd When a User
Enters any Number From 1 to 10.
If you Take a Look, you will see That We Used (” “) to Compare Multiple
Conditions Within a Single Case Statement.
Author: Umesh M anral

Execute the Code by Using the Run Button and Enter any Number Start 1 to

10. Now Click on the OK

Button it Gives the Following Output.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 14: VBA Loops
This VBA Loops tutorial shows you how to use the different types of loops in
VBA such as For Next, For Each, Do While, and Do Until, with code
examples.
Loops are an essential feature of programming languages since they enable us
to repeat certain actions by using fewer lines of code.
In this tutorial, we will learn the different loop types available in VBA, their
advantages, and flowcharts, as well as some examples.

What are Loops?

Loops are used to repeat a set of statements as many times as necessary until a
given condition is met. A loop statement allows you to repeatedly execute a
statement or group of statements.
First, you must understand how to use loops to get the most out of Excel and
VBA. Following is the general form of a loop statement in VBA.

Types of VBA Loops

VBA provides the following types of loops to handle looping requirements.
Below is the analysis of the different types of each loop:

For Loop

It executed a sequence of statements and compressed the code that controls the
loop variable.
For loop, a variable runs through a sequence of values within a specified
range on each cycle. Then, for each value in VBA, the code is executed inside
the loop.
Author: Umesh M anral
The For loop above sets the variable i to the numbers 1, 2, 3,…, 10 and then
runs the VBA code inside the loop for each of these numbers. The loop thus
adds each element of the Integer i to the variable.

For Each Loop

For Each Loop is used to loop through a collection of items or arrays,

repeating the same set of statements for each item in the collection or array.
Cells, worksheets, pivot tables, etc., can be grouped together to make a
collection.
For example, let’s list down every worksheet in the current excel workbook.

Do While Loop

This loop checks for a condition and executes the loop body while that
condition is True. Author: Umesh M anral
The do…While loop statement

Do Until Loop

This loop is the opposite of the Do While loop, in Do Until, the rules for
ending the loop are specified. Therefore, if the condition is FALSE, the
statement inside the loop will be executed, but if the condition is TRUE, the
loop will be closed.
The Do…Until loop statement

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence so that all
remaining statements in the loop are not executed when execution leaves a
scope. VBA supports the following control statements:

1. Exit for Statement

This is useful when you want to exit the For Loop after satisfying a specified
set of conditions. Execution continues immediately after the Next statement
with the statement.

2. Exit do Statement
Exit Do is used when you wish to come out of the Do Loop after meeting
specific criteria. Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 15: VBA For Loop
As we’ve mentioned already, loops are used to repeat a set of statements as
many times as necessary until a given condition is met. They help to refract
your code, reducing the number of specifically coded actions that must be
performed to improve the speed and efficiency of your applications.

Flow Diagram

Things to Consider Before Using a VBA for Loop in Excel

A VBA For Loop is a flexible and broad-ranging programming method that

allows your code to perform an action sequentially and only stop when (and
when) certain conditions are met. There are a few things to consider before
creating this type of macro in Excel. These include:

1. If you want to have, you’re For loop end before the final value is reached,
you will need to add an Exit For a statement to your code, which will exit the
loop and continue on to the next line of code outside the loop if your code
continues. As an example, you could stop the loop when you push a button.

2. A VBA For Loop can be used to cycle through several numerical values in
sequence simply with a For Next Loop, while a more complex VBA For Each
Loop can cycle through more complex objects (such as workbooks in your
spreadsheet) in sequence.

3. VBA For Loops can be embedded within other logical statements, such as
an If or Do While statement, so you can build more complex decision-making
into your code. Author: Umesh M anral

Syntax
The For loop executes a block of code a specific number of times.
Example:
Explanation:

1. The counter variable is i, which is need to be declared.

2. The Start_value of the counter is 1, and its End_value of the counter is 10,
the two values stated are the numeric values.
Author: Umesh M anral

3. The keyword “Step” is optional, and it is a numeric value by which the

counter is incremented each time when the loop is run.

4. The next statement is increment the counter by the step value and returns to
the for the statement, which repeats the code if the counter value does not
exceed the “End_value” of
10.

5. Assuming the counter is equal to the End_value, the loop will be continued,
or it will be stopped only when the End_value exceeds.
Nested For Next Loops

A nested loop is a loop that is encased in another and is commonly used for
working in two dimensions, such as restarted printing stars in rows and
columns, as shown below. You can use the nested for loop to get the more
complex automation done in excel. There would be a “For Next” loop within
a “For Next” loop.
For example: Suppose you want to read all the worksheets name in all open
workbooks in your system.
Exit For Statement

When we need to exit the For loop based on a set of criteria, we use an Exit
For statement. When Exit For is executed, the control jumps to the next
statement immediately after the For loop.

Author: Umesh M anral

Flow Diagram

Example:
In the following example, Exit For is used. If the Counter’s value reaches 4,
the For Loop is exited, and the control moves to the next statement
immediately after the For Loop.
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 16: VBA For Each Loop
A For Each loop is used to execute a statement or a group of statements for
each element in an array or collection.

A For Each loop is similar to a “For” Loop, but the loop is run for each
element in an array or collection. In this type of loop, the step counter will be
absent because it is mostly used with arrays or File system objects in order to
recursively operate.

Syntax
In VBA, you can build a cycle through a set of collections using the “For
Each” loop. Here are some examples of collections using the For Each loop
in the excel VBA, such as:

• A collection of all the open Workbooks.

• A collection of all worksheets in a workbook.
• A collection of all the cells in a range of selected cells.
• A collection of all the charts or shapes in the workbook.
By using the “For Each” loop, you can go through each of the objects in a
collection and perform some action on it, such as if you were to go through all
of the worksheets in a workbook and protect them, or if you were to go
through all of the cells in a selection and change their formatting.

With the “For Each” loop (also known as the “For Each -Next” loop), you do
not need to know how many items exist in a collection as the “For Each” loop
will automatically go through each object and perform the specified action.

For example, if you wanted to read all the worksheets name in a workbook,
the code would be the same whether the workbook had 1 or 20 worksheets.
Author: Umesh M anral Example:
Suppose you have a workbook where you want to protect all the worksheets.
Such as:

In the code above, the variable ‘sht’ is denoted as a worksheet object, which
tells VBA that ‘sht’ should be interpreted as a worksheet object in the code.
Use the Statement ‘For Each’ to browse through each ws (which is a
worksheet object) in the collection of all the worksheets in the active
workbook.

Unlike other loops in which we have tried to protect all the worksheets in a
workbook, this one does not need to be concerned about how many
worksheets are in the workbook, as we don’t need to count them to run the
loop.

For Each loop ensures that all objects are analyzed one by one.

Now, to go Through all the Open Workbooks and Read all the
Workbooks Name
It can be useful to save all of the workbooks at once when working with
multiple workbooks at the same time.
The code below can do this for us:

Author: Umesh M anral

Note that in the above code, you will get a MsgBox that will show you all the
workbooks name which are opened.

Example:

Executes the above code, you will get the following output, such as:
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 17: VBA Do Until Loop
The Do Until loop is a useful Excel VBA function that repeats a series of
actions until the statement is FALSE. When the statement is FALSE, we want
the loop to end and the loop to naturally end.

Also, the condition is specified at the end of the loop, then the Do until Loops
condition is checked with each loop iteration, and a decision is made as to
whether the loop is true or false.

‘Do Until’ loops are very much like the ‘Do While’ loops.

Syntax Do Until… Loop Statements

Following is the syntax of a Do..Until loop in Excel VBA.

Flow Diagram
 Author: Umesh M anral

Example:
Suppose you want to show a MsgBox with the first ten integers using VBA’s
Do Until loop.

For that, you must run the loop until the next number is less or equal to 10. A
loop would be stopped when the number exceeded 10.
Here is the VBA code to run this loop and display the result in a message box.
The above loop continues to work until the value of ‘i’ becomes 11. As soon
as it becomes 11, the loop ends (as the ‘Until’ condition becomes True).

Do… Until Loop Statements

Do…Until loop is used to check the condition at the end of the loop.

Syntax
Author: Umesh M anral

Flow Diagram
Example:

The following example uses the Do…Until loop to check the condition at the
end of the loop. Even if the condition is True, all statements within the loop
are executed at least once.
After executing the code, you will get the following output in a message box.

Author: Umesh M anral

Exit Do Statement

You can exit the loop by using the ‘Exit Do’ statement: as soon as the code
executes the ‘Exit Do’ line, it exits the Do Until loop and passes control to the
next line immediately after. For example, you want to show a MsgBox with
the first 5 numbers only, then you can exit the loop as soon as the first 5
numbers are entered, as shown in the code below

In the above code, as soon as the value of ‘i’ becomes 5, Exit Do statment is
executed and the loop ends.
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 18: VBA Do While Loop
VBA Do while is a loop in which you have to specify a condition, and that
condition must be true for the loop to run. In other words, it first checks
whether the condition you’ve specified is true, and if it is true, it runs the
loop, and if it is false, it does nothing.

It tests the condition in each iteration and then executes the statement. For
example, if you need to add worksheets to Excel, but the total count of the
worksheets is 12 or lower. In this case, you can write the code using the do-
while loop.

NOTE: “The Do … Loop While Statements” check the condition at the end of
the Loop. We have two types of syntax in the Do while loop. So, let’s check
on the two types:

Do While… Loop Statement

The while condition is checked first before any code block is executed.

Syntax 1
Author: Umesh M anral
Syntax 2 Do… While Loop Statement

There is an alternate Syntax for Do…while loop. The code block is executed
first and then the while condition is checked.

Flow Diagram
 Example 1:

It tests for the condition in each iteration and then executes the statement. For
example, suppose you want to show a MesgBox with “i” Count numbers in
Excel when the total numbers of the “i” Count is 10. In this case, you can
write the code using the do-while loop.

Below is the VBA code that will run this Do While loop and then show the
result in a message box.
Author: Umesh M anral The stated loop continues to work until the value of ‘i’
becomes 10. Immediately the loop becomes 11, the loop ends (as the While
condition becomes False).
Example 2:
we will use Do…while loop to check the condition at the end of the loop in
this example. The statements inside the loop should execute at least once,
even if the condition is False.
After the execution of the code, you will get the following output.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 19: VBA String Operator
VBA String Operator. String operators are used to manipulate string data. A
string can include alphabets, numbers, and special characters in a sequence. A
string’s special advantage is that it can contain all kinds of characters in a
single string.

For example, you can concatenate the value of “Hello” and “World” in a
single string.

Examples of Strings in Excel

Alphabets
Str1 = “AnyText”
Numbers
Str2 = “17”
Special Characters
Str3 = “!@#$”
String Operator in VBA

Concatenate (&): Two Strings or Values are Combined Together Using a

Concatenate Operator. This is one of

str1 = “Hello”
str2 = “World”
For Example, strValue = str1 & ” ” & str2
Output: Hello World
Example:
Step 1: Add a Button to the Excel Sheet as we Have shown in the Previous
Article. 1. Change the Name Property Such as cmdBtnConatenate.

Step 2: on the Button and Select the View

Code Option. You will get the code Window as Shown in the Below
Screenshot.
 Step 3: Write the Following Code in Between Private Sub
Author: Umesh M anral

cmdButtonConcatenate_Click and End Sub as follows.

MsgBox “Hello” & “World”, vbOKOnly, “Concatenate Operator”

Step 4: Click on the Save

Button and Close the Code Editor Window.
Step 5: Turn off the Design Mode Button.

Step 6: The Indicator will

Change into a white Background from the Greenish-Colored Background as
Shown in the Screenshot.

Step 7: Click on the

cmdButtonConcatenate button.
Step 8: Execute the Above Code and get the Type of Output Shown in the

Below Screenshot. Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 20: VBA String Functions
Excel users typically store information as strings. As a result, string functions
have become highly significant. You may find the number of characters in a
given string value, join or divide two strings at once, extract a subset of
characters from a string, or remove whitespace using these functions. The left-
side string values can be trimmed.

6 String Functions in VBA

Several string functions in VBA let the user change the characters in a string
and work with text data in the code. Here are the top six string functions that
we frequently utilise while dealing with string information in our daily lives:

1. LEN String Function

The VBA LEN function is an acronym for “LENGTH.” The function tells the
user how many characters are in the string.

Syntax
Len (String)
Program: Find out how long the string “Hello World” is by using VBA Macro.
Output
Hit the F5 key to execute the code and get the result. You will get the MsgBox
in your Excel sheet showing output 11.

2. LEFT String Function

The VBA LEFT Function helps derive the characters’ length from the left side
of the specified string.

Syntax

Program: Write a VBA macro that uses the LEFT function to get “Robin
Simon” as the first name from the string.
Author: Umesh M anral
Output
Press the F5 key to execute the code and get the result.

3. RIGHT String Function

Values can be taken from the right side of the string, similar to the left side.

Syntax
RIGHT (String, Length)
Program: Write a VBA macro that uses the RIGHT function to get “Robin
Simon” as the first name from the string.

Output
Author: Umesh M anral
Tap the F5 key to run the code and get the result.

4. MID String Function

String functions are helpful. They let the users obtain characters from the right
or left side of the string and characters from the middle.

Syntax
MID (String, Start As Long, [Length])
Program: Write a VBA programme to get the characters in the middle of the
string.

Output
Enter the F5 key to run the code and obtain the result.

Author: Umesh M anral

5. TRIM String Function

The TRIM function in VBA helps clean up data. It will eliminate any space
characters that don’t belong in the string. This function is easy to use. It takes
as a parameter a string value that you want to trim.

Syntax
TRIM (String)
Program: Write a VBA programme with the MID function to remove the extra
spaces from the string “Hello, Do you love VBA?”

Output
Hit the F5 key to execute the code and obtain the result.

6. Instr String Function

The VBA Instr String function can help you find where a specific character is
in the string you give it.

Syntax

InStr([start], string, substring, [compare])

Program: Write a programme that finds the letter ‘W’ in the string ‘Hello
World’.
Author: Umesh M anral
Output
Press the F5 key to execute the code and obtain the result.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 21: VBA LEFT Function
The VBA LEFT Function helps to get the number of characters or substring
only from the left side of the String or from the user-provided value. When
this function is used in VBA code, it returns a part of the String from the
beginning. Specifically, the VBA LEFT function only returns the substring that
begins at the leftmost position of the input string.

This function is helpful in Excel both as a VBA function and as a worksheet

function. It can be included in the formula in the cell. The VBA LEFT function
is in the group of functions called “text.” It works the same way as the LEFT
function in an Excel worksheet.

The VBA Left function takes a string and gives back a string-based result. If
the string argument given to this function is Null, it will return Null. As its
name suggests, the VBA Left function only takes the characters on the left side
of the String. When the LEFT and the InStr function are used, we can find the
space in VBA. It makes it easy for the user to tell which word is in the given
String.

Syntax
Left (String, Length)

Parameter

String (required): The String argument denotes the length of the String we
want to extract. Length (required): It is the number of characters from the left
portion of the specified String you want to get.
Example:
Here are the steps for writing a VBA macro to use the VBA Left function to
get the first name from the given String:
Step 1: Open the tab for the VBA developer. Open the Excel worksheet, click
on the ribbon tab, the developer window, the visual basic editor, or just press
Alt+F11.
Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. Next, you need to do a module.
Click on Insert on the ribbon, then click on Module.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: You’ll see that VBA adds a new window for the Module. The
programme’s first step is to declare the variables and then to name your
macro.

Step 4: Now add the LEFT function. We will put the String in the arguments
and 5 in the length argument because we want to get the first five characters
from the left side of the String. Put the value of fetch into our variable, and
then use MsgBox to return the variable.

Output
Either click Run or press the F5 key to run your macro. It will cause VBA to
launch a MsgBox showing the first five characters of your String, starting from
the left.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 22: VBA Right Function
The VBA RIGHT function derives characters from the right side of the text
values you give it. Excel has a lot of text functions to help us deal with data
that is in text form. The LEN, LEFT, RIGHT, and MID functions are great
ways to get characters out of text values. One common way to use these
functions is to separately get the first and last names from the full terms.

The VBA RIGHT function takes a string and gives back a string-based result.
If the string argument given to this function is Null, it will return Null. As its
name suggests, the VBA RIGHT function takes only the rightmost characters
from the String. The space can be found when the RIGHT function is used
with the InStr function.

It makes it easy for the user to tell which word is in the given String. The
worksheet also has the RIGHT formula. The VBA RIGHT function can only
be accessed through the worksheet function class. So, VBA also has the built-
in RIGHT function.

Syntax
RIGHT (String, Length)

Parameter
String (required): The length of the String to be extracted is represented by the
String argument.
Length (required): The length argument tells you the number of characters
from the right portion of the String you want to get.

Example:
Find the last name from the string “Hello World”.

The VBA RIGHT function is one of the built-in functions frequently used by
Excel users to retrieve data from the right side of a String or user-supplied
value.
Here are the steps for writing a VBA macro to use the VBA RIGHT function
to get the first name from the given String:
Step 1: Go to File > New > VBA Developer. Go to the Excel worksheet,
click on the ribbon tab, then on the developer window and visual basic editor,
or press Alt+F11.

Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. The following measure is to do
a module. Select Module from the Insert menu in the ribbon.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: You will see that VBA adds a new window for the Module. Initiate
the programme by declaring the variable and introducing your macro name.

Step 4: After that, we’ll add the RIGHT function. In the arguments, we will
pass the String. In the length argument, we will give 5 since we want to get the
first five characters from the right segment of the String.

Step 5: Put the obtained value in the variable, and then use MsgBox to return
the variable.
Output
Either click Run or press the F5 key to run your macro. You’ll see that VBA
launches a MsgBox showing the first five characters of your String from the
right.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 23: VBA LEN Function
The VBA LEN function helps to get the length of a given string. The variant
variable is seen as a string by the VBA Len. When working with variables
that are either strings or variations, the VBA Len Function helps to determine
how many characters are there. Let’s say you declare the VBA Len function
using variables other than an integer, long, single, or double. The function will
calculate the number of bytes required to store the given variable and return
that value.

People often confuse the Len function with the Excel worksheet function.
Since it is a built-in function for both worksheet and VBA, it has the same
syntax, arguments, and output (both return the length of a string). The LEN
function is available in the Microsoft Visual Basic Editor as a VBA function
that can be useful in a macro.

Syntax
Len (Expression)

Parameters
Expression (required)- This parameter is either a string or a variable whose
length you want to figure out.

Return

The Len function in VBA returns the number of characters in the supplied
String if the Expression is of String or variant data type or the number of bytes
needed to keep the variable if the Expression is of integer, long, single, or
double data type.

Example:
Obtain the length of the string “Hello World”.
The LEN string function is the most popular in VBA. It instantly gives back
the number of characters in the String or the value specified. This way, it
assists users across a range of logical frameworks.

Step 1: Open up your Excel file. You can open the Visual Basic window by
clicking on Developer Window > Visual Basic Editor or pressing Alt + F11.

Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. Next, you need to build a
module. Click on Insert on the ribbon, then click on the Module.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: A module will be added. Our macro will be explicitly written in this
module window. Initiate the programme by giving the programme’s name and
then declaring the variable.
Step 4: Calculate the String length using the VBA LEN function. It will ask
you for the Expression later in the function. Next, pass the String (“Hello
World”).
Next, we will put the obtained value in the variable and use MsgBox to show
the function’s output.

Output
Either click Run or press the F5 key to run your macro. You will get the

following result. Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 24: VBA TRIM Function
Sometimes we download data from online servers, and the data needs to be in
the correct order, or there are extra spaces in the cell. Working with spaces
that don’t need to exist is challenging. The TRIM function in VBA helps
eliminate any additional spaces in your data.

It will eliminate all the extra areas between your String’s characters. So, in
Excel, we use the TRIM function to eliminate “leading spaces, trailing spaces,
and in-between spaces” in regular Worksheet functions. There is also a TRIM
function in VBA. It works the same way as the Excel function, with a tiny
difference.

The TRIM function in VBA helps to get rid of any extra spaces in your data.
The syntax for both VBA Trim and Worksheet Trim is the same. It can only
eliminate spaces at the start and last of a word. We can trim a lot of data at
once without looking at how many extra areas are in the cells. There is little
chance that any extra space will be saved.

Syntax
TRIM (String)

Parameter

String (Required): The parameter is the String from which you will remove
extra spaces at the beginning, end, and in between.

The Work of the Trim Function

The TRIM function helps get rid of three different kinds of spaces, such as:

1. Leading Space
The spaces that come before a value in a cell are called leading spaces (if
any).
2. Trailing Space

The spaces that come after the last number in a cell are called trailing spaces
(if any).

3. In-Between Space

In-between Space is the space that comes at the last of each word. In-Between
space is anything that has more than one space character. By default, there
should be one space character after every word.

Example:
Get rid of the extra spaces in the String. ”Hello World”

Here are the steps to write a VBA macro to use the VBA TRIM function to get
rid of any extra spaces in a given string:
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 1: Open the tab for the VBA developer. Go to the Excel worksheet, click
on the ribbon tab, and then click on the developer window. Tap on the visual
basic editor or press Alt+F11.

Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. Next, you need to do a module.
Click on Insert on the ribbon, then click on Module.
Step 3: Insert the Moule window. Start with the macro name and then the
variable declaration.

Step 4: The next step is to provide the TRIM function with the desired String.
Save the result of the TRIM function in the variable. When finished, the output
will be shown using the VBA MsgBox function.
Author: Umesh M anral

Output
You can activate the macro by selecting Run from the VBA ribbon toolbar or
pressing the F5 key. A MsgBox will be displayed in Excel immediately.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 25: VBA MID Function
People often use the MID Function to get a substring out of a fulltext string.
It’s considered a variable of the String type. The VBA Mid function lets you
get the middle part of a full-text string. String functions in VBA do not modify
the supplied String. In most cases, the function you specify in the code will
return a new string. Excel’s Mid function returns a specified number of
characters from the text or String.

When you press CTRL + SPACE in the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
macro window, a drop-down menu called VBA IntelliSense displays. When
you press the spacebar after typing MID, the syntax will appear. The function
will return a Null value if the string argument provided is Null. If the start
number parameter’s value is greater than the text string argument’s length, the
VBA MID function will return a null string.

Syntax
Mid(string_to_search, starting position, number_of_characters)

Parameter

1. String or text_string or string_to_search (required): The length of the

String we want to extract is shown by the String argument.
2. Starting point or start_number (required): The number of characters
from the sub-string should be taken.
3. Length or number_of_characters (optional): This length argument tells
you the number of characters you want to get from the start position.

Example:
Find the middle name from the string “Robin Mark Simon”.

O ne of VBA’s built-in functions, the MID function, is used by many users to

get only a part of the String or value given by the user. Here are the steps for
writing a VBA macro to use the VBA Left function to get the middle name
from the given String:
Step 1: Open the tab for the VBA developer. Go to the Excel worksheet, click
on the ribbon tab, and then click on the developer window. Tap on the visual
basic editor or press Alt+F11.

Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. Next, you need to do a module.
Click on Insert on the ribbon, then click on Module.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: The VBA adds a new window for the Module. Start the programme
by implementing the name of your macro and declaring the variables.

Step 4: Next, add the VBA MID function. In the arguments, we will give the
String, the start character, which is 6, and the length, which is 5, as we want to
get the first four characters of our middle substring.

Output
Either click Run or press the F5 key to run your macro. So, you will see that
VBA will throw a MsgBox with the middle String in it.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 26: VBA Split Function
When dealing with VBA Excel, the user may need to split a string into
substrings according to a given delimiter. For instance, if given a location,
you can use the VBA Split function to separate different parts of the place
with a space (in this case, the space is the delimiter).

The SPLIT String function divides a string into substrings based on the
delimiter that is given. It gives back a one-dimensional array that starts at 0
and holds the parts of substrings. The VBA Split function is one of the
String/Text Functions that come with the programme. In the Microsoft Visual
Basic Editor, the code for this function is written in VBA macro. But you can
also use Split in Excel spreadsheets as a function.

Syntax
Split (Expression, [Delimiter], [Limit], [Compare])

Parameter

1. Expression (required)
The parameter is the input string that you will split based on the delimiter.
2. Delimiter (Optional)

This parameter shows the delimiter used to split the String. It usually includes
the “Expression” argument. For example, suppose you have a string “Hello,
World! “. In this case, a comma is a delimiter with the Split function to
different substrings. If you don’t give a value for this argument, the default is
the space character.

3. Limit (Optional)

An optional parameter lets the user say how many substrings they want to
return in total. For example, if you only want to get the first three substrings
from the String, you would put 3 in this argument. If you don’t give a value for
this argument, the default is -1, which provides you with all the substrings.
4. Compare (Optional)
It returns the type of comparison the user wants to use in the SPLIT function
when evaluating the substrings.

• When compare is 0, it means that the comparison is binary. It’s useful when
your delimiter is a text string, like “XYZ,” since this is case-sensitive. The
letters ‘XYZ’ and ‘xyx’ will look different.
• When compare is 1, 1 shows the Text comparison. It helps if your delimiter
is a text string, like XYZ. Though you have “xyz” in the “Expression” String,
it will be seen as a delimiter.

Author: Umesh M anral Examples:

Split the String by the Default Space Delimiter

VBA Split is a built-in function that helps quickly divide a string into
substrings based on the delimiter that is given. The following are the steps to
creating a VBA macro to use the Split function to divide your String:

Step 1: Navigate to the VBA developer tab or press Alt + F11, which is a
keyboard shortcut, or by going to developer window > visual basic editor.

Step 2: You’ll see the VB Editor. Next, you need to do a module. Right-click
on the VBA Project, then click Insert, then click Module.
Step 3: Insert the Moule window. Create the macro and then declare the
variable. Following that, present a method known as Result ().
Check out the macro code below:
Step 4: Call the Split function, give it the string “Textstr,” and store the value
in the result method.
Author: Umesh M anral
Check out the macro code below:
Output
Tap the F5 key to execute the code and get the results. As a result, the Split
function breaks up the string ‘StrText’ into smaller strings and stores each in
the StrResult array. The following substrings will be available in the backend:

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 27: VBA Instr Function
The VBA InStr function is used to find out if a string is contained in another
line of text and it returns the first position of its occurrence operations. If the
text is not found, it returns (0), otherwise it returns the character in which the
text is found.

For instance, if you want to find the position of ‘x’ in ‘Excel’, using the Excel
VBA InStr function would return 2.

Syntax of InStr Function

InStr ([Start], String1, String2, [Compare])

• [Start]: An optional parameter. This is an integer value that tells the InStr
function the starting position from which it should start searching.
• String1: A required parameter. This is the main string and can also be
referred to as the parent string) in which you want to search.
• String2: A required parameter. This is the substring that you are searching
for.
• Compare: An optional parameter. It specify the string comparison to be
used.
The compare argument settings are analyze in the below table:

1. vbUseCompareOption: It performs the comparison with the help of setting

of the Option Compare statement.
2. vbBinaryCompare: This would do a character-by-character comparison.
For example, if you’re searching for ‘x’ in ‘Excel, it will return 2, while if
you’re searching for ‘X’ in ‘Excel, it will return 0 as X is in uppercase. If the
[Compare] argument is omitted, then 0 is used as the default value.
3. vbTextCompare: This would perform a textual comparison. For example,
if you search for ‘x’ or ‘X’ in Excel, it would return 2 in both the cases. This
function ignores the letter case. You can also use 1 instead of vbTextCompare.
4. vbDatabaseCompare: This can be used for Microsoft Access only. It uses
the information in the database to perform the comparison.

Author: Umesh M anral

Some Important Points are:

• InStr is a VBA function and not a worksheet function, so you cannot use it in
a worksheet.
• The InStr function returns 0 if it cannot find the substring within the main
string.
Example 1:
In this example, I will use the InStr function to find the position of ‘r’ in the
word “Hello World”. You can follow the coding in the below screenshot.

Either you can run the above code using the F5 key, or you can also run the
code manually if you like, and you will get the following output, such as

Example 2:
Suppose, I want to find the position of ‘R’ in the sentence “Hello World”. We
will use the compare argument as vbBinaryCompare, as shown in the below
screenshot. Author: Umesh M anral

In conclusion, you can now execute the above program, the supplied compare
argument as vbBinaryCompare InStr function returns the zero because there is
no uppercase “R” letter exists in the word “Hello World”.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 28: VBA Date Format
The Date Format function accepts a date expression as input and returns a
string comprising the expression in the specified format. The Format function
is a built-in one in Excel VBA that may be broken down into two subsets:

• Date Function
• Time Function
Dates can be formatted in Excel VBA in two distinct methods
• NumberFormat property of cells
• The VBA Format function. For example, Variables

Syntax

Here is the syntax for Excel VBA’s date format:

Format (expression, [format, [firstdayofweek, [firstweekofyear]])
Expression (Necessary): It represents the formatted value.

Format (Optional): It is a format that the user sets up for the expression.
There is no restriction on whether or not we utilise our custom-defined format
or predefined named formats.
FirstDayOfWeek (Optional): The value states the first day of the week. If
the format function is not given a declaration for the first day of the week, it
will assume Sunday as the first day. It can have any of the following values:
FirstWeekOfYear (Optional): It is a value that tells the first week of the
year. If the first week of the year is not specified, the format function assumes
that the first week starts on the 1st.
Author: Umesh M anral
Example:
Step 1: Move to the Developer tab and choose Visual Basic from the list.

Step 2: Create a new Module by clicking the Insert button.

Step 3: Double-click the Module you just added to create a code window.
Step 4: Write the code for the VBA Date Format function as shown below:
Author: Umesh M anral
Step 5: Now, click the Run button and run the code above. It will give you

results like: Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 29: VBA ARRAY Function
Arrays are useful to group objects that are the same in any programming
language. VBA is based on the same idea. Most of the time, Arrays are used
in VBA to store more than one value in a single variable. A total of nine
distinct array functions are available in VBA.

The VBA Array function returns a variant with an array of the same data type.
The function quickly and easily initialises an array in your macro module. The
VBA Array function is often useful to store many values in the variable.

If no arguments are given, a zero-length array is created. You can store either
a twodimensional or a multi-dimensional array by using the Array Function in
your programming language. An array’s position starts at 0 instead of 1. The
first row and column are represented by Array (0).

Syntax
Array(arglist)

Parameters

Arglist(required): The parameter is a list of elements isolated by commas

that are assigned to the values of the array inside the Variant. If you don’t give
any arguments, a zero array is made.

Example:
Use the Array Function in VBA to store string values
Follow the steps below to use the VBA Array Function to store String values:

Step 1: Open up your Excel file. You can open the Visual Basic window by
clicking on Developer Window > Visual Basic Editor or pressing Alt + F11.
Step 2: You will see the VB Editor window. Next, you need to do a module.
Click “Insert” on the ribbon, then click “Module”.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: A module will be added. Our macro will be written in this module.
Launch the program by giving the programme’s name, followed by
“declaring” the variable.

Step 4: Now involve the Array function, passing five strings as input. We will
use MsgBox and watch window to display VarArray(0), VarArray(1),
VarArray(2), VarArray(3), and VarArray(4) later on.

The Array length was determined with the help of the UBound and LBound
functions.

Output
Click the Run button on the VBA toolbar, or hit the F5 key, to activate the
macro. Also, you can hit the F9 key, to show watch window.
Author: Umesh M anral

Click on VarArray () to ‘Add Watch’ winow. You will see that Excel shows
the watch window expression right away.
 VBA will open MsgBox showing the array’s size.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 30: VBA Workbooks Open
VBA Workbooks Open. A workbook is an object in Excel VBA. It can make
chart sheets, cells and ranges, shapes, and chart objects, among other things.
We can open a specific workbook, save it, close it, make a new one, change
its properties, and do many other things. In Excel VBA, there are two ways to
open a workbook. These are:

• The Workbooks.Open method.

• The Application.GetOpenFilename method.

Syntax
“Workbooks.Open Filename:=” File_Name”

“File Name” is the name of the Workbook file that we want to open. When we
need the Workbook’s file name, we need to give the file’s path, name, and
extension, such as (.XLSX), (.xlsm), (.XLS), etc.

Workbooks.Open Method

VBA Workbooks.Open is a method for opening an Excel file from another

Excel file. The method comprises 15 optional arguments. With these 15
optional arguments, you can set how the Workbooks.Open way work in
different ways.

Example:
Let’s say you want to open a file called “Test File” in Excel. This file is
stored on the computer in the D drive.

Follow these steps to open “Test File”:

Step 1: Make a macro in the Workbook.
Step 2: In the Workbook, click on the File button.
Step 3: Hit the Options in the menu.
Step 4: Now, click on the option “Customize Ribbon.”
Step 5: Click on the OK button and then on the Developer tab.
Step 6: The Developer tab now appears in the Excel workbook’s main tab.
Step 7: Click the Developer tab and choose Visual Basic from the list of
options. Step 8: The code window comes up when you click the Visual Basic
option. Step 9: Now, type the code below.

Author: Umesh M anral

Step 10: Click on the Run button to run the code.

The “Test File” Excel file, saved on the system’s D drive, opens
automatically. There is no subfolder to get to the file, so the path given is
apparent. The Macro will fail to run if the correct file path is not specified or
an incorrect file name is given. Therefore, the file’s name and location should
be accurate.

Application.GetOpenFileName Method

The limitations of Workbooks are overcome by using this technique. While the
prior approach worked, it had issues whenever the path or file name was
modified. You can search for a file on your computer using the Application
GetOpenFileName method. The tool makes it easy to track down the stored
data. The VBA Workbooks are still required to access the file. It has five
arguments.

Example:
Follow the steps below to open the saved file:
Step 1: Navigate to the Developer menu and pick the Visual Basic sub-menu.
Step 2: Give a name to your Macro by typing the following into the code box.
Step 3: Write the statement that makes Filename a variable.

Step 4: Open a dialogue window by typing this statement.

Author: Umesh M anral

Step 5: If the Filename is not equal to false, the next step is to write an If-
Then statement in the code that will open the specified Excel file.
Step 6: Hit Run to put the preceding code into effect. It opens up a dialogue
box.

• Go to the file’s location on the desktop.

• The D file is finally visible.
• Choose the file and hit the Open button.
Here, the file name and path aren’t needed. We can rapidly find and open a
saved file. This method is better than using Workbooks.Open method.
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 31: Excel VBA Range
The VBA property “Range” allows you to narrow your selection to a single
cell, a range of cells, a row, a column, or a region in three dimensions. The
VBA range object in Excel can refer to a single cell or multiple cells across
several rows and columns.

Using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), Excel may be programmed with
recorded macros that can then be played out automatically. The result is a
more rapid and precise execution of the repetitious tasks. As part of executing
the macros, VBA locates the cells where the actions above are to be taken.
The range object in VBA is helpful for such situations. The VBA range
property is valuable in various cases, much like the worksheet property.

Syntax
Range (Cell1, [Cell2]) As Range

How to use the VBA Range Function in Excel?

The range object is referred to in a hierarchical fashion in Excel VBA. The
following objects make up this hierarchical structure of three levels:

1. Object Qualifier
It tells the location of the object. The item is stored in a workbook, also
known as a worksheet.

2. Property
This holds information about the object.

3. Method
It describes the operation that the object will carry out. Example: Methods
include sorting, formatting, selecting, cleaning, etc., performed on a range of
data.
When referencing a VBA object, be sure to use the provided hierarchy. The
dot operator (.) separates these three parts in the following way:
Application. Workbooks. Worksheets. Range

Range Property

The cells in a Worksheet can be accessed via a number of its properties. Most
actions on Excel worksheets, such as “A1,” “A3:C6,” and others, share a
typical argument with the range property.

The range property is helpful for two distinct classes of objects:

• Worksheet Objects
Author: Umesh M anral
• Range Objects

Syntax

Application.Workbooks(“Book1.xlsm”).Worksheets'(“Sheet1”).Range(“A1”)
The Range property is quite versatile and is useful for various purposes.
These responsibilities involve:

• A single cell by using the Range property.

• A single cell using the Worksheet. Range property.
• A complete column or row.
• Merged cells by Worksheet.Range property, etc.
Cell Property

The Cell property is quite analogous to the Range, except for its “item”
property, which helps to refer to specific cells in a spreadsheet. The
programming loop can benefit from cell property.

For Example:
Cells.item(Row, Column)
• Cells.item(1,1) or
• Cells.item(1, “A”)

Range Offset Property

The Range offset property helps select rows or columns and shift them away
from their initial location. Cells are chosen based on the Range declared.

Syntax
Range(“A1”).offset(Rowoffset:=1, columnoffset:=1).Select
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 32: VBA Functions
VBA Functions. A function is a group of statements that together perform a
task. Every C program has at least one function, which is the main one, and all
the most trivial programs can be defined as additional functions.

Program codes can be divided into separate functions depending on the user’s
initiatives but logically the division usually is to allow each function to
perform a specific task.

You can create a function or a user-defined function that can be used as

regular functions in a worksheet in VBA, which is great when an existing
excel function is not enough. In these situations, you can create your own user-
defined function to suit your needs.

You can place a function into a module. Let take a look at the following steps:
Step 1: Navigate to the Developer checkbox and click on the Visual Basic
editor.

Step 2: Click on the Insert button and select the Module option from the drop-
down menu.

Syntax

For example, suppose a function named Sum in the following code, such as:
Author: Umesh M anral

Explanation:
In this example, two arguments (of type double) and a return type (of type
double) are used. The function name Sum is used to indicate which result you
wish to return, such as (x + y). Then, using the function’s name (Sum) and a
value for each argument, you can call this function from elsewhere in your
code.
To do this, you must insert a command button on your worksheet and include
the code below and write the function in worksheet cells:

User Defined Function:

=VBAFuncation_Example_1(2,5)

Explanation:

You can use another variable sumValue to store the result. The function returns
a value, so you have to detect these values in your code. You can also change
this variable by displaying its value in a worksheet cells.

After write the functions in Cells (A1) on the sheet, the following message
will appear.
Example:

Author: Umesh M anral

A function is identical to a subroutine, but the only difference between the two
is that a function returns a value when it is called, while a subroutine does
not.
If you want to find the area, you must create a function that accepts the values
that are possible to be returned by the function name itself.
Step 1: Add a Command Button to the worksheet.

1. Then set the Name property of the Command

button and set the Caption property of the Command button. Now, the interface
looks like the below screenshot.
Step 2: Open the code window and write the following code.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 3: Write the code that calls the function.

1. Right-click on the cmdVBAFunction_Click command button and select the
View Code option.
2. Add the following code as shown above.
Step 4: Run the above code, and you will get the following results as shown
in the below screenshot.

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 33: VBA Option Explicit
Option Explicit helps to define variables when writing code. It’s possible that
the developer misspelt a variable or forgot to define it in his code. The code
will run without giving an error message, but we will still get a result. If we
have a lot of code, like thousands of lines, but only a few variables are
undefined or misspelt, it will be very time-consuming to check each line of
code again and again.

VBA has a solution called “Option Explicit Statement” to ensure this doesn’t
happen. The statement is at the top of the code, which means that any user
must define the variable. It is also important because it shows which variable
has yet to be determined.

Methods to use Option Explicit in VBA

There are two methods to use Option Explicit in VBA.
Method 1: The first way is to write a statement option explicit at the top of
our subprocedure and then continue with the rest of our code, as shown in the
image below.

Above, there is a blue sentence that says “Option Explicit”. Now, when we
run the code, we get the following error.

Method 2: We don’t need to write Option Explicit on every code page. We

can tell VBA to add this statement to our modules by giving it some
instructions. Below are the steps to follow.

Step 1: Select the Tools tab in the VB Editor’s headers, and then click on
Options from the list of options that appears.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 2: When you click on Options, a box like the one below will open.
Step 3: Choose the “Require Variable Declaration” option and click OK.
Start the module again to notice the changes in the VB Editor. The VB Editor
will now have the Option Explicit option for any module.

Examples:
Write a VBA command button to implement Option Explicit.
Step 1: Open Excel and click the Developer tab ->Visual Visual Basic-
>Insert Module.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 2: The VBA editor window appears.

Step 3: Write code to display a MsgBox with the value 30 whenever the Run
icon is clicked.

Step 4: Click on Run icon on the top of VBA editor. Now a MsgBox displays
30.
 Step 5: We will manually add the option explicit
statement to the top of your code.

Step 6: Click the Run icon again, and this time the compile error appears.
Author: Umesh M anral

Step 7: Since we have yet to state our variable, it compiles incorrectly. It

highlights undeclared variables. Fix the code by putting the variable definition
at the top of your module.

Step 8: Click on the Run icon to see the output MsgBox.

Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 34: VBA Error Handling
VBA code is generally error-prone because even the most careful
programmer can commit syntax or logic mistakes. Errors and mistakes are
common because code can never be perfect. The Error Handling Standard is a
formalised approach to coding that allows us to track and fix software
defects. It's a method for anticipating mistake conditions and determining how
best to respond automatically, avoiding a system failure.

Types or Error
There are three common forms of VBA programming errors. They are:

• Syntax Errors
• Compile Errors
• Runtime Errors
• Logical Errors.

1. Syntax Errors

Syntax errors (compile errors) occur at the interpretation time for VBScript.
In the following code, for instance, we get a syntax error because we spelt the
name of an object wrong (worksheet instead of worksheets).
Example:

VBA will show a Syntax error when you run the above code.

Author: Umesh M anral

2. Compile Errors

Compile errors arise when in the code something got missing that is essential
for the macro to operate. When dealing with VBA, there are often cases where
the syntax is proper on a single line of code, but a mistake appears when the
entire project's code is examined. The following are some frequent causes of
compilation errors:
• Using the For loop without the Next statement
• Using the Select statement in your macro without the End Select statement
• Defining a Sub or Function that doesn't exist in your programme
• Calling a Sub or Function with the incorrect parameters
• Option Explicit is at the top of your code, but variables are not declared at
the top.

Example:
Using If without End IF

VBA will show a compile error when you run the above code.
3. Runtime Errors

Exceptions and runtime errors are the same things. These errors happen when
the code is being run after it has been interpreted.
Author: Umesh M anral Example 1:

When you try to run the above macro, you'll get a runtime error because the
syntax is correct, but variable length is exceed as Integer length is between
(-32,768 to 32,767). Example 2:

VBA will show a Run-Time error when you run the above code.
 4.
Logical Errors

The most challenging error to fix is a logical error, as even a single misstep
can change the entire outcome. In addition, logical mistakes are difficult to
identify because their location is tied directly to your company's reasoning.
These aren't the result of a syntax or runtime error like the others. Instead, they
occur when the user modifies the script in some way that breaks the
programme logic and causes the user to receive unexpected results.
Author: Umesh M anral Example:

VBA will show a Logical error when you run the above code. As the value is
divided by zero.
What is VBA Error Handling?

Error Handling is how you deal with different programming errors when your
code runs. Handling errors will make your code look more professional and
ready to handle errors. It is recommended to employ error handling techniques
whenever there is any possibility of an error occurring.

Merits of Error Handling

Error Handling can check for logical, runtime, and syntax errors.
If there is an error, it will automatically skip the rest of the code, let you
know, or do something else.
It can tell the user about a mistake in the code or let them know about it.

Methods for Error Handling

Error Handling can be done in the following ways:
Author: Umesh M anral

• Go To Line
• Go To 0
• Go To -1
• Resume Next

1. Go To Line

The error-handling method starts the error-handling routine at the line in the
given line argument. If there is an error at compile time or run time, it moves
the programme flow to the line specified in the same method.
Example:

2. Go To 0
It turns off the current procedure's error handler, sets it to "Nothing," and
shows a message box that explains the error.

Example:
3. Go To -1
Author: Umesh M anral
The error-handling function disables the existing exception in the current
operation, clears the error, and resets it to nil, allowing the user to create a
second error trap. Example:
4. Resume Next

This error-handling method says that the error will be ignored whenever a
run-time error happens. The control will move to the statement right after the
one where the error occurred, and execution will continue from there.
Example:

Author: Umesh M anral

Chapter 35: Excel VBA Objects
Excel VBA objects are code-anddata “entities.” Objects are helpful because
they can contain other objects. Workbooks, spreadsheets, cells, ranges, rows,
columns, and shapes make up Microsoft Excel. Objects have properties and
methods.

Visual Basic isn’t an object -oriented language, but it handles projects. The
VBA object has functions, properties, data, and child objects. Excel objects
have several characteristics. VBA objects hide implementation details.
Memory is allocated when a VBA element is inserted.

Components of Object
The components of an object are helpful in a programme. The following are
the three main parts of the object.

1. Property
It lets the user read a value from the object or write it in the application
window.

2. Method

They help to perform some actions with the object data. The procedures are
carried out within a method.

3. Event
When VBA code runs, events occur.

Types of VBA Objects

There are four main objects that a user will interact with when working with
VBA programming.
• Application Objects
• Workbook Objects
• Worksheet Objects
• Range Objects

1. Application Objects

When creating macros in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), the most
popular object to work with is the Excel VBA Application Object.
Applications objects allow you to conduct a wide range of tasks on Excel
files using a variety of applications. It has the following characteristics:

• Application-wide settings and options.

• Various VBA Methods return ActiveCell, ActiveSheet, and other objects.
Author: Umesh M anral Example:
Write a programme to open a workbook.
2. Workbook Objects

In Excel, the workbook object is also quite common. Workbooks (with the
XLSX file extension) are where Excel’s magic happens (by default). Each
object associated with the active Workbook in Microsoft Excel is stored in
the Workbook object, which is a part of the Workbook collection. A
workbook in Excel can have n sheets (the sheets are only restricted by
memory). Excel provides users with four distinct kinds of sheets, which are as
follows:

• Excel Worksheets
• Excel 4.0 XLM macro sheet
• Chart sheets
• Excel 5.0 dialogue sheet

Example:
Use VBA to make a programme to close the workbooks.
3. Worksheet Objects
The worksheet is the most common sort of sheet used in spreadsheets. Each
cell on a worksheet serves as a storage location for the worksheet’s
associated data, numbers, Author: Umesh M anral

comments, and formulas. In a worksheet cell, you can enter numeric data, text,
dates and times, Boolean values (True or False), or the result of a calculation
or function. All worksheets in a given workbook are stored in the Worksheets
collection, which is a part of the Worksheet object.

Example:
Create a programme to hide your worksheet using the worksheet object, as
shown in the example.

4. Range Objects

The range is the most frequently utilised object that aids in automating VBA
activities when working with Excel sheets. A Range object can execute
various operations on several Ranges in an Excel Worksheet. Each cell or
range of cells on a worksheet is represented by a Range object contained
within a Worksheet object.

Below are three ways to refer to Range objects in VBA code.

The Range property of a Worksheet or Range class object
The Cells property of a Worksheet object
The Offset property of a Range object
Example:
Write a program to put a value in cell A5 with a range object.
Author: Umesh M anral
Chapter 36: VBA EVENTS
Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) is a programming language used
primarily for automating tasks in Microsoft Office applications, such as
Excel, Word, and PowerPoint. Events in VBA allow you to respond to
specific actions or occurrences within these applications. They enable you to
automate tasks, enhance user interfaces, and create interactive solutions. In
this introduction, we’ll explore the fundamental concepts of VBA events.

What are VBA Events?

VBA events are actions or occurrences that happen within an application, and
you can write code (event handlers) to respond to these events. Events allow
you to create interactive and dynamic applications by triggering specific
actions or functions in response to user interactions or other system events.

VBA has a plethora of events like this for which you can write custom code.
As soon as an event occurs, any code you have associated with it will be run
immediately. When Excel detects an occurrence, it does this automatically.
You need only create the necessary code and insert it into the proper event
subroutine.

Types of VBA Events

There are six main types of VBA events:

1. Workbook Events

These events occur at the workbook level in Excel. Examples include opening
or closing a workbook, saving it, or changing its structure. Common
workbook events include Open, Close, BeforeSave, and SheetChange.

2. Worksheet Events

Worksheet events occur at the individual sheet level within a workbook.

Examples include changes to cell values, selection changes, or the activation
of a sheet. Common worksheet events include Change, SelectionChange, and
BeforeDoubleClick.

3. Chart Events

Chart events are related to charts in Excel and can be used to trigger actions
when users interact with a chart. It includes clicking on a data point or
resizing a chart. The common chart events include MouseDown,
BeforeDoubleClick, and DragOver.

4. UserForm Events

UserForms are custom dialog boxes or forms that you can create in Excel.
Events related to UserForms allow you to control user interactions with the
form elements, such as buttons, text boxes, and combo boxes. Some of the
common UserForm events include Initialize, Click, and Change.

Author: Umesh M anral

5. Application Events

Application-level events occur at the Microsoft Excel application level,

rather than at the workbook or worksheet level. These events are not tied to a
specific document or workbook and can be used for more global automation
tasks. Common application events include WorkbookOpen,
WorkbookBeforeClose, and NewWorkbook.
Workbook Level Events
Here is a list of most commonly used events in a workbook.

Author: Umesh M anral

Common VBA Workbook Events 1. Workbook Open

Access to the workbook triggers the Workbook Open event. When an Excel
workbook is opened, the user will be greeted with this notice. The event can
be altered such that a prompt appears every time a user opens a worksheet.

In addition, it has the following applications:

• Whenever the workbook is opened, show a greeting.

• You need to keep track of when each person who accessed the worksheet
did so.
• When you want the next person to open the workbook to see a reminder.
• When only certain days of the week should trigger a certain message upon
workbook launch
2. Workbook BeforeSave Event
When an Excel user chooses to save the current workbook, an event known as
Workbook BeforeSave is triggered. Two situations can set off the Workbook
BeforeSave Event:
• When you first save the workbook.
• The workbook is already in a saved state.
3. Workbook BeforeClose Event

Workbook BeforeClose occurs before a workbook is closed. Whether or

whether the workbook is open, the VBA code will be run. If the user is
prompted to save the workbook, and then cancels, the workbook will not be
saved even if the user had intended to save it. On the other hand, the event
code will have already been activated because the BeforeClose Event has
been triggered.

Worksheet Level Events

Worksheet events take place based on the triggers in the worksheet.

Read below the following frequently used events in a worksheet.
Author: Umesh M anral

Common Worksheet Events 1. Worksheet_Selectionchange

In the editor, choose the sheet for which you want to run event-based
instructions, and then click Worksheet
When the user’s selection shifts, the SelectionChange event is automatically
added:

Here is a code that highlights the currently selected cells in a spreadsheet and
unhighlights them when the selection changes:
Output:
Author: Umesh M anral

2. Worksheet_Activate (On Sheet Activation)

When the sheet is activated, this event occurs:

For example, when the sheet is active, choose cell A2:

3. Worksheet_Deactivate (On Sheet Deactivation)

When a different worksheet in the workbook is activated, this event occurs:

For example, when you’re done with the sheet, delete the contents of rows A2
through A10.

4. Worksheet_Beforedoubleclick (On Double-Click)

A double-click on a sheet cell will cause this to happen:

For instance, double-click a cell to make it green (or red):

Author: Umesh M anral
Setting the Cancel variable to True will stop the double-click event from
happening.

5. Worksheet _Beforerightclick (ON Right-Click)

If you right-click on the sheet, the following will happen:

For example, if the clicked cell is in column C, insert the current date on
right-click:
If the Cancel variable is set to True, the right-click event will be cancelled
(and the context menu will not appear).

6. Worksheet_Change (On Cell Change)

This event occurs whenever there is a change to the sheet’s cell content:

In short, VBA events are the secret sauce that transforms static software into
dynamic, userfriendly marvels. Harnessing these events empowers developers
to craft custom solutions, making work in Microsoft Office applications a
breeze. Don’t miss out on the magic of VBA events – they are your ticket to
automation excellence!

Author: Umesh M anral