03 February 2025 19:19

Day-1

Python: It is a programming language .

Guido Van Rossum is the one who created Python in the year 1991.

Features of Python:
1) It is easy to learn and analyze.

2) It is high level programming language.

1) It is interpreted language.

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4) It is scripted language.

5) It is dynamically typed language.

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 6) It is multi paradigm.
---> A single program can be written in multiple formats.

7) It supports OOPS concept.

---> OOPS - Object Oriented Programming system.

8) It is open source.
---> We can easily download python software without paying single rupee.
We can also contribute code for python.

Numpy, Pandas are contributed by developers.

9) It supports huge libraries.

--->

Python has 7+ Crore Libraries.

10) It is platform Independent.

---> platform - Operating System.

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 What is python?
---> It is a general purpose, high level programming language.

Day-3

Library Function:
---> It is a function which is predefined by the developer to perform some particular task.

Note:
-> We can access the features of Library Function but we cannot modify it.

Types in Library Function:

• Keywords
• Special symbols/Operators
• Inbuilt function.

1) Keyword:
---> They are universally standard words, which is predefined by the developer to perform some particular
task.

Example: if ---> to check the condition.

They are 35 keywords in python.

By using this syntax, we can print all the keywords.

import keyword
keyword.kwlist

['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'async', 'await', 'break',

66 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else',
'except', 'finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'return',
'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']

len(keyword.kwlist)
35

Special keywords(True, False, None)

• It is starting with the capital letter(uppercase).
• They can be used as keyword and value.

Practical proof

a=10
b=True
b
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b
True
b=False
b
False
c=None
c
d=and
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
d=as
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
d=assert
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Special keywords got their unique values.

True - 1
False - 0

Variable:
It is a container which is used to store the address of the value stored in the memory.

Or

It is a name given to a container where we store the value.

Syntax: var_name=value

a=21

id():It is an inbuilt function which is used to get the actual address of the value stored inside the memory.

Syntax: id(var_name/value)
a=21

id(a)
140709722092968
id(21)
140709722092968

Multiple Variable Creation: Creating multiple variables in a single line.

Syntax:
var1,var2,…..,varn=val1,val2,…..,valn

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Note:
• Number of variables must be equal to number of values.

a,b,c,d=10,20,30,40

Memory allocation:

a,b,c,d=10,20,30,40
a
10
b
20
c
30
d
40
id(a)
140709722092616
id(b)
140709722092936
id(c)
140709722093256
id(d)
140709722093576

What if I don’t follow the note?

a,b,c=10,20
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
a,b,c=10,20
ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)
a,b,c=10,20,30,40
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
a,b,c=10,20,30,40
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)

What happens if multiple variables have same value?

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What happens if multiple variables have same value?
a,b,c=10,20,10

Memory allocation:

What happens if we have same variables ?

a,a,a=10,20,30

Memory allocation:

a,b,c=10,20,10
a
10
b
20
c
10
id(a)
140709722092616
id(b)
140709722092936
id(c)
140709722092616

a,a,a=10,20,30
a
30

Reference Count: It will count the number of variables sharing the same value.

a,b,c=10,20,10
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 a,b,c=10,20,10

Memory allocation:

Conclusion: As soon the RC becomes zero(0) , it will be deleted from the memory and it will be collected by
garbage collector.

Day-4

Identifiers: It is a name given to a variable uniquely which is used to identify the value.

Note:
All the variables are identifiers, but all the identifiers are not variables.

Rules of Identifiers:

1) Identifiers should not be a keyword.

a=10
if=10
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
and=10
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
True=10
SyntaxError: cannot assign to True
a=True
a
True

Reason: Keywords are already predefined with some task, and special keywords can be used as value but not
as variable.

2) Identifier should not start with number.

2a=10

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 2a=10
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal

3) Identifier should not contain any special character except underscore(_).

a+b=10
SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='?
a-b=30
SyntaxError: cannot assign to expression here. Maybe you meant '==' instead of '='?
a_b=40
a_b
40
b_=10
b_
10
_a=10
_a
10
_=20
_
20

Reason: All the special characters are predefined with some task, except underscore.

4) Identifier should not contain space in between and at the beginning.

a b=10
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

a=10
SyntaxError: unexpected indent

ab =10
ab
10

5) Identifiers can be alphabet, alphanumeric and underscore.

6) Industrial Standard Rule(ISR):

Identifier name should not cross more than 79 characters.

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Day-5

Datatypes:
--- It is going to specify the size and type of the value stored in the variable.

Types:

Single valued Datatype

1) Integer:
• It is a real number without decimal point.

In every datatype we are going to common concept called,

• Default value : It is an initial value from where my datatype values starts. These are internally equal to
False.

• Non-default value : All the values except Default value are considered as non-default value. These are
internally equal to True.

Default value of integer = 0

There are 2 inbuilt function which is common for every datatype.

• type() : Whenever we want to check datatype of the value we use this.

Syntax: type(var/val)

a=10
type(a)
<class 'int'>
type(10)
<class 'int'>

• bool() : Whenever we want to check the value we stored is default value or not.

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 Syntax: bool(var/val)

b=0
bool(b)
False
c=12
bool(c)
True

2) Float:
• It is a real number with decimal point.

• Default value of float = 0.0

• type():
a=1.2
type(a)
<class 'float'>
type(1.2)
<class 'float'>

• bool():

b=3.2
bool(b)
True
c=0.0
bool(c)
False

• Float datatype values takes max 18 slots.

a=1.454359347593402956396656
a
1.454359347593403
a=22.32432857429573496447656756
a
22.324328574295734
b=2324.3534654765876789798708970
b
2324.3534654765876

3) Complex:
• It is a combination of real part and imaginary part.

a=2+3j
a
(2+3j)
b=2.3-6.8j
b
(2.3-6.8j)
c=2+3.5j
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 c=2+3.5j
c
(2+3.5j)
d=7.1-2j
d
(7.1-2j)

• Default value of complex = 0j

• type():

a=2+3j
type(a)
<class 'complex'>
type(2+3j)
<class 'complex'>

• bool():

b=7+3.2j
bool(b)
True
c=0.0+0.0j
bool(c)
False
c
0j

Can we use other alphabet instead of j?

a=2+3i
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
a=6+7b
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
b=4+7J
b
(4+7j)

Can we interchange the real and imaginary part?

a=2x+4j
SyntaxError: invalid decimal literal
b=4j+2
b
(2+4j)

But , we cannot interchange the imaginary part values

c=3+j8
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
c=3+j8
NameError: name 'j8' is not defined

Real time application:

-- In data analytics and large projects.

Day-6

4) Boolean:
It consists of 2 values,
• True
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 • True
• False

Default value of boolean datatype = False

Non-default value of boolean datatype = True

a=True
type(a)
<class 'bool'>
bool(a)
True
b=False
type(b)
<class 'bool'>
bool(b)
False

These boolean values can be used in 2 scenarios,

• They can be used as values.

a=True

• They are used as resultant.

100>20
True
10<5
False

Multivalued Datatype

5) String:
--- It is a collection of characters enclosed with ' '," ",''' '''
(A-Z,a-z,0-9, special characters).

Syntax: var='val1val2val3……valn'

When we use the three different quotes?

a='python'
a
'python'
a="python"
a
'python'
a='''python'''
a
'python'

• When we have apostrophe symbol, then we use double quotes.

a="ram's age is 19"
a
"ram's age is 19"

• When we have paragraph type string we use triple quotes.

s='''python is cute
python is easy
python is king'''

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 python is king'''

Default value of string = ''

a='sakshi'
type(a)
<class 'str'>
bool(a)
True
b=""
bool(b)
False

Memory Allocation:

s='python is easy'

Indexing : The phenomenon of passing subaddress to the memory block is called as Indexing.

Types:
• +ve indexing --- starts from left to right (starts from 0, ends with len(collection)-1)
• -ve indexing --- starts from right to left (starts from -1, ends with -len(collection))

s='python is easy'

Note:
• To get/access the value from the collection, we use the syntax
var[index]

s='python is easy'
s[4]
'o'
s[-10]

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 s[-10]
'o'

• In order to do modification , we use the syntax

var[index]=new_value

s='python is easy'
s[4]
'o'
s[4]='m'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
s[4]='m'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

• If the datatype accepts modification, it will be called as Mutable datatype.

• If the datatype does not accept modification, it will be called as Immutable datatype

Conclusion: String is Immutable datatype.

6) List:
--- It is a collection of homogeneous and heterogeneous values enclosed by [].

Homogeneous --- collection of values of same datatype --- [10,20,30,40]

Heterogeneous --- collection of values of different datatype --- [10,2.0,3+0j,True,'40']

Syntax: var=[val1,val2,val3,…….valn]

Example: l=[10,20,30,40]

Default value of list = []

Memory allocation:

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'40',[10,20]]

var[index]

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'40',[10,20]]
a[4]
'40'
a[4][1]
'0'

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'0'
a[5]
[10, 20]
a[5][0]
10
a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'4',[10,20]]
a[4]
'4'
a[4][0]
'4'
a[-1]
[10, 20]
a[-1][-1]
20

var[index]=new_value

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'4',[10,20]]
a[5]
[10, 20]
a[5][0]
10
a[5][0]='10'
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', ['10', 20]]
a[5][1]='20'
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', ['10', '20']]

Conclusion: List is mutable datatype.

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'4',[10,20]]
a[4]='sam'
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'sam', [10, 20]]
a[4]
'sam'
a[4][1]
'a'
a[4][1]='m'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
a[4][1]='m'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

Day-7

Inbuilt Functions is List:

• append():To add a new value to the list.

Syntax: var.append(val) ----- It will add the value to the last position.

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'4',[10,20]]
a.append(7)
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', [10, 20], 7]
a.append(8)
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', [10, 20], 7, 8]
a.append('python')
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', [10, 20], 7, 8, 'python']

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• insert(): To add a new value to the list wherever we want.
Syntax: var.insert(index,val)

a=[10,2.0,3+0j,True,'4',[10,20]]
a.insert(4,'Java')
a
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20]]
a.insert(0,2+0j)
a
[(2+0j), 10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20]]
a.insert(10,'cute')
a
[(2+0j), 10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20], 'cute']
a.insert(100,'promise day')
a
[(2+0j), 10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20], 'cute', 'promise day']
a.insert(4,False)
a
[(2+0j), 10, 2.0, (3+0j), False, True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20], 'cute', 'promise day']
a.insert(98,'idiot')
a
[(2+0j), 10, 2.0, (3+0j), False, True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20], 'cute', 'promise day', 'idiot']

• pop(): Used to eliminate value from the list.

Syntax: var.pop() ----- Last value of the list gets removed.
var.pop(index) --- removes value from particular index.

l=[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20]]

l.pop()
[10, 20]
l
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4']
l.pop(3)
True
l
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), 'Java', '4']
l.pop(3)
'Java'
l
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), '4']

l=[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20]]

l.pop([6][0])
[10, 20]
l
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4']

• remove(): Used to remove the value when we don’t know the index position of the value.
syntax: var.remove(value)

l=[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, 'Java', '4', [10, 20]]

l.remove('Java')
l
[10, 2.0, (3+0j), True, '4', [10, 20]]
l.remove(3+0j)
l
[10, 2.0, True, '4', [10, 20]]

a=[10,2.3,10,2.3,True,True]
a.remove(10)
a
[2.3, 10, 2.3, True, True]
a.remove(2.3)

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 a.remove(2.3)
a
[10, 2.3, True, True]

7) Tuple :It is a collection of homogeneous and heterogeneous values enclosed by ().

Syntax:
var=(val1,val2,……..,valn) --- when we have multiple values
var=(val1,) --- when we have only one value.

a=10,20,30,40
a
(10, 20, 30, 40)
type(a)
<class 'tuple'>
b=(10)
type(b)
<class 'int'>
c=(10,)
type(c)
<class 'tuple'>
d=2.3,
type(d)
<class 'tuple'>

Default value of tuple = ()

Memory Allocation:

t=(79,([10,20,30],3.9,'python'),34,58)

• var[index] --- accessing the value.

t=(79,([10,20,30],3.9,'python'),34,58)
t[1]
([10, 20, 30], 3.9, 'python')
t[0]
79
t[1][0]
[10, 20, 30]
t[2]
34
t[1][2]

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 t[1][2]
'python'
t[1][0][1]
20
t[1][2][4]
'o'

• var[index]=new_value --- doing modification

t=(79,([10,20,30],3.9,'python'),34,58)
t[1]
([10, 20, 30], 3.9, 'python')
t[1][2]
'python'
t[1][2][2]
't'
t[1][2][2]='@'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
t[1][2][2]='@'
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
t[3]
58
t[3]=65
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
t[3]=65
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
t[1][1]
3.9
t[1][0]
[10, 20, 30]
t[1][0][1]
20
t[1][0][1]=50
t
(79, ([10, 50, 30], 3.9, 'python'), 34, 58)
t[1][0]
[10, 50, 30]
t[1][0]=[1,2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
t[1][0]=[1,2]
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
t[1][1]
3.9
t[1][1]=8.9
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#17>", line 1, in <module>
t[1][1]=8.9
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

Conclusion: Tuple is immutable datatype.

Note: Tuple is the most secured datatype of python.

Day-8

Set:
--- It is a collection of homogeneous and heterogeneous values enclosed by {}.

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--- It is a collection of homogeneous and heterogeneous values enclosed by {}.

syntax:
var={val1,val2,……,valn}

Default value of set = set()

Important points for set datatype:

• Values should be of immutable type(int, float, complex, bool, str, tuple).

a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20)}
a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20),[30,40]}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20),[30,40]}
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

• Set is unordered in nature.

a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20)}
A
{True, 2.3, 'hi', 10, (2+3j), (10, 20)}

Unordered --- order of input does not match the order of output
• Set will eliminate repeated/duplicate values.

a={10,2.3,2+3j,10,True,2.3,'hi',(10,20),1}
a
{True, 2.3, 10, (2+3j), 'hi', (10, 20)}

Memory allocation:
a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20)}

hash(10)
10
hash(2.3)
691752902764107778
hash(2+3j)
3000011
hash(True)
1
hash('hello')
-6453495032443784337
hash((10,20))
-4873088377451060145
hash([10,20])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
hash([10,20])

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 hash([10,20])
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

• Set will not support for indexing.

• Inbuilt functions to do modification for set:

• add() --- To add a value to a set.
Syntax:
var.add(val)

a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20)}
a.add('python')
a
{True, 2.3, 'hi', 'python', 10, (2+3j), (10, 20)}
a.add('hi')
a
{True, 2.3, 'hi', 'python', 10, (2+3j), (10, 20)}

• remove() --- To remove the value from the set.

Syntax:
var.remove(val)

a={10,2.3,2+3j,True,'hi',(10,20)}
a.remove(2+3j)
a
{True, 2.3, 'hi', 10, (10, 20)}
a.remove(10)
a
{True, 2.3, 'hi', (10, 20)}
a.remove(2.3)
a
{True, 'hi', (10, 20)}

• pop() --- To remove very first value in the set.

Syntax:
var.pop()

s={True, 'hi', (10, 20)}

s.pop()
True
s
{'hi', (10, 20)}
s.pop()
'hi'
s
{(10, 20)}
s.pop()
(10, 20)
s
set()

Conclusion: Set is mutable datatype.

9) Dictionary:
--- It is a collection of key-value pairs enclosed by {} and the key-value pair is seperated by colon(:).

Syntax:
var={k1:v1,k2:v2,……..,kn:vn}

Default value of dictionary = {}

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 Default value of dictionary = {}

Note points for dictionary:

• Keys should be immutable, but value can be of any datatype.

a={'a':10,[10]:20,{10,20}:30}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
a={'a':10,[10]:20,{10,20}:30}
TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
a={'a':10,10:20,{10,20}:30}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
a={'a':10,10:20,{10,20}:30}
TypeError: unhashable type: 'set'

• Keys should be unique. If we try to enter the same key then old value of that key will be replaced by new
value.

a={'a':10,'b':20,'a':30}
a
{'a': 30, 'b': 20}

a={'a':10,'b':10}
a
{'a': 10, 'b': 10}

• Dictionary will not support for indexing.

a={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
a[1]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
a[1]
KeyError: 1

Note:
--- In dictionary, only the keys are the visible layer.

• To access the value of dictionary we have to use the syntax,

var[key]

s={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
s['b']
20
s['a']
10
s['c']
30

• To do modification we have to use the syntax,

var[key]=new_value

s={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
s['c']=40
s
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 40}
s['b']=100
s
{'a': 10, 'b': 100, 'c': 40}

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 Conclusion: Dictionary is mutable datatype.

Memory allocation:

d={'a':10,'b':'python','c':2+3j,(1,2):[10,20,30]}

d={'a':10,'b':'python','c':2+3j,(1,2):[10,20,30]}
d['b']
'python'
d['b'][3]
'h'
d[(1,2)]
[10, 20, 30]
d[(1,2)][2]
30

Day-9

Slicing:
--- It is used to extract the group of values from the collection.

Syntax:
var[SI:EI+1:updation]
var[SI:EI-1:updation]

Slicing supports on String, List and Tuple.

Note:
• When we extract values from left to right
EI+1
• When we extract values from right to left
EI-1

Memory allocation:
s='India is best'
New Section 1 Page 23
s='India is best'

s='India is best'
s[0:5:1]
'India'
s[0:4+1:+1]
'India'
s[9:13:1]
'best'
s[0:7:2]
'Idai'
s[-9:-14:-1]
'aidnI'
s[-1:-5:-1]
'tseb'
s[-7:-14:-2]
'iadI'

Slicing shortcuts:
• If SI is 0 or -1

[:EI+1:updation]
[:EI-1:updation]

• If EI is the end of the collection.

[SI::updation]
[SI::updation]

• If Updation is +1

[SI:EI:]

s='India is best'
s[::]
'India is best'
s[::-1]
'tseb si aidnI'

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 'tseb si aidnI'

Typecasting / Type Conversion :

--- The phenomenon of converting the data/value from one datatype to another.

Syntax: dest_type(source_var)

Note:
• Converting from SVDT to MVDT only string is supported
• Converting from MVDT to SVDT only boolean is supported

1) Converting from int to other datatypes:

a=10

For SVDT:

a=10
type(a)
<class 'int'>
int(a)
10
float(a)
10.0
complex(a)
(10+0j)
complex(a,a)
(10+10j)
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

str(a)
'10'
list(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
list(a)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
tuple(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
tuple(a)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
set(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
set(a)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

1) Converting from float to other datatypes:

a=7.4

For SVDT:

New Section 1 Page 25

 a=7.4

For SVDT:

a=7.4
type(a)
<class 'float'>
int(a)
7
complex(a)
(7.4+0j)
complex(a,a)
(7.4+7.4j)
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

str(a)
'7.4'
list(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
list(a)
TypeError: 'float' object is not iterable
tuple(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
tuple(a)
TypeError: 'float' object is not iterable
set(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
set(a)
TypeError: 'float' object is not iterable
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: 'float' object is not iterable

3) Converting from complex to other datatypes:

a=7+3j

For SVDT:

a=7+3j
type(a)
<class 'complex'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like
object or a real number, not 'complex'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'complex'
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:
New Section 1 Page 26
 For MVDT:

str(a)
'(7+3j)'
list(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
list(a)
TypeError: 'complex' object is not iterable
tuple(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
tuple(a)
TypeError: 'complex' object is not iterable
set(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
set(a)
TypeError: 'complex' object is not iterable
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: 'complex' object is not iterable

4) Converting from bool to other datatypes:

a=True

For SVDT:

a=True
int(a)
1
float(a)
1.0
complex(a)
(1+0j)
bool(a)
True
complex(a,a)
(1+1j)

For MVDT:

str(a)
'True'
list(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
list(a)
TypeError: 'bool' object is not iterable
tuple(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
tuple(a)
TypeError: 'bool' object is not iterable
set(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
set(a)
TypeError: 'bool' object is not iterable
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module>

New Section 1 Page 27

 File "<pyshell#11>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: 'bool' object is not iterable

5) Converting from string to other datatypes:

a='python'

For SVDT:
a='python'
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#1>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'python'
b='12'
int(b)
12
float(b)
12.0
c='abc123'
int(c)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
int(c)
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'abc123'
complex(b)
(12+0j)
complex(b,b)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#8>", line 1, in <module>
complex(b,b)
TypeError: complex() can't take second arg if first is a string
complex(12,b)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
complex(12,b)
TypeError: complex() second arg can't be a string
complex(b,10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
complex(b,10)
TypeError: complex() can't take second arg if first is a string
bool(b)
True

For MVDT:
a='python'
list(a)
['p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']
tuple(a)
('p', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n')
set(a)
{'o', 'n', 'p', 't', 'y', 'h'}
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required

6) Converting from list to other datatypes:

a=[10,20,30,40]

For SVDT:
a=[10,20,30,40]
type(a)
<class 'list'>

New Section 1 Page 28

 For SVDT:
a=[10,20,30,40]
type(a)
<class 'list'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a real number, not 'list'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'list'
complex(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
complex(a)
TypeError: complex() first argument must be a string or a number, not 'list'
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

str(a)
'[10, 20, 30, 40]'
tuple(a)
(10, 20, 30, 40)
set(a)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence

Note(From list to dict conversion):

• Values inside the list should be collection
• The length of the each and every value should be 2

b=['hi',[10,20],(30,40),{50,60}]
dict(b)
{'h': 'i', 10: 20, 30: 40, 50: 60}

Day-11

7) Converting from tuple to other datatypes:

a=(10,20,30,40)

For SVDT:

a=(10,20,30,40)
type(a)
<class 'tuple'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like
object or a real number, not 'tuple'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'tuple'
complex(a)

New Section 1 Page 29

 complex(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
complex(a)
TypeError: complex() first argument must be a string or a number, not 'tuple'
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

a=(10,20,30,40)
type(a)
<class 'tuple'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a real number, not 'tuple'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'tuple'
complex(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
complex(a)
TypeError: complex() first argument must be a string or a number, not 'tuple'
bool(a)
True
str(a)
'(10, 20, 30, 40)'
list(a)
[10, 20, 30, 40]
set(a)
{40, 10, 20, 30}
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence
b=('sa',[10,20])
dict(b)
{'s': 'a', 10: 20}
b=('sa',[10,20,30])
dict(b)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#13>", line 1, in <module>
dict(b)
ValueError: dictionary update sequence element #1 has length 3; 2 is required

8) Converting from set to other datatypes:

a={10,20,30,40}

For SVDT:
a={10,20,30,40}
type(a)
<class 'set'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a

New Section 1 Page 30

 Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a
real number, not 'set'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'set'
complex(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
complex(a)
TypeError: complex() first argument must be a string or a number, not 'set'
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

str(a)
'{40, 10, 20, 30}'
list(a)
[40, 10, 20, 30]
tuple(a)
(40, 10, 20, 30)
dict(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
dict(a)
TypeError: cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence
b={'cd',(10,20)}
dict(b)
{'c': 'd', 10: 20}

9) Converting from dictionary to other datatypes:

a={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}

For SVDT:

a={'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}
type(a)
<class 'dict'>
int(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
int(a)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like
object or a real number, not 'dict'
float(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
float(a)
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a real number, not 'dict'
complex(a)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
complex(a)
TypeError: complex() first argument must be a string or a number, not 'dict'
bool(a)
True

For MVDT:

str(a)
"{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}"

New Section 1 Page 31

 "{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}"
list(a)
['a', 'b', 'c']
list(a.values())
[10, 20, 30]
list(a.items())
[('a', 10), ('b', 20), ('c', 30)]
tuple(a)
('a', 'b', 'c')
tuple(a.values())
(10, 20, 30)
tuple(a.items())
(('a', 10), ('b', 20), ('c', 30))
set(a)
{'a', 'c', 'b'}
set(a.values())
{10, 20, 30}
set(a.items())
{('b', 20), ('c', 30), ('a', 10)}
dict(a)
{'a': 10, 'b': 20, 'c': 30}

Copy operation:
--- It is a phenomenon of copying the content from one variable to another variable.

Types:
• General copy/ Normal copy
• Shallow copy
• Deep copy

1) General copy:
--- It will just copy the variable space of one variable to another variable.
Syntax: dest_var=source_var
Memory allocation:
Example 1:
a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True] ---- linear collection
b=a

New Section 1 Page 32

 a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True]
b=a
a[1]=10
a
[10, 10, (2+3j), True]
b
[10, 10, (2+3j), True]
id(a)
1575699907328
id(b)
1575699907328

Example 2:

a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]] ----- Nested collection

b=a

a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]]
b=a
a
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
b
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
a[1]=[6.3,9j]
a
[10, [6.3, 9j], [6.3, 9j]]
b
[10, [6.3, 9j], [6.3, 9j]]
id(a)
2602509778368
id(b)
2602509778368

Conclusion: Modification done in linear and nested collection of source variable is affecting the
destination variable

2) Shallow copy:
--- It is a phenomenon of copying the content of main memory layer of value space from one variable to

New Section 1 Page 33

--- It is a phenomenon of copying the content of main memory layer of value space from one variable to
another.

Syntax: dest_var=source_var.copy()

Memory allocation:
Example 1:
a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True] ---- linear collection
b=a.copy()

a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True]
b=a.copy()
a[2]=4
a
[10, 2.5, 4, True]
b
[10, 2.5, (2+3j), True]
id(a)
1867641833088
id(b)
1867641964160

Example 2:

a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]] ----- Nested collection

b=a.copy()

New Section 1 Page 34

 a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]]
b=a.copy()
a
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
b
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
a[2][0]=True
a
[10, 2.5, [True, 9j]]
b
[10, 2.5, [True, 9j]]
id(a)
2793763676032
id(b)
2793774040512
id(a[2])
2793773909632
id(b[2])
2793773909632

Conclusion: Modification done w.r.t linear collection of source variable will not affect the destination
variable, but Modification done w.r.t nested collection of source variable will affect the destination
variable.

3) Deep copy:
--- It is a phenomenon of copying the entire content of value space from one variable to another.

Syntax:
import copy
dest_var=copy.deepcopy(source_var)

Memory allocation:
Example 1:
a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True] ---- linear collection
import copy
b=copy.deepcopy(a)

New Section 1 Page 35

a=[10,2.5,2+3j,True]
import copy
b=copy.deepcopy(a)
a
[10, 2.5, (2+3j), True]
b
[10, 2.5, (2+3j), True]
a[3]=False
a
[10, 2.5, (2+3j), False]
b
[10, 2.5, (2+3j), True]
id(a)
1746537137792
id(b)
1746537070720

Example 2:

a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]] ----- Nested collection

import copy
b=copy.deepcopy(a)

a=[10,2.5,[6.3,9j]]
import copy
b=copy.deepcopy(a)
a
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
b
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
a[2][1]=(2+3j)
a
[10, 2.5, [6.3, (2+3j)]]
b
[10, 2.5, [6.3, 9j]]
id(a)
2516083974016
id(b)
2516094139840
id(a[2])
2516094404224
id(b[2])
2516094059072

New Section 1 Page 36

 2516094059072

Conclusion: Modification done in linear and nested collection of source variable will not affect the
destination variable.

Note: Deep copy is the only type which satisfies the objective of Copy operation.

Day-12

Operators: They are the special symbols, which is used to perform specific task with the help of operands to
give the result.

Types:

• Arithmetic
• Logical
• Relational/ Comparision
• Bitwise
• Assignment
• Membership
• Identity

1) Arithmetic Operator:
• Addition(+):

Syntax: OP1 + OP2

For SVDT:
Note: It will consider the value only
10+20
30
2.4+6.8
9.2
(2+3j)+(4+7j)
(6+10j)
True+False
1
1+2.3+(5+3j)+True
(9.3+3j)

For MVDT:
Note: It will consider both the value and datatype.

'hi'+10
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module>
'hi'+10

New Section 1 Page 37

 'hi'+10
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
'hi'+'bye'
'hibye'
[10,20,30]+[40,50]
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
(10,20,30)+(40,50)
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
{10,20,30}+{40,50}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
{10,20,30}+{40,50}
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and 'set'
{'a':10}+{'b':20}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
{'a':10}+{'b':20}
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'dict' and 'dict'

• Subtraction(-):

Syntax: OP1 - OP2

For SVDT:

10-7
3
7.8-5.7
2.0999999999999996
(7+8j)-(2+3j)
(5+5j)
True-True
0
26-6.8-(6+2j)-True
(12.2-2j)

For MVDT:

'sam'-'hello'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
'sam'-'hello'
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'str'
[10,20,30]-[20,30]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#6>", line 1, in <module>
[10,20,30]-[20,30]
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'list'
(10,20,30)-(20,30)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#7>", line 1, in <module>
(10,20,30)-(20,30)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'tuple' and 'tuple'
{10,20,30}-{20,30}
{10}
{'a':10}-{'b':20}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
{'a':10}-{'b':20}
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'dict' and 'dict'

• Multiplication(*):
New Section 1 Page 38
• Multiplication(*):

Syntax: OP1 * OP2

For SVDT:

10*5
50
2.3*7.9
18.169999999999998
(2+3j)*(7+9j)
(-13+39j)
True*False
0
10*2.3*(4+7j)*True
(92+161j)

For MVDT:

'python'*'python'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#5>", line 1, in <module>
'python'*'python'
TypeError: can't multiply sequence by non-int of type 'str'
'python'*4
'pythonpythonpythonpython'
[10,20,30]*2
[10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30]
(10,20,30)*3
(10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30)
{10,20,30}*3
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#9>", line 1, in <module>
{10,20,30}*3
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'set' and 'int'
{'a':10}*2
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#10>", line 1, in <module>
{'a':10}*2
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'dict' and 'int'
[10,20]*[20,30]

• Division(): ---- It will support only for SVDT

• True Division(/): It is used to get the quotient as the output.
And the output will be displayed in the float format.

Syntax: OP1 / OP2

10/2
5.0
2.3/1.8
1.2777777777777777
(2+3j)/(5+3j)
(0.5588235294117647+0.2647058823529412j)
True/False
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
True/False
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
False/True
0.0

New Section 1 Page 39

 • Floor Division(//): It is used to get the quotient as the output. And the output will be displayed in the
int format but float is exception.

Syntax: OP1 // OP2

10//2
5
2.3//2
1.0
2//2.3
0.0
2.3//2.3
1.0
(2+3j)//(4+7j)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
(2+3j)//(4+7j)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for //: 'complex' and 'complex'
True//True
1

• Modulus(%): It will consider remainder as the output.

Syntax: OP1 % OP2

13%3
1
4.5%2.7
1.7999999999999998
(2+3j)%(4j)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
(2+3j)%(4j)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for %: 'complex' and 'complex'
True%True
0

• Power(**): --- It will work only on SVDT

It is going to specify the power of the given value.

2**3
8
4.5**2
20.25
(1+2j)**6
(117+44j)
True*7
7
True**7
1
4.3**6.2
8462.61190474804
(1+2j)**4.5
(9.963495519579647-36.03153123263964j)
16**(1/3)
2.5198420997897464
5**True
5
True**100
1
True**False

New Section 1 Page 40

 True**False
1
3.3453454**0
1.0

Day-13

2) Logical operator:
• Logical AND:
--- If any one operand is False, The result is False.

Syntax: OP1 and OP2

Note:
▪ If OP1 is False,
output = OP1

▪ If OP1 is True,
output = OP2

10 and 22
22
0.0 and 9.8
0.0
2 and 0j
0j
[9.7] and 3.4
3.4
[] and ()
[]
2 and 0.0 and 5.6
0.0

• Logical OR:
--- If any one operand is True, The result is True.

Syntax: OP1 or OP2

Note:
▪ If OP1 is False,
output = OP2

▪ If OP1 is True,
output = OP1

'tea' or 'coffee'
'tea'
6 or 9
6
0 or 123
123
[] or ''
''
78 or 34 or 5
78
67 and 23 or 89 and 45
23

• Logical NOT: --- Output will be in the form of boolean

--- It gives negation of values.

New Section 1 Page 41

 Syntax: not(OP)

Note:

▪ If OP is False
output = True

▪ If OP is True,
output = False

not(7)
False
not(())
True
not([''])
False

3) Relational Operator / Comparision Operator: --- Output will be in the form of boolean.

• Equal to (==): It is used to check whether both the operands are same or not.

Syntax: OP1 == OP2

For SVDT: --- It will only check the value.

10 == 10
True
10 == 10.0
True
True == 1
True
3.4 == 4.5
False

For MVDT: --- It will check both value and datatype.

10 == 10
True
10 == 10.0
True
True == 1
True
3.4 == 4.5
False
'hi' == 'hi'
True
[10,20] == (10,20)
False
{1,2,3} == {3,1,2}
True
[1,2,3] == (3,1,2)
False
[1,2,3] == [3,1,2]
False
{'a':10} == {'a':20}
False
{'a':10} == {'a':10}
True

• Greater than (>): --- It will not support for complex and dictionary
--- Used to check whether the first operand is greater than the second operand or not.

New Section 1 Page 42

Syntax: OP1 > OP2

For SVDT:

25 > 12
True
3.51 > 3.5
True
(2+3j) > (4+7j)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
(2+3j) > (4+7j)
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'
4j > 2j
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
4j > 2j
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'complex' and 'complex'
1 > True
False

For MVDT:

▪ If val1 > v1
output = True

▪ If val1 < v1
output = False

▪ If val1 == v1
Then it will go and check the next value.

For string, it will consider the ASCII values of characters.

ASCII --- American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

For set, it will check whether all the values of OP2 is present in OP1 or not.
If all the values of OP2 present in OP1 then len(OP1) should be greater then only it will return
True.

ord('A')
65
ord('Z')
90
ord('a')
97
ord('z')
122
'python' > 'pycharm'
True
'ABC' > 'abc'
False
[10,20,30] > [10,20,10]
True
(10,20,30) > (10,20,10)
True
{10,20,30} > {1,2,3}
False
{10,20,30,1,2,3} > {1,2,3}
True
{10,20,30} > {10,20,30}
False

New Section 1 Page 43

 False
{10,20,30,40} > {10,20,30}
True
{10,20,30} > {20,10,30,40}
False
{10,20,30} >= {10,20,30}
True
{'a':10} > {'a':5}
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#14>", line 1, in <module>
{'a':10} > {'a':5}
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'dict' and 'dict'

• Lesser than (<): --- It will not support for complex and dictionary
--- Used to check whether the first operand is lesser than the second operand or not.

Syntax: OP1 < OP2

For SVDT:

20<50
True
True<1
False
3.4<3.33
False

For MVDT:

▪ If val1 < v1
output = True

▪ If val1 > v1
output = False

▪ If val1 == v1
Then it will go and check the next value.

For string, it will consider the ASCII values of characters.

ASCII --- American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

For set, it will check whether all the values of OP1 is present in OP2 or not.
Then, If all the values of OP1 present in OP2 then len(OP2) should be greater then only it
will return True.

'data' < 'science'

True
ord('d')
100
ord('s')
115
[12,35,56,78] < [12,35,12]
False
(12,36,52) < (12,36)
False
{True,89,25} < {1,56,89,False,25}
True
{True,89,25} < {1,89,False,25}
True
{True,89,25} < {1,89,25}
New Section 1 Page 44
 {True,89,25} < {1,89,25}
False

Day-14

• Greater than or equal to (>=): --- It will not support for complex and dictionary
--- Used to check whether the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand or not.

Syntax: OP1 >= OP2

For SVDT:
10>=10
True
3.4>=5.6
False
True>=False
True

For MVDT:

'great' >= 'grapes'

True
ord
<built-in function ord>
ord('e')
101
ord('a')
97
[10,20,30]>=[10,20,30]
True
(12,3,7,6,True) >= (12,3,9)
False
{1,2,3} >= {2,1,3}
True

• Lesser than or equal to (>=): --- It will not support for complex and dictionary
--- Used to check whether the first operand is lesser than or equal to the second operand or not.

Syntax: OP1 <= OP2

For SVDT:

10<=10.0
True
3.4<=7.2
True
True<=False
False

For MVDT:

'python' <= 'java'

False
[3,4,5,7]<=[3,4,5,8]
True
(1,2,3,True)<=(1,2,3,1)
True
{3,'hello',8,5}<={24,56,3,'hello',5,8}
True

New Section 1 Page 45

 True

• Not equal to (!=):

--- It is used to check if operand 1 is not equal to operand 2 or not.

Syntax: OP1 != OP2

For SVDT:

10!=10
False
2.3!=3.2
True
(2+3j)==(3j+2)
True
(3j+2)
(2+3j)
(2+3j)!=(4j+2)
True
True != False
True

For MVDT:

'happy'!='happ'
True
[10,20,30]!=[10,20,30]
False
(1,2,3)!=(True,True+True,True+True+True)
False
{1,'hello',True}!={True,True,'hello'}
False

4) Bitwise Operator: --- It is used only for integers

--- It will consider the binary values to perform operations bit by bit.

We can get binary values by 3 methods,

• Binary Scale Method

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

• Divide by 2 method

New Section 1 Page 46

• Using inbuilt function ,
Syntax: bin(val)

bin(7)
'0b111'
bin(17)
'0b10001'
bin(11)
'0b1011'

• Bitwise AND(&):
Syntax: OP1 & OP2

Practical proof:

3&8
0
15 & 21
5

• Bitwise OR(|):
Syntax: OP1 | OP2

New Section 1 Page 47

• Bitwise OR(|):
Syntax: OP1 | OP2

Practical proof:

6|3
7
32 | 2
34

• Bitwise NOT(~):
Syntax: ~(OP) results will be displayed like --- -(OP+1)

Practical proof:

~(3)
-4
~(-7)
6

• Bitwise XOR(^):
Syntax: OP1 ^ OP2

New Section 1 Page 48

 Practical proof:

9 ^ 14
7

• Bitwise left shift(<<):

Syntax: OP << n n ---- number of shifts

Practical proof:

9 << 2
36
9 << 1
18
9 << 5
288

• Bitwise right shift(>>):

Syntax: OP >> n n ---- number of shifts

New Section 1 Page 49

 Practical proof:

18 >> 2
4

Day-15

5) Assignment Operator (=):

---- It is used to assign the value to a varaible.

a=a + b --- a += b
a=a - b --- a -= b
a=a*b --- a*=b
a=a/b --- a/=b
a=a//b --- a//=b
a=a%b --- a%=b
a=a**b --- a**=b

6) Membership Operator:
--- It is used to check if the value is present inside the collection or not.

• in --- Tells values present in the collection. It will return True if the values are present in the
collection else return False.
• not in --- Tells values not present in the collection. It will return True if the values are not present in
the collection else return False.

Practical proof:

'hi' in 'hi-bye'
True
'hb' in 'hi-bye'
False
1 in 123
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module>
1 in 123
TypeError: argument of type 'int' is not iterable
1 in '123'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#3>", line 1, in <module>
1 in '123'
TypeError: 'in <string>' requires string as left operand, not int
'1' in '123'
True
[10] in [10,20,30]
False
[10] in [[10],20,30]
True
10 in [10,20,30]
True
10, in (10,20,30)
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
(10,) in (10,20,30)
False
(10) in (10,20,30)
True
10 not in {'a':10, 'b':20}
True

New Section 1 Page 50

 True
10 not in {10:10, 'b':20}
False
1,2,4 in {1,2,4}
(1, 2, True)
1,2,4 in {12,4}
(1, 2, True)
1,2,4 in {(12,),4}
(1, 2, True)
'' in 'hello'
True
[] in [10,20,30]
False
[] in [10,[],20,30]
True
() in (10,20,30)
False
() in (10,(),20,30)
True
a='hello'
a[3]
'l'
a=(10,20,30)
a[1]
20

7) Identity Operator:
--- It is used to check whether both the variables are pointing to the same address or not.

• is ----- It will return True if both the variables are pointing to the same address or else return
False.

• is not ----- It will return True if both the variables are not pointing to the same address or else return
False.

Practical proof:

a=10
b=20
c=10
a is b
False
a is c
True
a is not b
True
a is not c
False

Input and Output Statements:

• Input Statement : We should never allow the user to modify the code, instead just allow them to access it.

Syntax:
var = input('Enter your message')

Practical proof:

a=input('Enter your input: ')

print(a,type(a))

New Section 1 Page 51

 Note:
• input() function will take input by default in the form of string.
• If u want actual datatype , then use typecasting (only for SVDT)

=int(input('Enter your input: '))

print(a,type(a))

a=float(input('Enter your input: '))

print(a,type(a))

a=complex(input('Enter your input: '))

print(a,type(a))

a=bool(input('Enter your input: '))

print(a,type(a))

• When we want to do typecasting for MVDT use the ,

eval function --- It will consider the data according to its type

a=eval(input('Enter your input: '))

print(a,type(a))

• Output Statement:
--- Whenever we want to display the output we use output statement.

Syntax:
print(val1,val2,……….valn, sep=' ', end='\n')

Practical proof:

print(10,20,30,40) ------ 10 20 30 40

print(10,20,30,40,sep='@') ------ 10@20@30@40

print(10,20,30,40,end='%') ------ 10 20 30 40%

Programs:

# WAP to add 2 numbers.

'''
a=int(input('Enter the num1: '))
b=int(input('Enter the num2: '))
print(a+b)'''

# WAP to print the square of the number.

'''
a=int(input('Enter the num: '))
print(a**2)'''

# WAP to extract last character from the string.

'''
s=input('Enter the string: ')
print(s[-1])'''

# WAP to get the values from the even index in the tuple.

New Section 1 Page 52

# WAP to get the values from the even index in the tuple.
'''
t=eval(input('Enter the tuple: '))
print(t[::2])'''

# WAP to extract the last digit from the integer

'''
a=int(input('Enter the num: '))
b=str(a)
print(b[-1])
print(a%10)'''

New Section 1 Page 53

20 February 2025 18:46

Day-16

Control Statement:
--- It is used to control the flow of execution.

Types:

Conditional Statement:
--- It is used to control the flow of execution based on conditions.

1) Simple if:
--- It is a keyword which is used to check the condition and it will execute the statement block if
the condition is True or else it will ignore the statement block.

Syntax: Flow diagram:

Programs:

# Simple if

# WAP to check whether the number is even.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
if n%2 == 0:
print('number is even') '''
Program concepts Page 1
 print('number is even') '''

# WAP to check whether the string has exactly 5 characters in it.

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
if len(s)==5:
print('string has exactly 5 characters in it')'''

# WAP to check whether the number is greater than 200.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
if n>200:
print('number is greater than 200')'''

# WAP to print the square of the number only if it is multiple of 3.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
if n%3==0:
print('square of the number is: ',n**2)'''

# WAP to check whether the number is 2 digit number.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
if n>=10 and n<=99:
print('number is 2 digit number')'''

# WAP to check if the character is Uppercase.

'''
ch = input('Enter a character: ')
if 'A'<= ch <= 'Z':
print('character is Uppercase')'''

2) if else:
--- It is used to check the condition and it will execute the True Statement block if the condition is
True else it will execute the False Statement block.

Syntax: Flow diagram:

Programs:

# if else

# WAP to check the given data is float or not.

'''

Program concepts Page 2

 '''
data = eval(input('Enter the data: '))
if type(data)==float:
print('given data is float')
else:
print('given data is not float')'''

# WAP to check whether the string is palindrome or not.

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
if s==s[::-1]:
print('string is palindrome')
else:
print('string is not palindrome')'''

# WAP to check whether the given character is vowel or not.

'''
ch = input('Enter the character: ')
if ch in 'aeiouAEIOU':
print('given character is vowel')
else:
print('given character is not vowel')'''

# WAP to check whether the given data is SVDT or not.

'''
data = eval(input('Enter the data: '))
if type(data) in [int, float, complex, bool]:
print('given data is SVDT')
else:
print('given data is not SVDT')'''

# WAP to check whether the given integer is 3 digit number or not.

'''
n = abs(int(input('Enter the number: ')))
if 100<=n<=999:
print('given integer is 3 digit number')
else:
print('given integer is not 3 digit number')'''

Note:

abs (absolute function) - It will convert the negative numbers into positive numbers. If we
already have positive number it will keep as it is.

Day-17

3) elif:
--- Whenever we want to check the multiple conditions and to execute statement blocks of
each and every condition we use elif.

Syntax: Flow Diagram:

Program concepts Page 3

Syntax: Flow Diagram:

Programs:

# elif

# WAP to find the relation between 2 numbers.

'''
a = int(input('Enter the number1: '))
b = int(input('Enter the number2: '))
if a > b:
print(a, 'is greater')
elif a < b:
print(a, 'is lesser')
else:
print(a, b,'are equal')'''

# WAP to check whether the character is uppercase or lowercase or digits or special characters
'''
ch = input('Enter the character: ')
if 'A'<=ch<='Z':
print('character is uppercase')
elif 'a'<=ch<='z':
print('character is lowercase')
elif '0'<=ch<='9':
print('character is digit')
else:
print('character is special character')'''

# WAP to check whether the number is single digit or two digit or three digit or more than 3 digit.
'''
n = abs(int(input('Enter the number: ')))
if 0<=n<=9:
print('single digit')
elif 10<=n<=99:
print('two digit')
elif 100<=n<=999:
print('three digit')
else:
print('more than three digit')'''

# WAP to find the greatest among four numbers

Program concepts Page 4

 # WAP to find the greatest among four numbers
'''
a = int(input('Enter the number1: '))
b = int(input('Enter the number2: '))
c = int(input('Enter the number3: '))
d = int(input('Enter the number4: '))
if a>b and a>c and a>d:
print(a,'is greatest')
elif b>a and b>c and b>d:
print(b,'is greatest')
elif c>a and c>b and c>d:
print(c,'is greatest')
else:
print(d,'is greatest')'''

# Assignment: WAP to find the smallest among four numbers

# WAP to predict the student result based on the obtained percentage.

'''
per = float(input('Enter the percentage: '))
if per < 0 or per>100:
print('Invalid result')
elif 70<=per<=100:
print('Distinction')
elif 60<=per<70:
print('First Class')
elif 45<=per<60:
print('Second Class')
elif 35<=per<45:
print('Just pass')
elif per<35:
print('Fail')'''

4) Nested if:
--- Whenever it is necessary to check a condition before checking another condition we use Nested
if.

Syntax: Flow diagram:

Programs:

Program concepts Page 5

 Programs:

# Nested if

# WAP to check whether the given character is vowel or consonant.

'''
s = input('Enter the character: ')
if 'A'<=s<='Z' or 'a'<=s<='z':
if s in 'aeiouAEIOU':
print('Vowels')
else:
print('Consonants')
else:
print('character is not alphabet')'''

# WAP to login to Instagram by entering the proper username and password.

'''
username = 'python'
password = 'coders@123'
un = input('Enter the username: ')
pw = input('Enter the password: ')
if un == username:
if pw == password:
print('Login Successful')
else:
print('Invalid password')
else:
print('Incorrect username')'''

# WAP to print the greatest among 3 numbers

'''
a = int(input('Enter the number1: '))
b = int(input('Enter the number2: '))
c = int(input('Enter the number3: '))
if a>b:
if a>c:
print(a,'is greatest')
else:
print(c,'is greatest')
elif b>a:
if b>c:
print(b,'is greatest')
else:
print(c,'is greatest')'''

Day-18

Looping Statement:
--- It is a control statement which will control the flow of execution by repeating the same task again
and again.

Types:
• While loop
• For loop

1) While loop:
Program concepts Page 6
1) While loop:
--- It is used to execute the same set of instructions again and again until the condition become
False.

Note:
○ Initialization
○ Updation

Syntax: Flow Diagram:

Programs:

# while loop

# WAP to print hello world for 5 times

'''
i=1
while i<=5:
print('hello world')
i = i + 1'''

# WAP to print first 10 natural numbers.

'''
num = int(input('Enter the number: '))
i=1
while i <= num:
print(i)
i = i + 1 '''

# WAP to print the first 10 natural numbers in reverse order

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
i=n
while i >0:
print(i)
i = i - 1'''

Program concepts Page 7

while i >0:
print(i)
i = i - 1'''

# WAP to print all the even numbers from 1 to 50

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
i=1
while i <= 50:
if i%2==0:
print(i)
i = i + 1'''

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
i=2
while i <= 50:
print(i)
i = i + 2'''

# WAP to print the sum of n natural numbers

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
i=1
res = 0
while i<=n:
res = res + i
i=i+1
print(res)'''

# WAP to reverse the number without using typecasting.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
rev = 0
while n > 0:
rem = n % 10
rev = rev*10 + rem
n = n // 10
print(rev)'''

# WAP to print the product of individual digit

from the number.
'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
prod = 1
while n > 0:
rem = n%10
prod = prod * rem
n = n // 10
print(prod)'''

Assignment: Do tracing for this program

Program concepts Page 8

Program concepts Page 9
24 February 2025 19:52

Day-19

While loop programs

# WAP to find the factorial of a given integer / to find the prod of n natural numbers.
# Example: 5! --- 5*4*3*2*1
# Example: product upto 5 --- 1*2*3*4*5
'''
n=5
prod = 1
while n>0:
prod = prod * n
n=n-1
print(prod)'''

'''
i=1
prod = 1
while i<=5:
prod = prod * i
i=i+1
print(prod)'''

# WAP to extract the uppercase character from the string.

'''
st = input('Enter the string: ')
i=0
out = ''
while i<len(st):
if 'A'<=st[i]<='Z':
out = out + st[i]
i +=1
print(out)'''

To toggle the string.

ord('A')
65
ord('a')
97
chr(65)
'A'
chr(ord('A')+32)
'a'
chr(ord('B')+32)
'b'
chr(ord('C')+32)
'c'
chr(ord('a')-32)
New Section 1 Page 1
chr(ord('a')-32)
'A'
chr(ord('b')-32)
'B'

# WAP to toggle the string.

'''
st = input('Enter the string: ')
i=0
out = ''
while i<len(st):
if 'A'<=st[i]<='Z':
out += chr(ord(st[i])+32)
elif 'a'<=st[i]<='z':
out += chr(ord(st[i])-32)
else:
out += st[i]
i += 1
print(out)'''

# WAP to find the sum of all the integers in a list.

'''
l = eval(input('Enter the list: '))
sum = 0
i=0
while i<len(l):
if type(l[i]) == int:
sum += l[i]
i += 1
print(sum)'''

Day-20

For loop:
--- It is self-iterative loop.

Advantage:
• It will allow us to use all the MVDT but in while loop it considers only string, list and tuple.
• No need of initialization and updation.

Range():
--- It is used to create a sequence of integers between the given value.
Syntax:
range(SV, EV+1,updation)
range(SV, EV-1,updation)

○ If updation == +1
range(SV, EV+-1)

○ If SV==0
range(EV+-1, updation)

range(1,10+1)
range(1, 11)

New Section 1 Page 2

range(1, 11)
list(range(1,11))
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
tuple(range(1,11))
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
list(range(10,1-1,-1))
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
list(range(0,10+1,1))
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
list(range(10,0-1,-1))
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
list(range(10,-1,-1))
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]

Syntax: Flow Diagram:

Programs:

# For loop

# Practice programs
'''
for i in [10,2.3,6+7j,78]:
print(i)'''

'''
for i in (12,34):
print(i)'''

'''
for i in {17,3.4,78,32}:
print(i)'''

'''
for i in {'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}:
print(i)'''

'''
for i in 'sakshi':
print(i,end=' ')'''

'''
for i in range(1,6):
print(i) '''

# Actual programs of loop programs

New Section 1 Page 3

# WAP to find the length of the collection without using len function.
'''
c = eval(input('Enter the collection: '))
count = 0
for i in c:
count+=1
print(count)'''

# WAP to extract the vowels from the given string.

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
out = ''
for i in s:
if i in 'aeiouAEIOU':
out += i
print(out)'''

# WAP to replace space by and underscore in a given string.

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
out = ''
for i in s:
if i == ' ':
out += '_'
else:
out += i
print(out)'''

# WAP to check whether the string is palindrome or not without using slicing.
'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
rev = ''
for i in s:
rev = i + rev
if rev == s:
print('palindrome')
else:
print('not palindrome')'''

# WAP to remove the duplicates values from the list.

'''
l = eval(input('Enter the list: '))
out = []
for i in l:
if i not in out:
out += [i]
print(out)'''

Day-21

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : (12,3.4,'hello',2+3j,'python','bye',False)
Output : {'hello': 5, 'python': 6,'bye':3} '''

'''
t = eval(input('Enter the tuple: '))
out = {}
for i in t:

New Section 1 Page 4

for i in t:
if type(i) == str:
out[i] = len(i)
print(out)'''

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : [12,3.4,'hello',2+3j,'python','bye',False]
Output : {'hello': 'ho', 'python': 'pn','bye':'be'} '''

'''
l = eval(input('Enter the list: '))
out = {}
for i in l:
if type(i) == str:
out[i] = i[0]+i[-1]
print(out)'''

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : 'aPpLe#123'
Output : {'a':'A', 'P':'p', 'p':'P', 'L':'l', 'e':'E'} '''

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
out = {}
for i in s:
if 'a'<=i<='z':
out[i] = chr(ord(i)-32)
elif 'A'<=i<='Z':
out[i] = chr(ord(i)+32)
print(out) '''

Note:
○ Split() --- it is used to split each word present in the string
○ Join() --- it is used to join/merge the strings present inside the collection.

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : 'hai hello bye'
Output : 'iah olleh eyb' '''

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
out = []
a = s.split()
for i in a:
out.append(i[::-1])
print(' '.join(out)) '''

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : 'Everyone Loves python'
Output : 'Ee Ls pn' '''

'''
s = input('Enter the string: ')
out = []
a = s.split()
for i in a:

New Section 1 Page 5

 for i in a:
out.append(i[0]+i[-1])
print(' '.join(out)) '''

# Get the following output.

'''
Input : 'abcabacbcbc'
Output : 'a3b4c4' '''

s = input('Enter the string: ')

out = ''
for i in s:
if i not in out:
c = s.count(i)
out += i + str(c)
print(out)

Count() --- It will count the number of occurrence of character in a string.

# Get the following output without using count function.
'''
Input : 'abcabacbcbc'
Output : {'a':3,'b':4,'c':4} '''

s = input('Enter the string: ')

out = {}
for i in s:
if i not in out:
out[i] = 1
else:
out[i] += 1
print(out)

# WAP to print all the divisors of a given number.

'''
n = int(input('Enter the number: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
if n % i == 0:
print(i)'''

Day - 22:
New Section 1 Page 6
Day - 22:

Nested for loop:

--- It is a phenomenon where we write a for loop inside another for loop.

Syntax:

Example:

# Nested for loop

for i in range(1,5):
for j in range(1,3):
print(i,j)

Strong Number: If the number is equal to the sum of the factorial of individual digits, then we
can call that number as Strong Number.

# WAP to check whether the number is strong number or not.

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

sum_fact = 0
a = str(n)
for i in '145':
num = int(i)
fact = 1
for i in range(num,0,-1):
fact *= i
sum_fact += fact
if sum_fact == n:
print('Strong number')
else:
print('Not strong number')

New Section 1 Page 7

# Get the following output.
'''
Input : [12, 'program',4+2j, False,'holiday']
Output : {'program' : 'oa', 'holiday' : 'oia'} '''

'''
l = eval(input('Enter the list: '))
out = {}
for i in l:
if type(i) == str:
vow = ''
for j in i:
if j in 'AEIOUaeiou':
vow += j
out[i] = vow
print(out) '''

#Assignment
# Get the following output.
'''
Input : [12, 'program',4+2j, False,'holiday']
Output : {'program' : 'prgrm', 'holiday' : 'hldy'} '''

#Assignment
# Get the following output.
'''
Input : [12, 'program',4+2j, False,'holiday']
Output : {'program' : 'PROGRAM', 'holiday' : 'HOLIDAY'} '''

Patterns:
--- Using Nested for loop to print some unique structure or pattern.

Programs:

# Pattern
'''
***

for i in range(1,4):
print('*',end = ' ') '''

'''
***

New Section 1 Page 8

***
***
***

for i in range(1,4):
for j in range(1,4):
print('*',end = ' ')
print() '''

'''
***
***
***
***
***

for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(1,4):
print('*',end = ' ')
print()'''

'''
*****
*****

for i in range(1,3):
for j in range(1,6):
print('*',end = ' ')
print() '''

• Printing pattern with respect to primary diagonal

Printing pattern with respect to secondary diagonal

New Section 1 Page 9

Patterns:

'''
*
*
*
*
*
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == j:
print('*', end = ' ')
else:
print(' ', end = ' ')
print()

'''
@
*@
**@
***@
****@
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == j:
print('@', end = ' ')
elif i > j:
print('*', end = ' ')
else:
print(' ', end = ' ')
print()

'''
####$
###$&
##$&&
#$&&&
$&&&&
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i+j == n+1:
print('$', end = ' ')

New Section 1 Page 10

 print('$', end = ' ')
elif i+j > n+1:
print('&', end = ' ')
elif i+j < n+1:
print('#', end = ' ')
print()

'''
*****
* *
* *
* *
*****
'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == 1 or j == 1 or i == n or j ==n:
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
10000
01000
00100
00010
00001
'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i ==j:
print('1',end = ' ')
else:
print('0',end = ' ')
print()

'''

* *
* *
*
* *
* *
'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == j or i+j == n+1:
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
*****
* *

New Section 1 Page 11

 * *
* *
* *
*****
'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == 1 or j==1 or i==n or j==n:
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
*
*
*****
*
*
'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == n//2+1 or j == n//2+1:
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
*********
** * **
* * * * *
* *** *
*********
* *** *
* * * * *
** * **
*********

'''
n = int(input('Enter the num: '))
for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i==1 or j==1 or i==n or j==n or i==j or i+j==n+1 or i==n//2+1 or j==n//2+1:
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

Day-23

'''
12345
12345
12345
12345
12345
New Section 1 Page 12
12345
12345
12345
12345

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):

for j in range(1,n+1):
print(j,end = ' ')
print() '''

'''
11111
22222
33333
44444
55555

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
print(i,end = ' ')
print() '''

'''
1
12
123
1234
12345
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == j or i > j:
print(j,end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
23
23 24
23 24 25
23 24 25 26
23 24 25 26 27
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
k = 23
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i == j or i > j:
print(k,end = ' ')
k += 1
else:

New Section 1 Page 13

 if i == j or i > j:
print(k,end = ' ')
k += 1
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
5
54
543
5432
54321
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
k=5
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i+j == n+1 or i+j > n+1:
print(k,end = ' ')
k -= 1
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
5
54
543
5432
54321
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
k=5
for j in range(1,n+1):
if i+j == n+1 or i+j > n+1:
print(k,end = ' ')
k -= 1
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
* *
** **
* * *
* *
* *
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if j == 1 or j == n or (i == j and i <= n//2+1 ) or (i+j == n+1 and i <= n//2+1) :
print('*',end = ' ')
else:

New Section 1 Page 14

 else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
* *
* *
* * *
** **
* *
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if j == 1 or j == n or (i == j and i >= n//2+1 ) or (i+j == n+1 and i >= n//2+1) :
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
**** * *
* * * *
* ** * * *
**** ** **
* * *
'''

n = int(input('Enter the number: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if (j == 1 and i != n) or (i == 1 and j != n) or (i == n-1 and j != n) or (j == n-1 and i != n) or (i == j and i >= n//2+1 ) :
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')

print(end = ' ')

for j in range(1,n+1):
if j == 1 or j == n or (i == j and i >= n//2+1 ) or (i+j==n+1 and i >= n//2+1):
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

'''
****
*
***
*
****
'''

n = int(input('Enter the num: '))

for i in range(1,n+1):
for j in range(1,n+1):
if (i == 1 and j!=1) or (i == n//2+1 and 1<j<n) or (i == n and j!=n ) or (j == 1 and 1<i<n//2+1) or (j == n and n//2+1<i<n) :
print('*',end = ' ')
else:
print(' ',end = ' ')
print()

Assignment:
--- Print the first 4 letters in your name using patterns.
New Section 1 Page 15
--- Print the first 4 letters in your name using patterns.

New Section 1 Page 16