MySQL Practical Lab Manual-PART 1

1. SELECT all columns or specific columns

The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables. You can select all
columns using '*' or specific columns by naming them.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

SELECT * FROM table_name;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER;

 SELECT CUS_LNAME, CUS_FNAME FROM CUSTOMER;
 SELECT EMP_LNAME, EMP_FNAME FROM EMP;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT;
 SELECT P_CODE, P_DESCRIPT FROM PRODUCT;

2. SELECT using WHERE clause

The WHERE clause is used to filter records that fulfill a specified condition.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_BALANCE > 200;

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_TITLE = 'Mr.';
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_PRICE > 100;
 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_YEARS >= 10;
 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_LNAME = 'Smith';

3. Using AND, OR, NOT

Logical operators are used to combine multiple conditions in a WHERE clause.

Syntax:
SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE condition1 AND condition2;
SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE condition1 OR condition2;
SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE NOT condition;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_TITLE = 'Mr.' AND EMP_AREACODE = '615';

 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_BALANCE > 300 OR CUS_LNAME = 'Smith';
 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NOT EMP_YEARS < 10;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_PRICE > 100 AND P_QOH > 10;
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_TITLE = 'Ms.' OR EMP_TITLE = 'Mrs.';

4. ORDER BY
The ORDER BY clause is used to sort the result-set in ascending or descending order.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 FROM table ORDER BY column1 ASC|DESC;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER ORDER BY CUS_LNAME ASC;

 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY EMP_YEARS DESC;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ORDER BY P_PRICE DESC;
 SELECT * FROM VENDOR ORDER BY V_NAME ASC;
 SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY EMP_HIRE_DATE ASC;

5. >, >=, <, <=, != (Not equal to)

Comparison operators are used to compare values in a WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT * FROM table WHERE column > value;

SELECT * FROM table WHERE column != value;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_PRICE > 100;

 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_YEARS >= 10;
 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_BALANCE < 300;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_DISCOUNT != 0;
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_NUM <= 110;

6. BETWEEN
The BETWEEN operator is used to filter values within a specified range.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE column BETWEEN value1 AND value2;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_YEARS BETWEEN 10 AND 15;

 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_PRICE BETWEEN 10 AND 50;
 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_BALANCE BETWEEN 100 AND 500;
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_NUM BETWEEN 105 AND 110;
 SELECT * FROM LINE WHERE LINE_UNITS BETWEEN 1 AND 3;

7. IN
The IN operator allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE column IN (value1, value2, ...);

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_TITLE IN ('Mr.', 'Ms.');

 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE V_CODE IN (21344, 24288);
 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_LNAME IN ('Smith', 'Brown');
 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_AREACODE IN ('615', '901');
 SELECT * FROM VENDOR WHERE V_STATE IN ('TN', 'FL');

8. LIKE
The LIKE operator is used for pattern matching using wildcards (% and _).

Syntax:

SELECT column1 FROM table WHERE column LIKE pattern;

Examples:
 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER WHERE CUS_LNAME LIKE 'S%';
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT WHERE P_DESCRIPT LIKE '%blade%';
 SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMP_FNAME LIKE '__orge';
 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP_PHONE LIKE '324%';
 SELECT * FROM VENDOR WHERE V_NAME LIKE '%Inc%';

9. LIMIT
The LIMIT clause is used to specify the number of records to return.

Syntax:

SELECT column1 FROM table LIMIT number;

Examples:

 SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER LIMIT 5;

 SELECT * FROM EMP LIMIT 10;
 SELECT * FROM PRODUCT ORDER BY P_PRICE DESC LIMIT 3;
 SELECT * FROM VENDOR LIMIT 4;
 SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE LIMIT 2;

10. HAVING
The HAVING clause is used to filter results after aggregation, unlike WHERE which filters
before aggregation.

Syntax:

SELECT column, AGG_FUNC(column2) FROM table GROUP BY column HAVING

AGG_FUNC(column2) condition;

Examples:

 SELECT EMP_TITLE, COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY EMP_TITLE HAVING COUNT(*) >
2;
 SELECT V_CODE, AVG(P_PRICE) FROM PRODUCT GROUP BY V_CODE HAVING
AVG(P_PRICE) > 50;
 SELECT P_CODE, SUM(LINE_UNITS) FROM LINE GROUP BY P_CODE HAVING
SUM(LINE_UNITS) > 3;
 SELECT CUS_CODE, COUNT(*) FROM INVOICE GROUP BY CUS_CODE HAVING COUNT(*)
>= 2;
 SELECT EMP_AREACODE, COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY EMP_AREACODE
HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;

11. GROUP BY
The GROUP BY statement is used with aggregate functions to group result-set by one or
more columns.

Syntax:

SELECT column, AGG_FUNC(column2) FROM table GROUP BY column;

Examples:

 SELECT EMP_TITLE, COUNT(*) FROM EMP GROUP BY EMP_TITLE;

 SELECT V_CODE, AVG(P_PRICE) FROM PRODUCT GROUP BY V_CODE;
 SELECT P_CODE, SUM(LINE_UNITS) FROM LINE GROUP BY P_CODE;
 SELECT EMP_AREACODE, COUNT(*) FROM EMPLOYEE GROUP BY EMP_AREACODE;
 SELECT CUS_CODE, COUNT(*) FROM INVOICE GROUP BY CUS_CODE;

12. DISTINCT and ALIAS

DISTINCT removes duplicates; ALIAS gives a temporary name to columns or tables.

Syntax:

SELECT DISTINCT column FROM table;

SELECT column AS alias FROM table;

Examples:

 SELECT DISTINCT EMP_TITLE FROM EMP;

 SELECT EMP_LNAME AS LastName FROM EMP;
 SELECT CUS_LNAME AS Customer FROM CUSTOMER;
 SELECT DISTINCT V_STATE FROM VENDOR;
 SELECT P_DESCRIPT AS Description FROM PRODUCT;

13. MAX, MIN, AVG, COUNT, SUM

Aggregate functions perform calculations on a set of values and return a single value.

Syntax:
SELECT MAX(column) FROM table;
SELECT MIN(column) FROM table;
SELECT AVG(column) FROM table;
SELECT COUNT(column) FROM table;
SELECT SUM(column) FROM table;

Examples:

 SELECT MAX(P_PRICE) FROM PRODUCT;

 SELECT MIN(EMP_YEARS) FROM EMPLOYEE;
 SELECT AVG(CUS_BALANCE) FROM CUSTOMER;
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EMP;
 SELECT SUM(LINE_UNITS) FROM LINE;
MySQL Practical Lab Manual: SQL
JOINs-PART 2
1. INNER JOIN
INNER JOIN returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables.

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

Examples:

 SELECT CUSTOMER.CUS_LNAME, INVOICE.INV_DATE FROM CUSTOMER INNER JOIN

INVOICE ON CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE = INVOICE.CUS_CODE;
 SELECT LINE.P_CODE, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM LINE INNER JOIN PRODUCT ON
LINE.P_CODE = PRODUCT.P_CODE;
 SELECT EMP.EMP_LNAME, EMPLOYEE.EMP_PHONE FROM EMP INNER JOIN
EMPLOYEE ON EMP.EMP_NUM = EMPLOYEE.EMP_NUM;
 SELECT PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT, VENDOR.V_NAME FROM PRODUCT INNER JOIN
VENDOR ON PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE;
 SELECT INVOICE.INV_NUMBER, CUSTOMER.CUS_FNAME FROM INVOICE INNER JOIN
CUSTOMER ON INVOICE.CUS_CODE = CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE;

2. LEFT JOIN
LEFT JOIN returns all records from the left table, and matched records from the right table.
NULLs are returned for unmatched rows.

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

Examples:

 SELECT PRODUCT.P_CODE, VENDOR.V_NAME FROM PRODUCT LEFT JOIN VENDOR ON

PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE;
 SELECT CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE, INVOICE.INV_DATE FROM CUSTOMER LEFT JOIN
INVOICE ON CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE = INVOICE.CUS_CODE;
 SELECT EMP.EMP_NUM, EMPLOYEE.EMP_PHONE FROM EMP LEFT JOIN EMPLOYEE ON
EMP.EMP_NUM = EMPLOYEE.EMP_NUM;
 SELECT LINE.INV_NUMBER, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM LINE LEFT JOIN PRODUCT
ON LINE.P_CODE = PRODUCT.P_CODE;
 SELECT VENDOR.V_CODE, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM VENDOR LEFT JOIN PRODUCT
ON VENDOR.V_CODE = PRODUCT.V_CODE;

3. RIGHT JOIN
RIGHT JOIN returns all records from the right table, and matched records from the left table.
NULLs are returned for unmatched rows.

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

Examples:

 SELECT PRODUCT.P_CODE, VENDOR.V_NAME FROM PRODUCT RIGHT JOIN VENDOR

ON PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE;
 SELECT INVOICE.INV_NUMBER, CUSTOMER.CUS_FNAME FROM INVOICE RIGHT JOIN
CUSTOMER ON INVOICE.CUS_CODE = CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE;
 SELECT PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT, LINE.LINE_UNITS FROM LINE RIGHT JOIN PRODUCT
ON LINE.P_CODE = PRODUCT.P_CODE;
 SELECT EMP.EMP_NUM, EMPLOYEE.EMP_PHONE FROM EMP RIGHT JOIN EMPLOYEE
ON EMP.EMP_NUM = EMPLOYEE.EMP_NUM;
 SELECT VENDOR.V_NAME, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM PRODUCT RIGHT JOIN
VENDOR ON PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE;

4. FULL OUTER JOIN (Simulated using UNION)

MySQL does not support FULL OUTER JOIN directly, but it can be simulated using UNION of
LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN.

Syntax:

SELECT columns FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON condition

UNION
SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON condition;

Examples:

 SELECT CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE, INVOICE.INV_DATE FROM CUSTOMER LEFT JOIN

INVOICE ON CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE = INVOICE.CUS_CODE
UNION
 SELECT CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE, INVOICE.INV_DATE FROM CUSTOMER RIGHT JOIN
INVOICE ON CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE = INVOICE.CUS_CODE;
 SELECT PRODUCT.P_CODE, VENDOR.V_NAME FROM PRODUCT LEFT JOIN VENDOR ON
PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE
UNION
SELECT PRODUCT.P_CODE, VENDOR.V_NAME FROM PRODUCT RIGHT JOIN VENDOR
ON PRODUCT.V_CODE = VENDOR.V_CODE;
 SELECT EMP.EMP_NUM, EMPLOYEE.EMP_PHONE FROM EMP LEFT JOIN EMPLOYEE ON
EMP.EMP_NUM = EMPLOYEE.EMP_NUM
UNION
SELECT EMP.EMP_NUM, EMPLOYEE.EMP_PHONE FROM EMP RIGHT JOIN EMPLOYEE
ON EMP.EMP_NUM = EMPLOYEE.EMP_NUM;
 SELECT LINE.P_CODE, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM LINE LEFT JOIN PRODUCT ON
LINE.P_CODE = PRODUCT.P_CODE
UNION
SELECT LINE.P_CODE, PRODUCT.P_DESCRIPT FROM LINE RIGHT JOIN PRODUCT ON
LINE.P_CODE = PRODUCT.P_CODE;
 SELECT INVOICE.CUS_CODE, CUSTOMER.CUS_LNAME FROM INVOICE LEFT JOIN
CUSTOMER ON INVOICE.CUS_CODE = CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE
UNION
SELECT INVOICE.CUS_CODE, CUSTOMER.CUS_LNAME FROM INVOICE RIGHT JOIN
CUSTOMER ON INVOICE.CUS_CODE = CUSTOMER.CUS_CODE;
MySQL Practical Lab Manual: University
Database-PART 3
1. CREATE DATABASE
This command is used to create a new database in MySQL.

Syntax:

CREATE DATABASE university;

Examples:

 CREATE DATABASE university;

2. USE / SELECT DATABASE

The USE command selects a database to work with.

Syntax:

USE university;

Examples:

 USE university;

3. DROP DATABASE
The DROP DATABASE command deletes a database permanently.

Syntax:

DROP DATABASE university;

Examples:

 DROP DATABASE university;

4. CREATE TABLE
This command creates a table with various constraints like PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY,
AUTO_INCREMENT, NOT NULL, DEFAULT, and CHECK.

Syntax:

CREATE TABLE course (

courseid INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
duration INT NOT NULL,
cost DECIMAL(10,2) DEFAULT 50000 CHECK (cost >= 10000)
);

Examples:

 CREATE TABLE student (

studentid INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
studentname VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50),
county VARCHAR(30),
phonenumber VARCHAR(15),
courseid INT,
FOREIGN KEY(courseid) REFERENCES course(courseid)
);
 CREATE TABLE unit (
unitcode VARCHAR(10) PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
duration INT,
courseid INT,
FOREIGN KEY(courseid) REFERENCES course(courseid)
);
 CREATE TABLE enrollment (
studentid INT,
unitcode VARCHAR(10),
mark DECIMAL(5,2),
PRIMARY KEY(studentid, unitcode),
FOREIGN KEY(studentid) REFERENCES student(studentid) ON DELETE CASCADE,
FOREIGN KEY(unitcode) REFERENCES unit(unitcode) ON DELETE CASCADE
);

5. ADD PRIMARY KEY / DROP PRIMARY KEY

Modify existing tables to add or drop primary keys.
 Syntax:

ALTER TABLE tablename ADD PRIMARY KEY (column);

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP PRIMARY KEY;

Examples:

 ALTER TABLE course ADD PRIMARY KEY(courseid);

 ALTER TABLE course DROP PRIMARY KEY;

6. ADD COLUMN / DROP COLUMN

Add or remove a column from a table.

Syntax:

ALTER TABLE tablename ADD columnname datatype;

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP COLUMN columnname;

Examples:

 ALTER TABLE student ADD date_of_birth DATE;

 ALTER TABLE student DROP COLUMN county;

7. DESCRIBE TABLE
Shows the structure of a table including column names and data types.

Syntax:

DESCRIBE tablename;

Examples:

 DESCRIBE student;
 DESCRIBE course;

8. DROP TABLE
Deletes a table permanently from the database.

Syntax:
DROP TABLE tablename;

Examples:

 DROP TABLE enrollment;

 DROP TABLE unit;
MySQL Practical Lab Manual: University
Database - Part 4
1. INSERT INTO (One record at a time)
Use the INSERT INTO statement to add a single record into a table.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, ...);

Examples:

 INSERT INTO course VALUES (1, 'Computer Science', 4, 80000);

 INSERT INTO unit VALUES ('CS101', 'Introduction to Programming', 60, 1);
 INSERT INTO student VALUES (1, 'John Doe', '[email protected]', 'Nairobi',
'0712345678', 1);
 INSERT INTO enrollment VALUES (1, 'CS101', 78.5);

2. INSERT INTO (Bulk insert with listed columns)

Insert multiple records by specifying the column names explicitly.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...), (value1,
value2, ...);

Examples:

 INSERT INTO course (courseid, name, duration, cost) VALUES

(2, 'Information Technology', 3, 70000),
(3, 'Software Engineering', 4, 85000);
 INSERT INTO unit (unitcode, name, duration, courseid) VALUES
('CS102', 'Databases', 45, 1),
('IT101', 'Networks', 50, 2);
 INSERT INTO student (studentid, studentname, email, county, phonenumber, courseid)
VALUES
(2, 'Mary Ann', '[email protected]', 'Kiambu', '0723456789', 2),
(3, 'Peter Kim', '[email protected]', 'Mombasa', '0734567890', 3);
3. INSERT INTO (Without specifying column names)
Insert records assuming all columns are filled in the correct order.

Syntax:

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (...), (...);

Examples:

 INSERT INTO course VALUES (4, 'Data Science', 4, 90000);

 INSERT INTO unit VALUES ('SE201', 'Software Design', 60, 3);
 INSERT INTO student VALUES (4, 'Lucy Maina', '[email protected]', 'Nakuru',
'0745678901', 3);

4. UPDATE Command
UPDATE is used to modify existing records in a table.

Syntax:

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2 WHERE condition;

Examples:

 UPDATE student SET email = '[email protected]' WHERE studentid = 1;

 UPDATE course SET cost = 75000 WHERE courseid = 2;
 UPDATE unit SET duration = 65 WHERE unitcode = 'CS101';
 UPDATE enrollment SET mark = 85 WHERE studentid = 1 AND unitcode = 'CS101';

5. DELETE Command with ON DELETE CASCADE

DELETE removes records from a table. When used with ON DELETE CASCADE on foreign
keys, related child records are also removed.

Syntax:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

Examples:

 DELETE FROM student WHERE studentid = 4; -- Also deletes from enrollment if ON

DELETE CASCADE is set
 DELETE FROM course WHERE courseid = 3; -- Deletes related students and units if
foreign keys have ON DELETE CASCADE
 DELETE FROM unit WHERE unitcode = 'SE201'; -- Removes related enrollment entries if
cascading is set