Math E 101:

DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
with Engr. Ram Owen Savier J. Licayan, ECT

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 FUNCTIONS
with Engr. Ram Owen Savier J. Licayan, ECT

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Motivation of the Day

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What is a Function?

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Function

A function is defined as a
relation between a set of
inputs having one output
each. In simple words, a
function is a relationship
between inputs where each
input is related to exactly
one output.

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Functions

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Functions
Determine whether each relation is a function:
a) {(2, 3), (3, 0), (5, 2), (4, 3)}
b) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 6), (1, 9)}
c) {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)}

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Functions
Determine whether each relation is a function:
a) {(2, 3), (3, 0), (5, 2), (4, 3)} Function
b) {(4, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 6), (1, 9)} Not a Function
c) {(1,3), (2,3), (3,3)} Function

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Vertical Line Test of Function

A curve in the xy-plane is the

graph of a function of f if and
only if no vertical line
intersects the curve more
than once.

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Vertical Line Test of Function
If each vertical line x = a intersects a curve (see Figure 1.1) only
once, at (a, b) , then exactly one functional value is defined by
f(a) = b. But if a line x = a intersects the curve twice, at (a, b) and
(a, c), then the curve can’t represent a function because a function
can’t assign two different values to a.

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Vertical Line Test of Function

If each vertical line x = a intersects a curve (see Figure 1.1) only once, at (a, b) , then exactly one functional value is
defined by f(a) = b. But if a line x = a intersects the curve twice, at (a, b) and (a, c), then the curve can’t represent a
function because a function can’t assign two different values to a.

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Basic Classes of Function: Single –Value
• Polynomials
• Algebraic Functions
• Trigonometric Functions

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Polynomials
For any real number m, the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑚 is called
the power function with exponent m. A polynomial is a
sum of multiples of power functions with whole number
exponents.

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Polynomials
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 and g 𝑥 = 7𝑥 6 + 𝑥 3 −
3𝑥 − 1 are functions. Thus, the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1 is
not a polynomial because it includes a power function
𝑥 −1 with a negative exponent.

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Polynomials

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 g 𝑥 = 7𝑥 6 + 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1

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Polynomials

f 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1

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Polynomials

f 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 −1

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Algebraic Functions
An algebraic function is produced by taking sums,
products, and quotients of roots of polynomials and
rational functions. Here are some basic algebraic
functions. Any functions that are not algebraic are called
transcendental functions. Examples are trigonometric
and exponential functions.

Here are some common algebraic functions:

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Algebraic Functions
An algebraic function is produced by taking sums,
products, and quotients of roots of polynomials and
rational functions. Here are some basic algebraic
functions. Any functions that are not algebraic are called
transcendental functions. Examples are trigonometric
and exponential functions.

Here are some common algebraic functions:

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Algebraic Functions

Linear Function:
A linear function is a
function in a form y = mx +
b, where b ≠ 0.

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Algebraic Functions

Constant Function:
A general equation of a
constant function is y = a ,
where a is any number. Its
graph is a horizontal line
that crosses the y axis at a.

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Algebraic Functions
Direct Variation Function:
The general equation
of the direct variation
function is y = ax where a
is a nonzero constant. Its
graph is a line that passes
through the origin and its
neither horizontal nor
vertical.
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Algebraic Functions

Identity Function:
The identity function y = x is
a special case of the direct
variation function in which
the constant is 1. Its graph
passes through all points
with coordinates (a, a).

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Algebraic Functions

Absolute Value Function:

An equation with a
direct variation expression
inside absolute value
symbols. Its graph is in the
shape of a V.

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Algebraic Functions

Greatest Integer Function:

An equation includes
an expression inside the
greatest integer symbol.
Its graph looks like a steps.

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Algebraic Functions

Quadratic Function.
The function with general
equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 +
𝑐 is a quadratic equation,
where a ≠ 0. Its graph is a
parabola.

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Algebraic Functions
Square Root Function:
If an equation includes an
expression inside the
radical sign, the function is
a square root function. Its
graph is a curve that starts
at a point and continues in
only one direction.

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Algebraic Functions
Rational Function:
The general equation of a
rational function is
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑦=
𝑞(𝑥)
where p(x) and q(x) are
polynomial functions. Its
graph has one or more
asymptotes and/or holes.
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Piecewise Defined Function
In certain situations, a function is defined by several
equations, each valid over a certain portion of the
domain of the function.

Example of a piecewise defined function is the function:

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Piecewise Defined Function

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Piecewise Defined Function

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Trigonometric Functions

Any functions built from sin(x)

and cos(x) are called
trigonometric functions. This
functions have been discussed
in the basic mathematics and
pre-calculus courses.

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Trigonometric Functions

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Trigonometric Functions

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Trigonometric Functions

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Odd-Even Function
A function f is said to be an even function if for
every x in the domain of f, f(-x) = f(x).

A function f is said to be an odd

function if for every x in the domain of f, f(-x) = - f(x).

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Odd-Even Function
The function 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5 is an even
function because:

@x = -x
𝑓 −𝑥 = 2 −𝑥 4 − 3 −𝑥 2 + 5
𝑓 −𝑥 = 2𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 5
𝒇 −𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙

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Odd-Even Function
Determine whether the function is even, odd, or
neither even nor odd:
a) f 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 Odd
b) g 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 1 Even
c) h 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 Neither

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Domain and Range of a Function

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Domain and Range of a Function

Domain is what goes in,

range is what comes out.

Domain is x, range is y.

Domain is left to right,

range is bottom to top!

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Domain and Range of a Function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−2
Domain: the set of all x-values for which 𝑥 − 2 ≥ 0
or [2, ∞).
Range: [0, ∞)

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Domain and Range of a Function

𝑓 𝑥 = tan(𝑥)
Domain: the set of all x-values such that x ≠
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = + 𝑛𝜋 (since at x = , tan(x) is not defined)
2 2
Range: Set of all real numbers

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Boardwork

𝑓 𝑥 = 2x + 7
Domain: all real numbers (−∞,∞)

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Boardwork

2
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 5
Domain: all real numbers (−∞,∞)

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Boardwork

5
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
Domain: (−∞,2) ∪ (2,∞)

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Boardwork

3𝑥 − 8
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 20
Domain: (−∞,4) ∪ (4,5) ∪ (5,∞)

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Boardwork

2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 +4
Domain: (−∞,∞)

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Boardwork

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−4

Domain: [4,∞)

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Boardwork

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 28

Domain: (-∞,7) ∪ (4,∞)

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Boardwork

2𝑥 − 7
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+3
Domain: (-3,∞)

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Boardwork

𝑥−4
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 25
Domain: [4,5) ∪ (5,∞)

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Boardwork

𝑥+3
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥 2 − 16
Domain: (4,∞)

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Composite Functions
A composite function is formed when the output of one
function becomes the input of another function.
Essentially, you’re combining two functions to create a
new one, where one function is applied to the result of
the other.

The domain of f o g consists of the numbers x in the

domain of g for which g(x) lies in the domain of f.

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Composite Functions

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Composite Functions

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Composite Functions

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Inverse Functions
Inverse functions are functions that "undo" the action of
another function. If a function f maps x to y, then the
inverse function, denoted as f⁻¹ , maps y back to x. Not
all functions have inverses; a function must be one-to-
one (also called injective) for an inverse to exist. This
means each input maps to a unique output.

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Inverse Functions

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Inverse Functions

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Inverse Examples

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Inverse Examples

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Assignment: (Short Bond Paper)
Math Plate #2:
Solve ten (10) problems involving composite functions
(Domain) and ten (10) problems related to inverse
functions.
Deadline:
July 10, 2025 – BSCpE
July 9, 2025 – BSECE
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