Cell types,

structures, and
functions
GENERAL BIOLOGY I
LESSON
TARGETS
Describe the structure and function of
major and subcellular organelles
STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2

Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic

cells according to their distinguishing
features STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3

Classify different cell types (of

plant/animal tissues) and specify the
functions of each STEM_BIO11/12-
Ia-c-4
The cell
theory
1. All organisms are made of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all
living things.
3. All cells come from existing cells.

THIS IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE

IT SHOWS THAT ALL LIVING
THINGS SHARE A SIMILAR
STRUCTURE
 Two Types of Cells

All cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have

some common features
Two Types of Cells
Two Types of Cells
Two Types of Cells
Two Types of Cells
Two Types of Cells
 Organelles

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to live,

grow and reproduce.
Cells Parts and Their Functions
Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion and 100 trillion
cells.

The smaller parts that make up cells are called organelles. By

themselves organelles are not considered alive but together
with all the other organelles they form a cell; a living unit.

Different organelles have different structures and functions.

 Organelles

Organelles are structures that enable the cell to

live, grow and reproduce.
The Purpose of Organelles
Organelles maintain the life processes of the cell,
including:
● Intake of nutrients

● Movement

● Growth

● Response to stimuli

● Exchange of gases

● Waste removal

● Reproduction
Cell Membrane
● Forms the protective barrier
around the cell. It is made of a
double layer of lipids (fats). Cell
membranes are designed to
allow different substances to
move through them.
 Cytoplasm
● This is a jelly-like
substance that fills the
cell. All other
organelles are
suspended in the
cytoplasm. It contains
the nutrients required
by the cell.
ANIMAL
NUCLEUS

The nucleus contains DNA, which

carries the instructions for all
cell activities.

PLANT
NUCLEUS

The nucleus contains DNA, which

carries the instructions for all
cell activities.
The Nucleus
•The control center
DNA of the cell
•Contains the Cell’s
DNA
Nucleolus

Nuclear Membrane
“Mayor’s office”
The Organelles - Nucleus
● This is the “brain”/control centre of the cell. It
controls all activities within the cell.
● The nucleus is surrounded by its own membrane
called the nuclear envelope.
● Most nucleii contain a dense centre called the
nucleolus.
● Contains the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
which is the blueprint for the cell. DNA is coded
information for making proteins and molecules.
ANIMAL PLANT
MITOCHONDRIA MITOCHONDRIA

The mitochondria are the The mitochondria are the

powerhouses of the cell. powerhouses of the cell.
Produces energy (ATP) through Produces energy (ATP) through
cellular respiration by breaking cellular respiration by breaking
down glucose. down glucose.
Mitochondria
• Power center of cell Outer Membrane

• Provides the energy

the cell needs to
move, divide, etc.

“Electric company
Inner Membrane
of the cell”
Mitochondria
Outer Membrane

• Power center of cell

• Provides the energy the
cell needs to move, divide,
etc.

Inner Membrane

“Electric company of
the cell”
The Organelles - Mitochondria

● The “Powerplant” of the

cell.
● Chemical energy in sugar is
converted to useable
energy in the mitochondria
by a chemical reaction
called cellular respiration.
 Lysosomes
• Digestsfood particles
and cell parts
• “Garbage men”

• Protects cell by
digesting foreign
invaders
• “Police men
 The Organelles - Lysosomes
● Small organelles filled with
enzymes.
● They break down invading
bacteria and damaged parts
of the cell.
● They are the “cleaners” of
the cell
ANIMAL PLANT
RIBOSOME RIBOSOME

Ribosomes produce proteins, Ribosomes produce proteins,

which are essential for cell which are essential for cell
growth, repair, and function. growth, repair, and function.
Ribosomes

•Site where
proteins are made
•Cell parts are
made of proteins
“Factories of the
cell”
 PLANT
GOLGI APPARATUS

Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts,

and packages proteins and lipids
for storage or transport.

ANIMAL
GOLGI APPARATUS

Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts,

and packages proteins and lipids
for storage or transport.
Golgi Complex
• Packaging house of
cell
• Packages,
processes, and ships
out the stuff the
cell makes

“UPS of the cell” (United Parcel Service)

ANIMAL
ROUGH ER

A network of membranes that

transports materials throughout
the cell. Assists ribosomes in
making and delivering proteins.

PLANT
ROUGH ER

A network of membranes that

transports materials throughout
the cell. Assists ribosomes in
making and delivering proteins.
 The Organelles – Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
The “highway” of the cell. It is made of
a series of tubes that carry materials
through the cell.

2 kinds:
● Rough ER (rER) → covered in

ribosomes and used for making

Extra Info

proteins. Ribosomes are where

proteins are assembled.
● Smooth ER (sER) → has no

ribosomes. Used in the production

of fats and oils.
ANIMAL PLANT
SMOOTH ER SMOOTH ER

The smooth ER is a network of The smooth ER is a network of

membrane-covered tubes and sacs membrane-covered tubes and sacs
without ribosomes, giving it a without ribosomes, giving it a
smooth appearance. smooth appearance.
ANIMAL PLANT
VACUOLE VACUOLE

The vacuole is like a storage The vacuole is like a storage

unit or warehouse—it keeps extra unit or warehouse—it keeps extra
supplies and waste until needed. supplies and waste until needed.
The Organelles – Vacuoles and Vesicles
● Membrane-bound
organelles that store and
transport nutrients, wastes,
and other substances in the
cell.
● Plant cells have one VERY
large central vacuole that
stores water and provides
rigidity to the plant.
Vacuole • Stores water,
food & wastes
Vacuole

Vacuole is largest
organelle in plant cell
 PLANT
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Controls what enters and exits

the cell, maintaining
homeostasis. Provides protection
and structural support.

ANIMAL
PLASMA MEMBRANE

Controls what enters and exits

the cell, maintaining
homeostasis. Provides protection
and structural support.
Cell Wall

• Found only in plant cells

• Protects and supports

the cell
 Chloroplasts
Go to fullsize image

• Found only in plant

cells
• Contains chlorophyll
(makes plants green)
• Where
photosynthesis takes
place
Plant-specific Organelles – Cell Wall

● Plants, bacteria, fungi and some

algae have cell walls.
● It is a rigid frame that wrap
around the cell membrane and
helps to provide strength,
protection and support.
Remember these things don’t
have bones like animals do.
Plant-specific Organelles - Chloroplasts
● Found only in plant cells and some algae.
● Contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.
● Chlorophyll converts energy from the sun into
usable chemical energy in the form of sugar.
ORGANELLE PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
Present; provides structural Absent; animal cells rely on
CELL WALL support and prevents the cytoskeleton for
excessive water intake. structure.

Present; contains
CHLOROPLASTS Absent; animal cells obtain
chlorophyll, which enables
energy from consuming food.
photosynthesis.

Absent in most plant cells;

CENTRIOLES Present; important in cell
plant cells use other
division (mitosis & meiosis).
structures for cell division.

Rare; plant cells usually Common; contains digestive

LYSOSOMES break down waste through the enzymes to break down waste,
vacuole. debris, and pathogens.
 SUMMARY - Differences between plant
and animal cells

● Plants have cells walls and chloroplasts

● Plants have chlorophyll, used for photosynthesis.
● Plants have a large central vacuole used for support.
● Plant cells store energy as starch or oils while animal cells
store energy as glycogen, carbohydrates or lipids in the
form of fats.
● Some animal cells have specialized compounds like
hemoglobin.
● Animal cells have centrioles, which are used in cell
division.
 To Summarize…
Plant Cells Animal Cells
Shape – boxy or rectangular, regularly-shaped Shape – circular or round, irregularly-shaped

Have a cell wall for support No cell wall (don’t need it because it has a
skeleton!)

Have chloroplasts to produce food through the No chloroplast – obtain food in other ways
process of photosynthesis beside photosynthesis

(One) large vacuole Small (one or more) vacuoles (sometimes no

vacuole)
 SUMMARY - Differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Prokaryote • Eukaryote
• Simplest cells • Complex cells
• Single-celled • Single or multi-celled
• Few, basic organelles • More organelles
• DNA floating around, • DNA contained within
uncontained the nucleus
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